J LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 



Sft^ty***). I 

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I UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, i 



9 



A 



MANUAL OF READING, 

IN FOUR PARTS: 

ORTHOPHONY, CLASS METHODS, GESTURE, 
AND ELOCUTION. 

DESIGNED FOR TEACHERS AND STUDENTS. 
By H. L. D.* POTTER. 



- ' 



VCVX 




NEW YORK: 
HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS, 

FRANKLIN SQUARE. 

18 71. 






Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1871, by 

Harper & Brothers, 

In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, 



PREFACE 



This work is prepared with three objects in view : com- 
pleteness, that nothing be wanting to assist the teacher or 
student of reading ; correctness, that nothing erroneous 
be learned ; and brevity, that its price be within the means 
of every person desiring it. 

To teach reading properly, we must possess the knowl- 
edge or avail ourselves of the assistance of the following 
works, viz. : a work on Calisthenics, or chest development ; 
Orthophony, or voice-training ; Elocution, as a science ; 
Gesture, or action ; and Rhetoric, in order to review the 
selections which are read in class from time to time. 

This Manual is intended to combine all the essential 
qualities of these books. 

Part First contains Orthophony, or Voice-training, in- 
cluding Calisthenics ; Part Second, the most popular and 
practical Class Methods, both primary and advanced ; 
Part Third, Gesture ; and Part Fourth, Elocution, includ- 
ing a chapter on Rhetoric. 

The following works have been consulted during its 
preparation : Dr. Eush on the Yoice, " Bell's Anatomy 
of Expression," Webster's and Worcester's Dictionaries, 
VandenhofPs "Art of Elocution," and Murdoch's and 
Russell's "Vocal Culture." 

Thanking William A. Wheeler, of Boston, and Miss 
Emily A. Bice, formerly of the Normal and Training 
School in Oswego, N". Y., now principal of a ladies' school 
in Darien, Conn., for valuable suggestions, this little work 
is respectfully submitted to the public. 



CONTENTS 



TABLES. 

Page 

No. 1. Orthophony, or Voice- culture 1 

No. 2. Vowel Elements of the English Language 2 

No. 3. Consonant Elements of the English Language 4 

-jq- . (Vowel Combinations, Diphthongs, etc 6 

(Dissyllabic Vowel Combinations , 6 

No. 5. Vowel Digraphs 7 

No. 6. Units of Speech 8 

No. 7. Classification of the Subtonics and Atonies 9 

No. 8. Consonant Combinations 10 

No. 9. Consonant Combinations continued 11 

No. 10. Vocal Gymnastics — Force and Pitch 12 

No. 11. Vocal Gymnastics — Stress 13 

No. 12. Vocal Gymnastics — Pitch, or Inflection 14 

No. 13. Vocal Gymnastics — Pitch and Force combined 15 

No. 14. Accent 16 

No. 15. Words for Practice by contrast 35 

No. 16. List in Substitution of Vowel Sounds 37 

No. 17. List in Omission of Consonant Sounds 39 

No. 18. List in Addition of Sounds 40 

No. 19. Words to practice — Contrasts No. 1 and No. 2 41 

No. 20. Words to practice— Contrasts No. 3 and No. 4 42 

No. 21. Words to practice — Contrasts No. 5, No. 6, and No. 7 43 

No. 22. Pronunciation — Rules and Examples 44 

No. 23. Terminations — el and en 45 

No. 24. Reading-class Formula 73 

No. 25. Composition 88 

No. 26. Gesture 100 

No. 27. Vocal Gymnastics — Orthoepy, Pitch, Force, and Time 114 

No. 28. Orthoepy 116 

No. 29. Elements of Language 130 

No. 30. Pitch 138 

No. 31. Force 154 

No. 32. Time 164 

Examples for Declamatory Gesture 112, 113 



VI CONTENTS. 

PAET I.— ORTHOPHONY. 

Hygienic Suggestions : p age 

Food 17 

Clothing 18 

Exercise 18 

Sleep 19 

General Exercises : 
I. Respiration. 

1. Inspiring 19 

2. Expiring 20 

3. Sighing 20 

4. Gasping 20 

5. Panting 20 

6. Sobbing 20 

II. Intonation. 

1. Sustaining. 20 

2. Counting 21 

3. Repeating 21 

4. Repeating in a Whisper 21 

5. Laughing 21 

6. Intoning with Changes of Force 21 

7. Intoning with Changes of Force and Pitch 21 

Calisthenics : 

I. Positions for Hygienic Exercise 23 

1. Chest Series 25 

2. Shoulder Series 26 

3. Elbow Series 28 

4. Arm Series 29 

5. Hand Series 30 

6. Head and Neck Series 31 

7. Trunk Series 31 

II. Direction of Movement 32 

III. Order of Movement 32 

IV. Manner of Movement 33 

V. Time of Movement 33 

Articulation : 

Defects, Causes, and Remedies : 

1. Weak Utterance 34 

2. Thick Utterance 34 

3. Lisping 34 

4. Stammering 36 

Enunciation : 

1. Substitution of Sounds in Syllables 37 

2. Omission of Sounds in Syllables 39 

3. Addition of Sounds in Syllables 40 



CONTENTS. Vll 

Pronunciation : p age 

Tables for Practice 44 

Eules for Pronunciation 46, 47 

Reading Exercises 55 



PAET II.— CLASS METHODS. 

Primary Class Methods 65 

Analytical or Objective Methods 66 

Synthetical Methods 68 

Phonic Method 70 

Advanced Class Methods 73 

I. Reading-class Formula 73 

II. Explanation of the Formula 74 

1. Pronouncing Words 74 

2. Analyzing Words 74 

3. Phonic Spelling 75 

4. Elocution — Facts and Drill 76 

5. Calisthenics, or Gesture 76 

6. Selections 78 

7. Reviews 86 

8. Memorizing Literature 86 

9. Examination of the Advance Lesson 87 

III. Standard Methods 78 

IV. Occasional Methods 81 

Literary Composition — a Chapter of Rhetoric 89 



PAET in.— GESTURE. 

Feet 101 

Head 102 

Arms 102 

Hands 102 

How to explain Direction 104 

How to teach Declamatory Gesture 105 

Facial Expression 108 

Twenty-six general Rules and Suggestions 109 

Examples for Practice of Declamatory Gesture 112 



Vlll CONTENTS. 



PAET IV.— ELOCUTION. 

Page 

Elocution — Vocal Gymnastics 115 

Orthoepy 117 

I. Articulation of Sounds. 

1. Organs of the Chest 118 

Muscles, Diaphragm, Thorax, Pleura, etc. 

2. Organs of the Throat 119 

Larynx, Cartilages, Vocal Chords, etc. 

3. Organs of the Mouth.. 122 

Eustachian Tubes, Nasal Passages, etc. 

II. Voice 125 

Compass, Volume, Eate 125 

Qualities — Aspirate, Pure, Orotund, etc 126 

III. Elements of Language 131 

Table of Vowel Sounds 134 

Labials 135 

Linguals 136 

Palatals 137 

Pitch : 

Scale, Key 139 

Melody 141 

Inflection 142 

Degrees or Intervals of Inflection 144 

Rules for Inflection 146 

Series 148 

Sentential Inflections or Cadences 151 

Transition or Modulation 152 

Dynamics ok Force : 

Degrees 155 

Stress — Radical, Pinal, Median, etc 158 

Accent — Primary, Secondary 162 

Emphasis 162 

Time: 

Quantity 165 

Rests or Pauses 166 

Sentential and Emotional Pauses 166 

Rhythmical Pauses 1 68 

Grammatical Pauses, or Punctuation 169 



CONTENTS. IX 



SELECTIONS FOR THE LITTLE FOLKS. Page 

Johnny's First Snow-storm 174 

The Snow Man 175 

Jingle, jingle ! 1 75 

Learning to fly. 1 76 

Mind your Steps 17G 

Hang up the Baby's Stocking -. 177 

Fretting Jennie 178 

Old Hero 179 

The First Snow 180 

The Mother-bird 180 

What the Flowers wished 181 

Who killed Tom Koper ? 182 

Playing School 183 

Little Boy's Pocket 185 

Aunt Mary's Bullfinch 186 

Little Mary's Bouquet 187 

Choice of Trades 189 

Mysteries 192 

Water 192 

Tommy's Week 193 

Heedlessness 214 



SELECTIONS FOR THE YOUNG FOLKS. 

Columbia's. Union Party 215 

The Tea-kettle's Party 221 

The White Giant 223 

In School-days J.G. Whittier.. . . 228 

New Gowns 229 

Lecture on Heat Louise E. Cholkt. 234 

Birds and their Ways 240 

Handy Andy Samuel Lover 243 

School * ... 249 

Second Lecture on Heat Louise E. Chollet. 250 

Life B.F. Taylor 254 

The Guard on the Khine 256 

A Singing Lesson Jean Ingelow 257 

The Soldier's Reprieve 258 

The Smack in School J.W. Palmer. ... 263 

The Bridal Wine-cup 264 

The Christmas Tree 267 

Barbara Frietchie J.G. Whittier.. . 268 

Death of Little Nell Charles Dickens.. 269 



X CONTENTS. 

Page 

Katie Lee and Willie Gray : 271 

Sheridan's Bide T.B. Read. 273 

The Bottle Imp Julia M. Thayer.. 275 

Bules for Life 282 

German Quotations and Proverbs 282 

MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 

POETBY. 

Pull of Snow Rev. Joseph Cook 283 

Labor Mrs. Frances S. Osgood 281 

Gethsemane Mrs. E. Clementine Howarth 285 

A Ballad of Sir John Franklin George H. Boker 286 

The King of Denmark's Bide Mrs. Caroline Norton 289 

Over the Biver Miss Priest 290 

Young Lochinvar Sir Walter Scott 292 

The Inquiry Charles Mackay 293 

Wounded J.W. Watson 294: 

We Meet and we Part 296 

Baby Bunn Josie H. 296 

Drifting T.B. Read 298 

To a Mouse Robert Burns 300 

The Miser's Death Osborne 30L 

Little Bennie 303 

Ivry T.B. Macaulay 305 

Auction extraordinary Lucretia Davidson 3C 6 

The Gain of Loss Horatius Bonar 307 

The Fireman R.T. Conrad. 3C9 

The Picket-guard 310 

Jesus' Seat. Miss F. Eastwood. 311 

Abou Ben Adhem Leigh Hunt 313 

Dora Alfred Tennyson 313 

The Bugle Song Alfred Tennyson 317 

Little Gretchen From the German 317 

There's but one Pair of Stockings to mend to-night 319 

The Starless Crown American Tract Society. . . . 321 

Only waiting 322 

I'm mustered out : 323 

Where does the Water Spring ? 324 

High Tide on the Coast of Lincolnshire. . . Jean Ingelow 325 

The everlasting Memorial Horatius Bonar 329 

The World woidd be the better for it J. G. Clark 330 

Thank God there's still a Vanguard Mrs. H. E. G. Arey 331 

Creeds of the Bells G.W. Bungay 332 

Building of the Ship H W. Longfellow 333 

Evening at the Farm J.T. Trowbridge 335 



CONTENTS. XI 

Page 

The News of a Day Mrs. S. T. Bolton 336 

Borroboola Gh'a 338 

The Christian Mariner Mrs. Southey 340 

No Sect in Heaven Mrs. Cleveland 341 

John Burns of Gettysburg. Bret Harte 343 

Annie and Willie's Prayer Mrs. S. P. Snow 346 

The Soul-dirge A. Cleveland Coxe 349 

The Triad A. B. Street ,350 

The Bobolink G.H. Barnes 352 

The Ride from Ghent to Aix Robert Browning.. 354 

The Passions . William Collins 355 

The Child and the Sunshine 358 

PEOSE. 

Toleration Jeremy Taylor 359 

From the Dodge Club in Italy James Be Mille 359 

Sam Weller's Valentine Charles Dickens 364 

Putting up Stoves 371 

The Power of Habit J.B. Gough 373 

Chrysostom's Eloquence 374 

The Twenty-fourth Psalm 375 

Dante and Milton Macaulay 375 

Gabriel Grub Charles Dickens 376 

Patrick O'Rourke and the Frogs G.W. Bungay 386 

A Camp- meeting in Texas 388 

An Irish Letter 391 

Scene from "Richard III." Shahspeare 392 

Scene from " The Siege of Valencia" Mrs. Hemans 393 

Scene from " The Merchant of Venice". . . Shahspeare 397 

Scene from " The Rivals" Richard Brinsley Sheridan. 401 

Quarrel Scene between Brutus and Cassius. Shahspeare 404 

From " School for Scandal" Richard Brinsley Sheridan. 407 

Courtship under Difficulties 413 



© 

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TABLE NO. 4. VOWEL COMBINATIONS.* DIPHTHONGS,t ETC. 



Signs. 



a (ay) 
I 
o 



oi(oy) 
6y 



Radical. Vanish. 



Examples. 



(Acc.) 
a — 
fi — 
o — 



u 

(Acc.) 



as in ale, pay. 

" ice. 

11 old. 

11 do. 

" lute. 

" oil, toy. 

" our. 

" assuage'. 



No. 


Signs. 


9. 


uS 


10. 


ua 


11. 


ue 


12. 


ui 


13. 


vi 


14. 


uo 


15. 


ay 


16. 


UQy 



Radical. Vanish. 



Examples. 



(Acc.) 

— a as in suav'ity. 
gua'no. 
ques' don. 
suite, 
lan'guid. 
quote, 
ay! 



(Acc.) 



buoy.t 



DISSYLLABIC VOWEL COMBINATIONS. 



Signs. Radical. Vanish. 



Example 



No. Signs. Radical. Vanish. Examples. 



(Acc.) 



ao 

ayey 



aye 
awi 



efi 
IS 
la 
Te 

% 

ey6 
Ip 
16 
5a 
oe 

01 

ewe 
uS 

QUI 

ewe 
QS 
ue 
ew^ 
ewe 



a- 


-S 

f 


- 




- 


fl 


a- 






3 


e— 


a 







as in Ba'al. 

" a'orist. 

" clay'ey. 

" da'ourete. 

" a'eronaut. 

" life. 

" saw'ing. 

" re'Sl. 

M ide'a. 

" de'Ity. 

" Le'on. 

" de'Iim. 

" fi'St. 

" Messl-ah. 

" pi'ety. 

" fly'mg. 

" ey'6t. 

" I'-owa. 

" Orl'on. 

" No'ah. 

" po'et. 

" sto'Tc. 

" sew'er. 

" try/ant. 

" Lou'is. 

" sew'er. 

" dii'al. 

" dfi'el. 

" dew'y. 

" sew'er. 



la 
ia 

io 
5S 

oa 
oe 
oui 
ua 
ue 
ui 
ola 



- 




e 


—a 




-S 


e 


-a 






_ 




I 


— 


j 




l 


-3 
—a 


2 


— o 




5 


— e 


Q 

u 


— e 
—a 






u 


-l 


yi 


—a 


u 


-a 


(Acc.) 
e 


—a 






- 


_ 


o 


-a 


u 


—a 








. 


Q 


—a 



(Acc.) 

a as in aor'ta, 

" Ao'nian. 

" Borea'lis. 

" reSl'ity. 

" fia'cre. 

" eo'lian. 

" eol'ic. 

" Io'na. 

" expia'tion. 

" galHam'bic. 

" patriarch'al. 

" furio'so. 

" Joan'na. 

" Gen^oa. 

" Genoese'. 

" Louise. 

" fluctuation. 

" Fluel'en. 

" frQI'tion. 

" guaia'cum. 

" impetuSslty. 

" dufim'vir. 

" cre'asote. 

" cre'ole. 

" Ohi'o. 

" o'ases. 

" flu'ate. 

" duo. 

" ca'i'c (ka'ek). 

" rou'et. 



* A union or coalition of vowel or tonic sounds, uttered in one syllable, or by a 
single impulse of voice. 

t A union of two sounds in one syllable, closely blended, seven of wbich are 
accented on the radical. 

t A triphthong is a union of three vowel sounds in one syllable. Uoy is a triph- 
thong accented on the middle sound. 



ORTHOPHONY. 



TABLE NO. 5. VOWEL DIGRAPHS.* 



No. 


Sign. 


Equivalents and Examples. 


1. 


aa 


3, a, as in 1'saac, baa. 


2. 


ae 


a, a, e, e, as in Bael'-fire, Haer'lera, pae'an, faer'y. 


3. 


ai 


a, a, e, I, I, as in pa.il, plaid, said, aisle, cur'tain. 


4. 


ao 


a, a, as in gaol, extraordinary. 


5. 


au 


a, a, a, 5, as in gauge, aunt, haul, haut'-boy (ho-boy). 


6. 


aw 


a, as in bawl. 


7. 


awe 


a, as in awe. 


8. 


ay 


a, e, I, as in pay, says, Friday. 


9. 


ea 


a, a, e, e, I, u, as in break, heart, reap, head, guin'ea, earth. 


10. 


eau 


o, u, as in beau, beau'ty. 


11. 


ee 


e, e, i, as in seen, e'er, been. 


12. 


ei 


a, e, e, I, I, as in eight, ceil, heifer, height, for'feit. 


13. 


eo 


a, e, e, o, u, u, as in George, peo'ple, leop'ard, yeo'inan, feod, surgeSn. 


14. 


eu 


% (y)Q. S» as in feud, Eu'nice, feu-de-joie' (zhwa). 


15. 


eui 


u, as in feuill-e-marte. 


16. 


ew 


o, u, o, as in sew, few, sewer. 


17. 


ewe 


u, as in ewes. 


18. 


ey 


a, e, I, I, e, as in bey, key, valley, ey'ing, gy'ry.t 


19. 


eye 


I, as in eye'let. 


20. 


ia 


i, as in car'riage.t 


21. 


ie 


e, e, I, I, as in chief, friend, die, sieve. 


22. 


io 


u, as in re'gi6n. 


23. 


ieu 


u, as in lieu. 


24. 


iew 


u, as in view. 


25. 


oa 


a, 5, as in broad, boat. 


26. 


oe 


5 » e, o, o, ti, as in Phoebe, assafoe'tida, foe, shoe, d6es. 


2T. 


oeu 


o, as in manoeu'vre. 


28. 


oi 


I, u, i, as in boil, avoirdupois, chamois. 


29. 


oo 


o, q, u, fi, as in floor, moon, fl6od, fpot. 


30. 


Oil 


a, 5, o, o, ti, u, as in bought, court, hough, group, coup'le, could. 


31. 


ow 


o, 5, as in grow, knowl'edge. 


32. 


owe 


o, as in Stowe. 


33. 


ua 


S, a, 6, as in guSr'anty, guard, guar'ish. 


34. 


uay 


e, as in quay.(ke). 


35. 


ue 


e, o, u, ti, as in guSst, true, due, guerdon. 


36. 


ui 


e, I, I, o, ii, as in mosqui'to, guide, build, fruit, juice. 


37. 


uo 


ii, as in liq'tior. 


38. 


uy 


I, as in buy. 


39. 


ye 


I, as in rye. 



* A digraph is a union of signs or letters, but not of sounds. 

t Ey, in ey-ry, is, according to Worcester, e, a, I, or e, properly a. 

t See (equivalents) Table 2, Vowel Elements. 

Note. — Practice all the sounds and examples successively. Example: "Double a 
is pronounced S, as in Isaac ; a as in baa ; a-e is pronounced a, as in Bael-fire ; a as 
in Haer'lem ; e as in pae'an, and 8 as in faer'y," etc. 



MANUAL OF READING. 



TABLE NO. 6. UNITS OP SPEECH. 



No. 


Long Tonics. 




No. 


Short Tonics. 


1. 


6 as in eve 


oral-lingual. 


7. 


i as in it. 


2. 


a " 


ale 


u u 


8. 


S " ell. 


3. 


a " 


arm 


u u 


9. 


a " at. 


4. 


a " 


all 


oral-labial. 


10. 


o " not. 


5. 


o " 


old 


U U 


11. 


u " up. 


6. 


P. " 


do 


u u 


12. 


u " full. 




Single Sign Diphthongs. t 






Double Sign Diphthongs. 


1. 


r (tie) 


as in ice (1) 


oral-lingual. 


4. 


6i, 6y, as in oil, boy (2) 


2. 


u (So) 


" lute. 




5. 


oti " our. 


3. 


j (dzh) 


" joy- 




6. 

7. 


ch(tsh) " church, 
wh (hw) " when. 


1. 




Sab tonics. 






Atonies. 


b 


as in bulb 


labial. 


1. 


p as in pipe. 


2. 


d 


" did 


lingual. 


2. 


t " tent. 


3. 


g 


" go, &g 


palatal. 


3. 


k " kick. 


4. 


V 


" valve 


labial. 


4. 


f " fife. 


5. 


z 


^ zinc 


lingual. 


5. 


s " sense. 


6. 


z, zh 


" azure 


palatal. 


6. 


c, sh " ocean, shall. 


7. 


th 


" this 


lingual. 


7. 


th " thin, kith. 


8. 


y 


« yet 


palatal. 


8. 


h " home (3). 


9. 


w 


" wing 


labial. 






10. 


1 


" lull 


lingual. 






11. 


in 


" man 


labial. 






12. 


n 


" noon 


lingual. 






13. 


B, ng 


" ink, song 


palatal. 






14. 


r 


" war 


lingual. 







* There are twelve tonic elements or units of speech— six long and six short, four- 
teen subtonics, and eight atonies. All other sounds whatsoever are more or less 
closely united combinations of these sounds or elements. 

t There are seven close diphthongs, three having single signs, and four more 
worthy of single signs. (See Table No. 4, Vowel Combinations.) 

(1) According to Walker and Webster, m, Russel and Murdoch, di, and Smart and 
Vandenhoff, ue. The latter seems decidedly the best. 

(2) According to Worcester and Webster, oi, and Murdoch and Eussel, Si. 

(3) The sound of h can be classed as a lingual, labial, or palatal, since it is simply 
an emission of breath. 



Note.— Practice this table horizontally, as follows: "e, I, a, e, etc.," by sound, 
and not by name; practice perpendicularly by sound, as "e, a, a, a, 5, o, etc.;" 
practice by pronouncing the words, naming the signs, and producing the sounds, as 
"eve, e: ale, a," etc. 



0KTH0PH0NY. 



TABLE NO. 7. CLASSIFICATION OF THE SUBTONICS AND ATONICS. 
BY THEIR ORGANIC FORMATION— 

1. Labials : m-an, 5-abe,p-ipe, v-me,f-me, w-ine. 

2. Linguals : n-oon, d-id, Z-ent, £/i-is, th-in, s-in, 2-inc, r-ill, £-ull. 

3. Palatals : ri-ng, g-o, Mng, sA-all, a-z-ure, h-ome, y-et. 

BY THEIR EMISSION AND FORCE— 

I. (Sonant) subtonics, b, d, g. 



. , , , j 1. (Sonant) subtonics, b, 

ru P s v J -j 2. (Surd) atonies, p, t, k. 



( Liquids (3), r, 1. 
f 1. (Sonant) subtonics ] Nasals (4), m, n, ng. 
n. Contmu- j ( Semi-vowels (5), w, y. 

antS(2) U. (Surd) atonies i Aspirate (6) h 

( Semi-vowel (5), wn. 

(1) Named "abrupts" because of tbeir explosive emission. 

(2) Named "continuants" because tbey can be prolonged. 

(3) Called "liquids" because they readily and smoothly unite with other 
consonants. 

(4) Called "nasals" because the sound is emitted through the nose. 

£5) Called " semi- vowels" because they possess nearly perfect vocality 
like the vowels. 

(6) Called "aspirate" because it is a breath-sound. 
A2 



10 



MANUAL OP READING. 





TABLE NO. 8. 


CONSONANT COMBINATIONS. 


M 


rob'd. 


jd 


goug'd. 


lsk 


Tobolsk. 


bdst 


prob'dst. 


kl 


uncle. 


1st 


calTst. 


bl 


bland. 


kid 


trickl'd. 


lsh 


walsh. 


bid 


humbl'd. 


kldst 


truckl'dst. 


It 


melt. 


bldst 


troubl'dst. 


klst 


chuckl'st. 


1th 


health. 


blst 


troubl'st. 


klz 


wrinkles. 


lths 


stealths. 


biz 


crumbles. 


kn 


blacken. 


Its 


colts. 


br 


brand. 


knd 


reckVd. 


ltst 


wilt'st. 


bz 


ribs. 


knst 


blackest. 


lv 


delve. 


ch 


church. 


knz 


reck'ns. 


lvd 


shelv'd. 


cht 


fetch'd. 


ks 


checks. 


lvdst 


delv'dst. 


dj 


edge. 


kt 


act. 


lvz 


elves. 


djd 


hedg'd. 


kts 


facts. 


Iz 


halls. 


dl 


bridle. 


ktst 


conducts. 


md 


doom'd. 


did 


riddl'd. 


kr 


crank. 


mdst 


roam'dst. 


dlst 


handl'st. 


lb 


bulb. 


mf 


triumph. 


dlz 


bundles. 


lbd 


bulb'd. 


mp 


hemp. 


dn 


hard'n. 


lbs 


bulbs. 


mps 


mumps. 


dr 


drove. 


lch 


filch. 


nrpst 


pump'st. 


dtk 


width. 


lcht 


filch'd. 


mpt 


tempt. 


dths 


breadths. 


Id 


hold. 


mpts 


attempts. 


dz 


odds. 


ldst 


fold'st. 


mst 


entomb'st. 


11 


flame. 


ldz 


holds 


mz 


tombs. 


fld 


rifl'd. 


If 


self. 


nch 


bunch. 


flst 


stifl'st. 


lfs 


gulfs. 


ncht 


pinch'd. 


flz 


rifles. 


1ft 


engulf'd. 


nd 


and. 


fr 


from. 


lfth 


twelfth. 


ndst 


end'st. 


fs 


quaffs, laughs. 


lfths 


twelfths. 


ndz 


ends. 


fst 


quaff'st, laugh'st. 


lj 


bulge. 


ng 


sung. 


ft 


raft. 


yd 


bilg'd. 


ngd 


bang'd. 


fth 


fifth. 


lk 


elk. 


ngdst long'dst. 


fts 


wafts. 


Iks 


silks. 


ngk 


ink. 


ftst 


grafVst. 


lkt 


milk'd. 


ngks 


banks. 


gd 


begg'd. 


lkts 


mulcts. 


ngkst 


think'st. 


gdst 


bragg'dst. 


lm 


elm. 


ngkt 


thank'd. 


gl 


glide. 


lmd 


whelm'd. 


ngth 


length. 


gld 


struggl'd. 


lmz 


helms. 


ngz 


songs. 


gldst 


haggl'dst. 


In 


fall'n. 


n j 


range. 


gist 


strangl'st. 


IP 


help. 


njd 


rang'd. 


glz 


mingles. 


lpt 


gulp'd. 


nk 


sink. 


gr 


grove. 


lps 


scalps. 


nks 


ranks. 


gst 


begg'st. . 


lpst 


help'st. 


nkst 


thank'st. 


gz 


figs. | 


Is 


false. 


ns 


dense. 



* This table should be practiced until every combination can be distinctly pro- 
nounced or articulated by itself, independent of words. Ex. 1. Pronounce the word, 
and then the combination, as rob'd, bd ; prob'dst, bdst, etc. Ex. 2. Spell the com- 
bination, and then pronounce it, as b, d, bd; b, d, s, t, bdst. Ex. 3. Analyze the 
words, as bulb, ulb, lb, b ; troubl'dst, roubl'dst, oubl'dst, bl'dst, l'dst, 'dst, st, t, etc. 



ORTHOPHONY. 



11 





TABLE NO. 


9. CONSONANT COMBINATIONS. 


nst 


canst, winc'd. 


rlz 


hurls. 


spt 


clasp'd. 


nt 


sent. 


rm 


arm. • 


St 


start. 


nth 


tenth. 


rmd 


arrn'd. 


str 


strike. 


nths 


tenths. 


rmds 


. harm'dst. 


sts 


rests. 


nts 


rents. 


rmst 


armst. 


sw 


swing. 


ntst 


went'st. 


rmz 


charms. 


th 


thine. 


nz 


runs. 


rn 


urn. 


thd 


breath'd. 


nzd 


bronz'd. 


rnd 


turn'd. 


thdst 


breath'dst. 


Pi 


plume. 


rndst 


earn'dst. 


thm 


rhythm. 


pld 


rippl'd. 


rnst 


learn'st. 


thr 


three. 


plst 


rippl'st. 


rnt 


burnt. 


ths 


Ruth's. 


plz 


apples. 


rnz 


urns. 


thst 


breath'st. 


pr 


prince. 


rp 


carp. 


tht 


scath'd. 


ps 


sips. 


rps 


harps. 


thw 


thwack. 


pst 


rapp'st. 


rpst 


usurp'st. 


thz 


writhes, paths. 


pt 


ripp'd, rapt. 


rpt 


warp'd. 


tl 


title. 


pts 


Copts. 


rptst 


usurp' dst. 


tld 


settl'd. 


ptst 


shap'dst. 


rs 


verse. 


tldst 


settl'dst. 


rb 


herb. 


rsh 


harsh. 


tlst 


settl'st. 


rch 


search. 


rst 


first. 


tlz 


nettles. 


rcht 


church'd. 


rsts 


bursts. 


tr 


trunk. 


rchtst 


lurch'd'st. 


rt 


dart. 


ts 


fits. 


rchdst 


perch'dst. 


rth 


earth. 


tst 


waftst. 


rbd 


orb'd. 


rtht 


earth'd. 


tw 


twirl. 


rbdst 


barb'dst. 


rths 


births. 


vd 


curv'd. 


rbz 


orbs 


rts 


marts. 


vdst 


liv'dst. 


rd 


hard. 


rtst 


dart'st. 


vl 


driv'l. 


rdst 


heard'st. 


rv 


curve. 


vld 


grov'l'd. 


rdz 


words. 


rvd 


nerv'd. 


vldst 


grov'l'dst. 


if 


turf. 


rvdst 


curv'dst. 


vlst 


driv'l'st. 


rfs 


turfs. 


rvst 


swerv'st. 


vn 


driv'n. 


rft 


scarf'd. 


rvz 


nerves. 


vst 


liv'st. 


rg 


burg. 


rz 


furs. 


vz 


lives. 


rgst 


urg'st. 


rzd 


furz'd. 


wh 


when. 


rgz 


burgs. 


sh 


hush. 


zd 


mus'd. 


r J 


dirge. 


sht 


hush'd. 


zl 


dazzle. 


rjd 


urg'd. 


sk 


skip, scan. 


zld 


muzzl'd. 


rjdst 


urg'dst. 


sks 


basks. 


zldst 


dazzl'dst. 


rk 


ark. 


skst 


ask'st. 


zlst 


dazzl'st. 


rks 


arks. 


skt 


risk'd. 


zlz 


muzzles. 


rkst 


work'st. 


si 


slow. 


zm 


spasm 


rkt 


dirk'd. 


sld 


nestl'd. 


zmz 


chasms. 


rktst 


embark'dst. 


slz 


wrestles. 


zn 


ris'n. 


rl 


girl. 


sm 


smile. 


znd 


reas'n'd. 


rid 


world. 


sn 


snag. 


znz 


pris'ns. 


rldst 


hurl'dst. 


sp 


sport. 


zndst 


impris'n'dst. 


rlst 


whirl'st. 


sps 


lisps. 







12 MANUAL OF READING. 

TABLE NO. 10. VOCAL GYMNASTICS. FORCE AND PITCH. 

Fig. 1. Variations in Force. 



Fig. 2. 



Fig. 3. Variations in Pitch and Force. 



••:••••• 



Fig. 5. 



• 



•••• 




V 





Exercises in Smooth Tone, which end suddenly, or die out. 

1. Fill the lungs and intone slowly from a heavy voice to a whisper, or " diminuendo" (% of Fig. 1). 

2. Fill the lungs and intone reversely, or " crescendo" — from light to heavy (last >£ of Fig. 1). 

3. Fill the lungs and intone " diminuendo" and " crescendo" (through the entire 1st Fig.). 

4. Fill the lungs and intone " crescendo" and " diminuendo," or " swell" (through the 2d Fig.). 

5. Fill the lungs and intone, decreasing in force while ascending the scale (34 of Fig. 3). 

6. Fill the lungs and intone, increasing in force while descending the scale (last y 2 of Fig. 3). 

7. Fill the lungs and intone, continuing from the decrease to the increase downward (Fig. 3 entire). 

8. Fill the lungs and intone, increasing in force while ascending the scale (]4 of Fig. 4). 

9. Fill the lungs and intone, decreasing in force while descending the scale (Fig. 4, last half). 
10. Fill the lungs and intone, continuing from the increase to the decrease (Fig. 4 entire). 

11 and 12. Fill the*lungs and intone, making a swell midway in ascent and descent (Fig. 5 entire). 

13. Fill the lungs and intone slowly, decreasing in force to the middle, and increasing in force to the last 

while ascending the scale (% of Fig. 6). 

14. Decrease in force to the middle, and increase to the last in descending the scale (last % of Fig. 6). 

15. Change by taking each of the pure vowel sounds and consonant continuants, and by assuming some of the 

qualities of voice. 

16. Apply sentences to the figures. Example : 

" Then fear not, doubt not, which thou wilt; 
We'll try this quarrel hilt to hilt." 



ORTHOPHONY. 



13 



TABLE NO. 11. VOCAL GYMNASTICS. STRESS. 
Fig. 1. Radical Stress. 



Fig. 2. Final Stress. 



Fig. 3. Median Stress. 



O O ♦ 



Fig. 4. Compound Stress. 



XXX 



Fig. 5. Intermittent Stress. 



oooooc joocoa 



looooa 



This table is devoted exclusively to stress. 

To practice Fig. 1. Begin heavily, and end lightly upon one note. A smooth 
diminuendo. 

Fig. 2. Begin in a whisper and end heavily. A smooth crescendo. 

Fig. 3. Begin and end lightly, with a full, heavy sound in the middle of the note. 
A smooth swell. 

Fig. 4. Begin and end heavily, diminishing to a whisper in the middle of the 
note. 

Fig. 5. Produce a note in a tremulous tone, such as represents sorrow, age, etc. 

No. 6. Thorough or Staccato Stress is not represented, but should be practiced by 
repeating each sound abruptly four times. 

Take successive vowel sounds for this practice, and be careful not to vary the 
pitch. 



14 



MANUAL OF READING. 



TABLE NO. 12. VOCAL GYMNASTICS. PITCH, OR INFLECTION. 
NOTES REPRESENTED BY LINES. 



A Half Tone. A Whole Tone. 



Fig. 1. 

A Third. 



A Fifth. 



/S /S /\ 

Bi, do, do, si. do,ra, ra, do. do, mi, mi, do. do, sol, eoI, do. do, do, do, do. 



Fig. 2. 




rsj r\j 

si, do, si, do. do, ra, do, ra. do, mi, do, mi. do, sol, do, sol. do, do, do, do. 



Fig. 5. 



on un 



do, si, do, si. ra, do, ra, do. mi, d#, mi, do. sol, do, sol, do. do, do, do, do. 



This table is devoted exclusively to pitch, and is designed to educate the ear to 
distinguish kinds and degrees of inflection. 

To practice Fig. 1. First produce the given notes of the scale with syllables, 
si, do, do, si, etc. When this can be done, substitute a vowel sound for the syl- 
lables, and produce a smooth, even rise and fall of the voice, to correspond in 
degree with the notes or characters in the figure. Do not increase nor decrease in 
volume, and avoid dragging the sound from one character to another. 

Practice the remaining figures in the same way, observing to continue the sound 
to the end of each character in the figures, and no farther. In Fig. 1, two notes are 
united in each character ; in Figs. 2 and 3, three notes ; in Figs. 4 and 5, four notes 
are smoothly connected. 



ORTHOPHONY. 15 

TABLE NO. 13. VOCAL GYMNASTICS. PITCH AND FORCE COMBINED. 

Fig. 1. 

<>r O, ^> ^V S\ 

si, do, do, si. do, ra,ra, do. do, mi, mi, do. do, soZ, sol, do. do, do, do, do. 

Fig. 2. 

>^ >< >v >v >*v 

si, do, do, si. do, ea, ka, do. do, mi, mi, do. do, bol, sol, do. do, do, do, do. 



» >^ A\ 



Fig. 3. 

si, do, do, si. do, ba, ra, do. do, mi, mi, do. do, sol, soZ, do. do, bo, do, do. 

Fig. 4. 



SK SK 



si, do, do, si. do, ra, ea, do. do, mi, mi, do. do, sol, sol, do. do, do, do, do. 



Fig. 5. 



si, do, do, si. do, ra, ra, do. do, mi, mi, do. do, sol, sol, do. do, do, do, do. 



This table combines stress and inflection for practice. 

To practice Fig. 1. Sound the syllables, accenting the first and last in each group, 
as indicated by the capitals and small letters. When this can be readily done, use 
a single vowel sound instead of the syllables. 

Practice the remaining figures in the same manner, applying various vowel sounds 
to keep up an interest in the exercise. 

Fig. 5 can be rendered more easily by using a single sound at the outset. 



16 



MANUAL OF READING. 



TABLE NO. 14 ACCENT. 

To learn accent, practice the following Table of Accented 
and Unaccented Sounds. The table may be written on the 
blackboard, and the class exercised in concert, the leader 
pointing to the groups of sound in the order and time re- 
quired. 



DISSYLLABLES. 






TRISYLLABLES. 






a' 


a 


5 


a' 


a' 


a 


a 


a 


a' 


a 


a 


a 


a' 


a' 


a 


a 


S' 


a' 


a 


a 


a 


a' 


a 


a 


a 


a' 


a' 


a 


a 


a' 


a' 


a 


a 


a 


a' 


a 


a 


a 


a' 


a' 


a 


a 


a' 


a' 


a 


a 


a 


a' 


a 


a 


a 


a' 


S' 


6 


e 


5' 


5' 


6 


5 


6 


6' 


5 


e 


e 


e' 


g' 


g 


g 


g' 


6' 


g 


6 


g 


g' 


6 


6 


g 


5' 


r 


T 


r 


r 


r 


I 


I 


i 


r 


I 


r 


r 


r 


V 


\ 


i 


i' 


i' 


1 


\ 


I 


r 


1 


i 


i 


r 


o' 


o 


o 


o' 


o' 


o 


o 


o 


o' 


o 


5 


5 


o' 


5' 


5 





5' 


o' 


5 


5 


5 


5' 


5 








0' 


o' 








Q' 


9' 


p 


p 


o 


9' 


p 


p 


p 


Q' 


iT 


u 


u 


ti' 


ti' 


u 


ii 


ti 


u' 


ti 


u 


u 


u' 


ii' 


u 


u 


u' 


ti' 


u 


u 


u 


u' 


u 


u 


ti 


ii' 


u' 


u 


u 


u' 


ii' 


u 


u 


u 


u' 


u 


u 


u 


u' 



POLYSYLLABLES. 



a' 


a 


a 


a 


a 


a" 


a 


a 


a 


a 


a' 


a 


a 


a 


a 


a' 


a' 


a 


a 


a 


a 


a' 


a 


a 


a 


a 


a' 


a 


a 


a 


a 


a' 


a' 


a 


a 


a 


a 


a' 


a 


a 


a 


a 


a' 


a 


a 


a 


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MANUAL OF READING. 



PAKT I. 

ORTHOPHONY. 

Orthophony is systematic voice-training. 

I. HYGIENIC SUGGESTIONS. 
To attain the highest voice capacity requires health and 
practice. To insure or perpetuate health, we must have — 
1st. Plain food, regularly taken. 
2d. Comfortable clothing, warm, light, and loose. 
3d. Exercise and pure air. 
4th. Plenty of sleep. 

FOOD. 

The most wholesome diet for pupils in voice-training, am- 
ateur and professional voice artists, excludes all greasy food, 
soups, pork in any form, nuts, rich food, as suet or plum 
puddings, fruit-cake, mince pie, pickles, lobster, hot breads, 
candy, and all other food that causes indigestion and fever- 
ishness, together with all stimulating drinks, including strong 
tea and coffee. 

To guard against the imputation of having excluded ev- 
ery thing palatable, a list of dishes, both pleasant and harm- 
less, is added. Fish, fowl, rare-boiled or poached eggs, tripe, 
rare -roasted or broiled beef, cold breads, toast, crackers, 
wheat grits, oatmeal mush and cakes, plain puddings and 
pies, fruit, cold water, milk or weak tea. No food should be 
taken between meals or late at night. Persons using the 
voice professionally take no food for at least one hour be- 
fore using the voice, and oftener two or three hours inter- 



18 MANUAL OF READING. 

vene between dinner and the concert or lecture. But one 
exception has been given among distinguished singers, and 
that is Adelaide Patti, who is said to dine between the acts 
of the opera. Parepa, whose voice is not only wonderful for 
its power, but for its clearness, dines four hours before con- 
cert, taking a light lunch, if needful, just before singing, but 
nothing afterward, and avoids all voice-smoothers, such as 
lozenges, lemon, sugar, etc. To avoid a sensation of hunger 
or faintness, a little toast and weak tea, or, what is better, 
a raw egg, may be taken just before using the voice. 

CLOTHING. 

The clothing should be at all times sufficiently warm for 
the climate and season. Light, so as to give ease and 
warmth without weight, and loose in those much-abused 
parts of the body, viz., the throat, waist, and feet. One 
thickness of flannel should cover the chest, to avoid the 
chill of damp cotton or linen garments after exercise. The 
weight of clothing should rest, as much as possible, upon 
the shoulders, by means of bands or suspenders, and the feet 
should be kept at all times dry and warm. 

EXEECISE AND PURE AIR. 

Fresh air should be plentiful at all times by means of ven- 
tilators, windows, and doors; and this should be not only in 
halls and churches, but in all business places, school-rooms, 
and sleeping apartments. This note may seem unnecessary 
in a teacher's manual; but so little thought is given the 
subject elsewhere, we would have the children thoroughly 
taught the necessity as well as comfort of pure air. When 
about to practice calisthenics or gesture, it is safe to have 
windows and doors open; but when warm and resting, they 
should be closed, and all drafts avoided. Upon going into 
cold or damp air after using the voice, as in reading, lec- 
turing, or singing, the lungs and mouth should be carefully 
protected, the process of breathing carried on through the 
nostrils or a thickness of flannel. 



ORTHOPHONY. 1 9 



SLEEP. 

Let no one think sleep unworthy of consideration, for it 
is a cosmetic, a tonic, and an indispensable voice-agent. No 
stimulants, lotions, or cordials can give that vigor to the vo- 
cal organs ; no cosmetics can give that freshness of feeling 
and appearance that perfect rest and sleep give. Children 
will waken when fully rested, and it is nothing less than 
cruelty to waken and force them to rise. They should be 
sent to bed earlier, that they may have the needed amount 
of rest. 

Besides health, voice-culture requires continued .systemat- 
ic exercise or practice in respiration, intonation, and calls- 
thenlcs, or gesture. These exercises bring into action all of 
the muscles of the chest and throat, head and mouth. Ex- 
ercises in breathing, by noting the number of seconds re- 
quired to fill the lungs by slow inhalation, and the seconds 
required to empty them by slow exhalation, together with 
exercises in intoning, noting the number of seconds that a 
full smooth tone can be produced, and how many syllable's 
can be uttered without a fresh supply of breath, have been 
found very beneficial to the respiratory and vocal organs. 
These exercises give the power and ability to produce many 
words with a small supply of breath or voice-material, thus 
enabling a speaker to render long passages of composition 
smoothly and effectively — passages that would lose half 
their force by an interruption for breath. The general or 
primary position for exercises in breathing and intoning is 
the military or gymnasium position (see page 24), and the 
special position No. 1, page 25, i. e., the hands upon the sides, 
so that the finger-tips may touch in the back, thumbs point 
front, elbows back, and chin curbed. 

II. GENERAL EXERCISES. 

RESPIRATION. 

1. Inspiring. The lungs must first be emptied in order 
to ascertain how long it takes to fill them; hence, begin 
this exercise by expelling the air from the lungs, making a 
continuous hissing sound ; when the sound ceases the air in 



20 MANUAL OF BEADING. 

the lungs is sufficiently exhausted. Now inspire very slow- 
ly, making a slight noise, until the lungs are filled, noting 
the time in seconds. 

2. Expieing. Assume the required military and special 
position. Place the upper teeth upon the lower lip, as if to 
say v ; inspire slowly until no more air can be inhaled; then, 
with the tongue near the teeth, as if to give the sound of s, 
emit the breath as slowly as possible, making an even and 
continuous hissing sound, so that there can be no mistake 
whether the breath is constantly escaping or being held at 
intervals. 

a. Effusive. Inspire and emit the breath freely, as in 
the prolonged sound of the aspirate h. 

b. Expulsive. Inspire and emit the breath more quick- 
ly and forcibly than in the effusive, with the sound of 
the aspirate h. 

c. Explosive. Inspire and expel the breath suddenly 
and violently, making the sound of h like a whisper- 
ed cough. (Combine this exercise with the thrust 
movements in calisthenics.) 

3. Sighing. Combined inspiration and expiration emo- 
tionally. 

a. Inspire and expire suddenly. 

b. Inspire and expire moderately. 

c. Inspire moderately and expire suddenly. 

d. Inspire suddenly and expire moderately. 

4. Gasping. Convulsive inspiration and gradual expira- 
tion. 

5. Panting. Rapid and forcible inspiration and expira- 
tion several times in succession. 

6. Sobbing is sighing or gasping made slightly vocal. 

intonation. 
Intoning Exercises without change of Force or Pitch. 
1. Prolonging a Note or Sound. Fill the lungs, and 
note the number of seconds that one sound can be smoothly 
prolonged. The sound may be one of the vowels or conso- 
nant continuants.* 

* See Table of Sounds, No. 2. The sound may be concrete or smoothly 



ORTHOPHONY. 21 

2. Counting. Inspire as before, and note the number 
that can be counted at one expiration. 

3. Repeating aloud a Line, Couplet, ok Stanza. In- 
spire and note the number of times that one line, couplet, 
or stanza can be repeated at one expiration. The selec- 
tion for this exercise should consist mostly of monosylla- 
bles. 

4. Repeating in a Whisper a Line, Couplet, or Stanza. 
This exercise is more difficult than No. 3, in that the repeti- 
tion is made in a whisper, but it is considered very beneficial 
in strengthening the lungs. 

5. Laughing. Fill the lungs, and laugh in a forcible ex- 
pulsive manner. This exercise strengthens the abdominal 
muscles more than any other. A great variety of laughing 
exercises can be produced by placing h before the different 
vowel sounds. Ha, ha, ha; ha, ha, ha; ha, ha, ha; ha, ha, 
ha ; he, he, he ; he, he, he ; hi, hi, hi ; hi, hi, hi ; ho, ho, ho ; 
ho, ho, ho ; ho, ho, ho ; hu, hu, hu ; hu, hu, hti. 

Intoning Exercises with changes of Force. 

6. Prolong a note or sound, or repeat a sentence. 

a. Increasing in force to the end. 

b. Decreasing in force to the end. 

c. Increasing to the middle, and decreasing to the end. 

d. Decreasing to the middle, and increasing to the end. 

Intoning Exercises with changes of Force and Pitch. 
1. Prolong a note or sound, or repeat a sentence. 

a. Increasing in force while ascending the scale. 

b. Increasing in force while descending the scale. 

c. Decreasing in force while ascending the scale. 

d. Decreasing in force while descending the scale. 

e. Increasing in force to the middle, and decreasing to 
the last while ascending the scale. 

f Decreasing in force to the middle, and increasing to 
the last while ascending the scale. 

connected, as o continued ; discrete or disconnected, as fa, fa, fa, etc. An- 
other change may he produced by making the sound intermittent or in tre- 
mor ; and again, by assuming different qualities of voice. 



22 MANUAL OF BEADING. 

g. Increasing in force to the middle, and decreasing to 

the last while descending the scale. 
h. Decreasing in force to the middle, and increasing to 
the last while descending the scale. 
These exercises may be varied by changes in quality of 
voice, and by tremor, or tremulous voice. 

At this time the vowel and consonant sounds should be 
thoroughly learned, and their combinations practiced, until 
a word or succession of words can be pronounced without 
difficulty. The tables for this drill are Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 
9, 10, and 11, and the tables in Orthophony called "Con- 
trast Exercises" for imperfect pronunciation. 

To overcome the habit of speaking and reading with the 
teeth closed, or nearly closed, practice the vowel sounds 
with a stick or finger between the teeth. Increase the 
thickness of the stick until the distance between the teeth 
is satisfactory. 

Again, repeat a sentence, and insert two fingers between 
the teeth at every syllable. 



ORTHOPHONY. 23 



CALISTHENICS. 

Calisthenics, from two Greek words, signifying beauti- 
ful and strength, is distinguished from gymnastics by quick, 
light movements, without apparatus or mechanical aid, pro- 
ducing grace and symmetry. Gymnastics may be graceful, 
brisk, and slight, but are generally understood to mean ath- 
letic strength in attitudinizing, lifting, swinging, climbing, 
requiring slow time and heavy work. . Dio Lewis calls his 
later and improved exercises "Zight or Free Gymnastics" 
to distinguish them from the older and partially discarded 
heavy gymnastics ; wooden bells, wands, rings, and clubs 
taking the place of iron bells, weights, etc. But light gym- 
nastics are not as easily adapted to the school-room as calis- 
thenics, which require no apparatus, and can be abandoned 
and resumed at pleasure. Such exercises only as are best 
calculated to aid and improve the voice will be inserted in 
these pages. These will include a series of movements for 
the chest, shoulder, arm, hand, head, neck, and trunk. 

The calisthenics in this volume are for those who have no 
system learned, and not to supersede those producing the 
same results. 

MOVEMENT.* 
Movement includes all the requirements of action from 
the beginning to the end of an exercise. 1st, Position; 2d, 
Direction; 3d, Order; 4th, Manner; 5th, Time. 

I. POSITION FOR HYGIENIC EXERCISE. 

There are two general or primary positions, termed mili- 
tary or gymnasium, and rostrum, and an indefinite number 
of special positions, indicating the series of movements or 
exercises which are to follow. 

* Much of the benefit arising from calisthenics is derived from the alter- 
nation of rigid and relaxed muscles. There should he an accent to the mo- 
tion, and that accent should occur at the climax of the outward movement ; 
hence the muscles should be firm in the outward movement, and relaxed in 
the return. 



24 



MANUAL OF READING. 




General Positions. 

1. The military, or gymnasium position, is to place the 
heels together, toes out, and hands at the side ; the ear, 

shoulder, hip, knee, and ankle appearing to be 
in a perpendicular line, and the weight equal 
on both feet. 

Fall Description of the 3Iilitary Position. 

a. Heels together, or an inch apart. 

b. Feet at right angles. 

c. Knees together. 

d. Body and head upright. 

e. Shoulders back. 

f. Eyes front. 

g. Arms at the side. 
h. Palms in, and thumbs front.* 
i. Mouth closed (except in vocal exercise). 

2. The rostrum position is an easy, upright speaking po- 
sition, with one foot advanced, and the 
weight of the body principally upon the 
foot in the rear. 

Fall Description of the Rostrum Position. 

a. Body erect and easy. 

b. One foot three or four inches in ad- 
vance of the other. 

c. Toes turned out in an angle of about 
45 degrees. 

d. Arms at rest at the side. 

e. Heel of the foot in advance, in a line 
with the heel of the other. 

/. Hands relaxed and natural (as they 
would hang at the side). 

3. The reading position is similar to the rostrum, save that 
the book should be held in the left hand, high enough to keep 

* This position is sometimes given with the palms front and thumbs out. 
(See Figure.) 




ORTHOPHONY. 



25 



the head from drooping, yet not so high as to hide the face 
of the reader from the audience. 

Special Positions and Movements. (See Table No. 1.) 
The special positions are always taken at the commence- 
ment and between the movements of a series. The military 
always precedes the spec^ position, unless otherwise stated. 



I. CHEST SERIES. 



1. Procussing* — Position: hands upon sides, so that the 
fingers may touch in the back ; thumbs pointing front, with 
the elbows pressed back, and the chin curbed ; action : fill 
the lungs, and, with open hands, pat the chest rapidly and 
gently from the neck to the girdle ; increase the intensity 
of action when no inconvenience is felt therefrom, but never 
bruise the flesh. 





2. Single Thrusting from the Arm-pit.\ — Position: fists 
upon the chest, near the arm-pit, in front ; elbows elevated 
and pressed back; wrists bent inward ; direction, the twelve 
points : three front, three oblique, three extended, and three 
backward ; order, single ; manner, direct. (See Table No. 1.) 

* Procussing distributes the air to the remote portions of the lungs that 
are less often inflated, and strengthens them. 

t All the thrust exercises widen the chest in front, and make the back 
straight and narrow. " 

B 



26 



MANUAL OF HEADING. 



3. Double Thrusting from the Arm-pit* — Position as in 
No. 2 ; direction, contrasting, up and down, or right and 
left; order, double; manner, direct; action: 1st, descending 
and ascending front, alternating four times with both fists ; 
2d, descending extended to the right, and the same to the 
left, four times alternately ; 3d, horizontal extended to the 
right twice, the same to the left, and four times alternately ; 
4th, ascending extended to the right twice, and the same to 
the left, and four times alternately. 

4. Thrusting from the Chest centre. -^-Position : fists on the 
chest, backs front, knuckles touching ; elbows horizontal 
with the shoulders ; direction, the twelve points ; order, sin- 
gle ; manner, direct. 





5. Thrusting from the Sides* — Position: elbows back; 
fore-arm and fists parallel -upon the sides, and horizontal ; 
direction, three points front ; order, single ; manner, direct. 

6. Thrusting from the Hips. — Position: fists upon the back 
of the hips, near the girdle, palms in, thumbs closed, and el- 
bows pressed backward; direction, backward ; order, single; 
manner, direct. 



II. SHOULDER SERIES. 

1. Extending the Arms from the Arm-pit. — Position: el- 
bows horizontal with the shoulders, thumbs and fingers 
joined, and drawn up under the arms ; direction, extended 
* Inspire at the return, and expire at the outward movements. 



ORTHOPHONY. 



27 



(descending and horizontal) ; order, single ; manner, direct ; 
action: lst,*bring the arms from the special position direct- 
ly down in the single order, i. e. right hand twice, left hand 
twice, alternately twice, and simultaneously twice ; 2d, bring 
the arms from the special position to the horizontal extend- 
ed in single order. ,, 





2. Extending the Arms from the Shoulder top. — Position : 
fingers rest upon the top of the shoulder near the joint, 
thumbs back, elbows extended horizontally from the shoul- 
ders ; direction, extended (three points) ; order, single ; man- 
ner, direct ; action : bring the arms from the special posi- 
tion, 1st, to the descending extended; 2d, to the horizontal; 
3d, to the ascending extended in the usual single order. (See 
No. 1 of this series.) 

3. Shoulder Lifting. — Position, military ; arms relaxed ; 
direction, upward ; order, single ; manner, direct ; action : 
raise the right shoulder twice, the left twice, alternate twice, 
and twice simultaneously. 

4. Hotary Movement.* — Position and order as in ~No. 3 ; 
manner, rotary ; action : bring the right shoulder forward, 
upward, backward, downward twice, twice with the left, 



* To teach quickly, let the pupils count four ; at one, bring shoulder for- 
ward ; two, upward ; three, backward ; four, downward. It is a good ex- 
ercise for removing a stoop or round of the shoulders, as indeed are all 
the chest and shoulder exercises, with No. 4 of the Elbow Series, and No. 7 
of the Arm Series. 



28 



MANUAL OF READING. 





etc. Let the arms be loose, and swing as they may, dur- 
ing this exercise. 

5. Swinging the Arms horizontally backward. — Position : 
the palms together, horizontal front ; direction, backward ; 
Order, double ; manner, direct ; action : swing the arms back- 
ward and forward ei^ht or sixteen times. 



III. ELBOW SERIES. 



1. Hands clasped and upon the Head. — Position: hands 
clasped and placed upon the head, palms down, and elbows 
extended at the side; direction, upward, etc. ; order, double ; 





manner, direct ; action : 1st, raise the hands above the head 
without unclasping four times ; 2d, upon the back of the 



OETHOPHONT. 



29 



neck, and back to the top of the head four times ; 3d, upon 
the chest in front and back four times ; 4th, alternate from 
the back to the crown, and from the front to the crown four 
times, and finally from front to back four times without 
stopping at the top of the head. 

2. Throioing back the Elboics* — Position : hands upon 
the hips, thumbs back ; action : press the elbows as far back 
as possible, returning each time to the extended. Repeat 
this exercise four or eight times. 

IV. ARM SERIES. 

1. Swinging the Arms backward* — Position : palms to- 
gether, horizontal front ; action : swing the hands down to 
the side, and back as far as possible. 

2. Swinging the Arms upward.\ — Position like No. 1 ; ac- 
tion : swing the arms from the horizontal front up to the 
perpendicular and back four or eight times. 

3. Swinging the Arms outward and upward.\ — Position, 
military; action: swing the arms through the line called 
extended to the perpendicular. 

4. Twisting the Arms. — Position, arms horizontal front; 






* Take full breath at the relaxation of muscle, and breathe out suddenly 
at the backward movement. 

t Let these exercises be done in regular order ; right arm twice, left 
twice, alternate twice, and simultaneous twice. 



30 



MANUAL OF BEADING. 



order, double ; action : twist the arms by turning the hands 
over and back eight times; change position to perpendicular, 
and repeat ; change to the horizontal, and repeat. 

5. Chopping. — Position, hands raised above the head to 
the right ; direction, descending to the left in front ; order, 
double; action, like chopping, eight times; reverse, and chop 
upward to the left. 

6. Mowing. — Position, arms to the right (see Figure) ; di- 
rection, horizontal to the left ; order, double ; manner, di- 
rect ; action as if mowing on level ground ; reverse, and 
move as if mowing up hill. 






V. Sawing* — Position : body bent to the right, elbow 
above the line of the shoulders, and hands closed; direction, 
downward ; order, double ; manner, direct ; action, moving 
both hands up and down as if sawing. 



.V. HAND SERIES. 

Opening and shutting the Hands. Position : arms at the 
side, hands closed ; action : open and close the hands four 
times ; arms to horizontal extended ; open and close the 
hands four times; perpendicular and repeat; to the hori- 
zontal front and repeat. 

* The sawing exercise is excellent for enlarging the chest and increasing 
the strength of the muscles. 



OKTHOPHONY. 31 



VI. HEAD AND NECK SERIES. 

1. Turning the Head. — Position, military; action: turn the 
head horizontally to the right, so that the face will be over 
the right shoulder, and back to the front twice, to the left 
twice, alternate right and left twice, stopping in front each 
time. 

2. Bowing. — Position, military ; direction, up and down ; 
action : 1. look down to the point descending front, and then 
horizontal front four times ; 2. look up to the point ascending 
front, then horizontal four times ; 3. look alternately down 
and front, up and front four times ; 4. look down and up four 
times without stopping in front. (This may be repeated, 
letting the head fall to the right and left instead of front.) 

3. Looking up to right and left. — Position, military ; di- 
rection, ascending oblique and descending front ; action: 1. 
look up to the point ascending oblique, and down in front 
four times ; 2. the same to the left ; 3. alternate right and 
left four times, stopping each time to look down. 

4. Rotary or Rolling Movement. — Position, military ; man- 
ner, rotary ; action : bow the head front, and, letting it help- 
lessly fall, move it horizontally in a circle upon the shoul- 
ders. Repeat the circle four times. 

VII. TRUNK SERIES. 

1. Bending the Body forward and backward. — Position, 
military; action : 1. bend the bo'dy horizontally front, and re- 
sume the perpendicular four times; 2. bend backward, and 
resume the perpendicular four times; 3. alternate forward 
and backward, stopping each time at the perpendicular four 
times ; 4. bend forward, then backward four times without 
stopping at the perpendicular. 

2. Bending the Body to the right and left. — This is like 
No. 1, except in direction, which is right and left instead of 
forward and back. 

3. Rotary, or Body rolling. — Position, military ; action : 
bend the body horizontally front, and, relaxing the muscles, 
move it to the right, back, left, and around to the front again 
in a kind of circle ; repeat four times. 



32 MANUAL OF READING. 



II. DIRECTION OF MOVEMENT. 

Direction is the line or course in which any thing moves. 
In calisthenics or gesture, direction is the course which the 
arm, hand, etc., takes with regard to the body, and is named 
both from the side of the person where it ends, and from the 
degree of elevation which this ending or climax attains. 

All gestures made before one are called " front y" those 
made directly to the right or left are called u extended y" 
those made between the "front" and " extendecV are called 
" oblique y" and, lastly, those made bach of the extended are 
called " back-oblique" or " backward" With regard to the 
elevation, all gestures or motions whose climax or ending 
is on a horizontal line with the shoulders, are called hori- 
zontal y all that have their climax or ending below the hori- 
zontal are called descending y aud all above the horizontal 
are called ascending. 

Hence we have twelve different points of direction : 

I. 1. Descending front. III. 1. Descending extended. 

2. Horizontal front. 2. Horizontal extended. 

3. Ascending front. 3. Ascending extended. 
II. 1. Descending oblique. IV. 1. Descending backward. 

2. Horizontal oblique. 2. Horizontal backward. 

3. Ascending oblique. 3. Ascending backward. 

III. ORDER OF MOVEMENT. 

By order of movement is" meant the successive order in 
which the right or left hand, arm, etc., are used in action. 
For convenience, Order has been given as No. 1 Single, and 
No. 2 Double. 

Single order is when the motions are made first with the 
right arm or hand ; then with the left, each a certain num- 
ber of times ; second, alternate with the right and left a cor- 
responding number of times ; and third, a simultaneous ac- 
tion of the right and left the same number of times. Ex- 
ample : thrusting with the right hand twice, with the left 
twice, alternate twice, and simultaneous twice. 

Double order is made with the hands simultaneously, 
changing only the directions during the exercises; i. e., make 



ORTHOPHONY. 33 

a certain number of motions in some one direction with both 
hands, then in another direction with both hands, thus con- 
tinuing until the exercise is completed. Example: thrust 
both hands down front twice, up front twice, alternate up 
and down twice ; then twice to the right, twice to the left ; 
then alternate right and left twice. 

IV. MANNER OF MOVEMENT. 

The manner of movement in calisthenics or gesture may 
be direct or rotary : direct, when the point of direction in 
the climax is attained in a straight or direct line, and rotary 
when by a roundabout or rotary motion. 

V. TIME OF MOVEMENT. 

In these exercises there should be a regularly recurring 
accent of motion or rhythm. The outward motion in many 
exercises will most naturally receive the accent, and can be 
timed in various ways : by counting in quadruple time, by 
tapping with pointer or cane, or by music itself in quadru- 
ple time. If counting is preferred, and a class is to practice, 
let all count, accenting the odd numbers to eight, or, sub- 
stituting and for the unaccented part, count four ; thus, one 
and, two and, three and, four and / again, one and, etc., 
over and over again until the exercise is finished. 

B2 



34 MARTIAL OF BEADING. 



AKTICULATIOK 



The principal defects of articulation consist of a uniform- 
ly weak or thick utterance, lisping and stammering. 

1. A.weak manner of speech may arise from ill health or 
lassitude, from diffidence or embarrassment, from indolence 
or affectation. In cases of weakness, health must be im- 
proved before any great change can be made in the voice 
power. Such exercise in respiration, intonation, and calis- 
thenics as can be borne from day to day, will greatly aid in 
regaining strength if the weakness is chiefly in the lungs. 
Indeed, tendencies toward consumption have, in many in- 
stances, been overcome by judicious vocal training. 

If weakness of utterance arises from diffidence, let no op- 
portunity pass that will overcome want of confidence. Con- 
versation, recitation, declamation, singing, and dialogues 
should be engaged in, however irksome the task, and what- 
ever failures accrue. If it arises from embarrassment, keep 
the lungs well filled or inflated, and there will follow com- 
parative self-possession. When the defect arises from indo- 
lence or affectation, there is little hope of remedy. 

2. A thick manner of utterance is sometimes the result of 
malformation, or accidental injury of the vocal organs. In 
such cases permanent cures are rare. Surgical operations 
will remove any superfluous growth, but for an absence of 
parts there is no chance of remedy. A thick manner of 
speech is often the result of intemperance in the use of liq- 
uors, tobacco, snuff, or other drugs, and can only be cured 
by abstemiousness, exercise, and cleanliness of the head-cav- 
ities, chest, and throat. The mucous linings of the head- 
cavities may become thickened by catarrhal difficulties, and 
produce thickness of speech. 

3. Lisping is the habit of substituting th soft for s and z. 
It can be cured if the lisper has sufficient will-power and pa- 
tience. Practice faithfully, two or three times a day, a list 
of words containing s and z, and th. Care should be taken 



ORTHOPHONY. 



35 



that the tip of the tongue be pressed lightly against the 
edges of the upper incisor teeth to produce th, and against 
the gums of the same upper teeth to produce the sound 
of s. Besides the practice, every lisp in reading, speaking, 
or conversing should be corrected when made.* 



TABLE NO. 15. 

Words for Practice by Contrast. 



thale 


for sale. 


hathte ft 


>r haste. 


thake 
that 


" sake. 

" sat. 


patht 
earth 


; past. 
' cars. 


thalt 


" salt. 


thtarth ' 


1 stars. 


thee 


" see. 


callth 


: calls. 


thend 

thigths 

thick 


" send. 
" sighs. 
" sick. 


pleathe 

betht * 

thkeith 


' please. 

c best. 
1 skies. 


thold 


" sold. 


kith'd 


' kissed. 


thoon 
thot 
thuit 
thuch 


" soon. 
" sot. 
" suit. 
" such. 


ro-thy { 
loth-ing * 
joth-ling ' 
mu-thic ' 


1 rosy. 
' losing. 
' jostling. 
' music. 


thouth 


" south. 


duth-ter ' 


' duster. 


thour 


" sour. 


tru-ithm ( 


' truism. 


thong 
thilly 
thwingths 


" song. 

" silly. 

. " swings. 


con-the-quenthe ' 
con-thtan-thy 
cauth-eth .' 


' consequence. 
' constancy. 
' causes. 


thlow 


" slow. 


murmurth ' 


1 murmurs. 


thmile 


" smile. 


whith-le 


' whistle. 


thnatch 


" snatch. 


bleth-ed * 


' blessed. 


thpade 
thrau 


" spade. 
" straw. 


rith-eth ( 
roth-eth * 


' rises. 
' roses. - 


thky 
thtout 


" sky. 
" stout. 


raith-eth ' 
wish-eth 


' raises. 
1 wishes. 


thenths 
thel-lar 


" cents. 
" cellar. 


thooth-ing 
thlum-berth 


4 soothing. 
' slumbers. 


thi-der 


" cider. 


dith-mith i 


c dismiss. 


Tha-rah 


" Sarah. 


exer-thith-eth c 


c exercises. 



* Lisping really belongs under "defects by substitution," but has been 
considered worthy of special study. 



36 MANUAL OF BEADING. 

4. Stammering is caused by diffidence, embarrassment, or 
an attempt at speech without proper control of the vocal 
organs. To overcome this defect is more difficult than that 
of lisping. The stammerer should keep the lungs well in- 
flated while speaking, and try to be hopeful, cheerful, and 
self-confident. First, the stammerer must believe that he 
can be cured, not despairing with any number of failures, 
but energetically persevering in the exercises as directed. 
There should be systematic training in all the tables belong- 
ing to Orthophony, particularly on those in respiration, in- 
tonation, and calisthenics, in order to obtain control of the 
voluntary muscles. 

Note. — Some people's thoughts outrun their power of utterance, and they 
stammer because all the words can not come forth at once. It is a fact 
worthy of attention that stammerers seldom stammer when singing. Is it 
not because the words are arranged in proper order and time without their 
assistance, thus relieving them of all responsibility? It is the same with 
poetry. Cures have been performed by repeating lines of poetry, giving 
the rhythmical accent, and keeping time with the finger. At every repeti- 
tion increase the speed. Try this three times a day, sleep enough, five 
temperately in all things, do nothing to prostrate the nervous system, and 
the chances are you Avill recover. 

Example. " ' Come back ! come back !' he cried in grief, 

Across the stormy water, 
'And I'll forgive your highland chief, 
My daughter— oh my daughter I' " 



OETHOPHONY. 



37 



ENUNCIATION. 

The most common defects or errors of enunciation are 
found in the substitution, omission, and addition of sounds 
in syllables, and the overlapping of words in sentences. 
When there is no organic defect, these faults result from 
carelessness or ignorance, and can be remedied by constant 
attention to, and correction of every error of the kind. Fix- 
ed habits of articulation or enunciation contracted by uncul- 
tivated associations and incompetent teachers are exceed- 
ingly difficult to correct. To correct an error the moment 
it is noticed, either in reading or speaking, may be humiliat- 
ing, but will prove a sure remedy. In the following list the 
right-hand column is the corrected one, for practice in sub- 
stitution, omission, and addition. 







TABLE NO. 16. 










List in 


Substitution.* 

Vowels. 






bi or ' 
lik or 


bu for by. 
luk " like. 


farm ) 
fawrm ) 


for farm. 


set 
shet 


a 


sit. 
shut. 


father ) 
father ) 


a 


father. 


sence 

git 

said 


a 

(said) " 


since. 

gSt. 

sed. 


dence ) 
darnce f 
heerd 


tt 
a 


dance, 
heard. 


dooz 


(does) " 


duz. 


fuTst 


a 


first. 


ketch 


a 


catch. 


ceetee 


a 


city. 


hom 

again 

carse 


a 

(again) " 
a 


home, 
agen. 
course. 


maysure 

stiddy 

bunnit 


tt 
tt 

a 


measure. 

steady. 

bonnet. 


lie 


it 


oil. 


suller 


a 


cellar. 


sile 


u 


soil. 


meller 


a 


mellow. 


pint 
ben 


a 

(been) « 


point, 
bin. 


piller 
childurn 


tt 
tt. 


pillow, 
children. 


* Make a sentence for each word, and pronounce 


it properly. 



38 



1 


MANUAL 


OF BEADING. 




shiill 


for shall. 


forgit 


for forget. 


ware 


" were. 


modist 


" modest. 


lass 


" loss. 


rnunt 


" ment. 


nar 


" nor. 


Gawd 


" God. 


cawurd 


" cord. 


nawt 


" not. 


dreen 


" drain. 


rench 


" rinse. 


larn 


" learn. 


gwine 


" going. 


idee 


" idea. 


atter 


" after. 



Consonants. 
t for d, as worts for words. 

lats " lads, etc. 
ill soft for th hard, as baths for baths. 

beneath " beneath. 
z for 5 soft, as rize for rise. 

deceazed " deceased. 
w for v, as wine for vine. 

winegar " vinegar. 
v for w, as vill for will. 

valkino: " walking. 



The errors with w and v are peculiar to foreigners ; there 
are also those peculiar to children, viz. :* 

t for ch, as tarles for Charles, 
tickeri " chicken. 
t for c hard, as take for cake, 
tart " cart. 
d for (/, as dood for good. 

dirl " girl. 
d for J, as doe fof Joe. 
don " John. 

* Dr. Comstock says: u First I try to show the children the difference of 
the position of the organs of speech in producing h and g, r and d, etc. If 
this fails, I open my mouth as widely as possible, so that the tip of the 
tongue can not touch the gums of the upper teeth, and request the child 
to open his in like manner. I then direct him to pronounce after me the 
following syllables : ga, g'a, g&, g£, gl, gi, g5, go, go, gu, gu, gu, ka, ka, 
ka, ka, etc." When this scheme fails he advises the teacher and pupil to 
press back and- down the tongue with the index finger, and pronounce the 
syllables given in the preceding exercise. 



ORTHOPHONY. 




TABLE NO. 17. 


I 


List in 


Omission. 




Omission ofr. 


Omission of d. 


g'a'den for garden. 


wil's for 


wilds. 


k'a'd " card. 


fiel's " 


fields. 


wo'd " word. 


frien's " 


friends. 


lo'd " .lord. 


an' « 


and. 


reg'a'd " regard. 


Ian' 


land. 


wa'mer " warmer. 


san' 


sand. 


gove'n " govern. 


kln'ness " 


kindness. 


Feb'uary " February. 






hea'ken " hearken. 


Omission 


Ofh* 


sea' " scar. 


wile for while. 


fa' " far. 


wen " 


when. 


m'a'k " mark. 


W y « 


why. 


fa'tha " farther. 


wistle " 


whistle. 




wip 


whip. 


. Omission of g. 


wat " 


what. 


readin' for reading. 


s'roud " 


shroud. 


feelin' " feeling. 


'urt 


hurt. 


writin' " writing. 


'andful " 


handful. 


bein' " being. 


'arvest " 


harvest. 


seein' " seeing. 


s'rink " 


shrink. 


buyin' a buying. 


'ermit " 


hermit. 


singin' " singing. 








Omissions Miscellaneous. 


Omission of t by prolonging s. 


reg'lar for regular. 


consis' for consists. 


sev'ral " 


several. 


enlis' " enlists. 


rhet'ric 


rhetoric. 


protes' " protests. 


jub'lee 


jubilee. 


wris' " wrists. 


trav'ler " 


traveler. 


fac's " facts. 


fam'ly 


family. 


sof'ly " softly. 


hist'ry " 


history. 


swif'ly " swiftly. 


des'late " 


desolate. 


las' " last. 


prob'ble u 


probable. 


* In the following words wlx has the sound of h : 




whoot. whole. 


wholly. 


whose. 


whoop. who. 


wholesome. 


whom. 



39 



40 MANUAL OF READING. 



TABLE NO. 13. 

List in Addition. 



Addition of u. 


ael for ale. 


elum for elm. 


keard " card. 


helum " helm. 




overwhelum " overwhelm. 


Addition ofh. 


realum " realm. 


hour for our. 


Mr " air (er). 


hink " ink. 


nour " nor. 


harm u arm. 




hown " own, etc, 


Addition ofe. 




keow for cow. 


Addition of n. 


teown " town. 


mint for might. 



feound " found. 

The addition of a or 'a is so common, examples are not 
necessary. Hea went'a toa schoolii. 

Overlapping. 

There is an error of enunciation which deserves especial 
attention, and that is, the overlapping of successive words, 
a blending of the last sounds of one word with the first 
sounds of the succeeding word.* 

His small eyes instead of His small lies. 

His hour is up " " His sour is sup. 

Let all men praise him " " Let tall men pray sim. 

Water air and earth " " Water rare and dearth. 

The man had oars to row her over. 
The man had doors to row her rover. 

Can there be an aim more lofty ? 
Can there be a name more lofty ? 

He was awed at the works of labor and art before him. 
He was sawed at the works sof labor an darts before rim. 

Oh for a lodge in some vast wilderness. 
Oh for a lodge in some vas' swilderness. 

* The examples here given are from the Introduction to " Sanders's 
Readers. " 



ORTHOPHONY. 



41 



Words to Practice in Contrast. 
These tables, arranged so as to place words of similar 
termination in contrast, are of importance to students who 
desire to speak perfect English. Contrasted words should 
be practiced alike with the rising or falling inflection, as 
continent', consonant' ; or, continent^, consonant^ ; or, double 
thus, continent', continent^, consonant', consonant^. 





TABLE NO. 19 




Contrast No. 1. 


ible and able 


(often given 'able).* 


feas'i-ble. 






laud'a-ble. 


ris'i-ble. 






en'vi-a-ble. 


ter'ri-ble. 






pref'er-a-ble. 


plaus'i-ble. 






cred'it-a-ble. 


eTi-gi-ble. 






rev'6-ca-ble. 


cred'i-ble. 






ven'er-a-ble. 


leg'i-ble. 






sj/Tla-ble. 


vis'i-ble. 






mis'er-a-ble. 


aud'i-ble. 






mem'o-ra-ble. 


in-vin'ci-ble. 






rea'son-a-ble. 


re-spon'si-ble. 






ad-vis'a-ble. 


de-dii'ci-ble. 






con-sid'er-a-ble. 


di-vis'i-ble. 






com-mend'a-ble. 


in-com-pat'i-blc 


i 




as-sign'a-ble. 


in-tel'li-gi-ble. 






re-li'a-ble. 


Contrast No. 2. 


8ss and 


O'US 


(often given zss). 


countless. 






gra'cious. 


good'ness. 






pre'ciotis. 


bless'ed-ness. 






val'or-ous. 


costli-ness. 






mag-nan 'i-moiis. 


bus'i-ness. 






vo-lu'min-oiis. 


la'zi-ness. 






su-per'flu-oiis. 


dauntless. 






mul-ti-tu'din-oiis. 


listless-ness. 






in-con'gru-oiis. 


* Repeat these endings 


alternately several times in quick succession, 



42 



MANUAL OF READING. 



TABLE NO. 20. 

Contrast No. 3. ity and ety. 
i and y short. 



u-til'i-ty. 

no-bil'i-ty. 

de-bil'i-ty. 

a-bil'i-ty. 

fer-til'i-ty. 

u-til'i-ty. 

fa-cil'i-ty. 

ac-tiv'i-ty. 

ac-cliv'i-ty. 

af-fin'i-ty. 

dfi-plic'i-ty. 

pos-si-bil'i-ty. 

Contrast No. 4. 
con'ti-nent. 

el'e-ment. 

gov'ern-ment. 

em'i-nent. 

som'no-lent. 

judg'ment. 

con-sist'ent. 

nu'tri-ment. 

al-lure'ment. 

sen'ti-ment. 

coni'pli-ment. 

rep-re-sent'. 

tran-scend'ent. 

tur'bu-lent. 

firm'a-ment. 

de-lin'quent. 

com-po'nent. 

ru'di-ment. 

in'stru-ment. 

im-per'ti-nent. 



e and y short. 
so-bri'e-t5 r . 
sa-ti'e-ty. 
anx-i'e-ty. 
pi'e-ty. 
so-ci'e-ty. 
pro-pri'e-ty. 
va-ri'e-ty. 
e-bri'e-ty. 
gay'e-ty. 
con-tra-ri'e-ty. 
no-to-ri'e-ty. 



hit and ant. 
con'so-nant. 
el'e-gant. 
cor'mo-rant. 
el'e-pbant. 
ar'ro-gant. 
rec're-ant. 
men'di-cant. 
res'o-nant. 
at-tend'ant. 
in-ces'sant. 
ob-serv'ant. 
miri-tant. 
mis'cre-ant. 
ma-lig'nant. 
syc'o-phant. 
prot'est-ant. 
dom'i-nant. 
con-vers'ant. 
in-con'stant. 
pur-su'ant. 



ORTHOPHONY. 



43 



Contrast No. 
coun'sel-or. 
gov'ern-or. 
me'di-a'tor. 
sen'a-tor, 
an-te'ri-or. 
ex-te'ri-or. 
in-te'ri-or. 
sfi-pe'ri-or. 
coni-pet'i-tor. 
ex-ec'H-tor. 
pred-e-ces'sor. 
in-ter-ces'sor. 
leg-is-la'tor. 

Contrast No. 6, 

pos'i-tive. 

prim'i-tive. 

in-fin'i-tive. 

sens'i-tive. 

in-quis'i-tive. 

len'i-tive. 

de-fin'i-tive. 

in-tu'i-tive. 

in-trans'i-tive. 



TABLE NO. 21. 

5. or and dr (given as iXr.) 
cir'cu-lar. 
con'su-lar. 
sim'i-lar. 
mus'cu-lar. 
jug'u-lar. 
pop'u-lar. 
in'su-lar. 
gran'u-lar. 
sec'u-lar. 
par-tic'u-lar. 
ver-nac'u-lar. 
au-ric'u-lar. 
per-pen-dic'u-lar. 

itive and alive (given dtive). 
com-par'a-tive. 
su-per'la-tive. 
in-dic'a-tive. 
nar'ra-tive. 
de-clar'a-tive. 
im-per'a-tive. 
de-riv'a-tive. 
re-stor'a-tive. 
pre-rogTi-tive. 



Contrast No. 1. 
vi'o-let. 
min'u-et. 
cab'in-et. 
vi'o-lent. 
se'ri-es. 
spe'ci-es. 



et and dte, etc. 
vi'o-late. 
vin'di-cate. 
prel'ate. 
vi'o-late. 
se-ri-oiis. 
spe'ci-otis. 



44 



MANUAL OF READING. 



PKONUXCIATIOK 

TABLE NO. 22. 

Words in which u has the sound of o in do (see Rule for IT, 
page 48) : 



true. 


fruit. 


intrude. 


prune. 


truly. 


fruitful. 


intrusion. 


pruning. 


imbrue. 


fruitfulness. 


truce. 


sure. 


construe. 


rude. 


spruce. 


surety. 


truth. 


rudely. 


ruse. 


surely. 


truthfully. 


rudeness. 


sprucely. 


assurance. 


truthfulness, protrude. 


abstruse. 


insurance. 


truism. 


protrusion. 


plume. 




fords in which u has the sound of iew in view: 


due. 


nudely. 


induce. 


presume. 


duly. 


purely. 


conduce. 


consume. 


sue. 


exude. 


June. 


tune. 


suit. 


interlude. 


use. 


tuning. 


suited. 


prelude. 


useful. 


pure. 


suiting. 


preclude. 


usefully. 


dual. 


nude. 


deduce. 


illume. 


lunar. 



In preterits of verbs and participles, the e in eel is sup- 
pressed. 

feared. suppressed, 

praised. stopped, 

admired. soused, 

tossed. beloved. 



blessed. 


picked. 


cursed. 


winged. 


learned. 


toused. 



In adjectives not participial, the e in ed is sounded, 
naked. . wretched. learned. soused, 

ragged. beloved. winged. confounded, 

striped. blessed. toused. abused. 

wicked. cursed. 





ORTHOPHONY. 






TABLE NO. 23. 






Terminations el and en. 




In the following words the last e should be 


sujDpressed : 


hazel. 


sunken. 


burden. 


shorten. 


navel. 


leaven. 


garden. 


seven. 


ravel. 


driven. 


riven. 


fallen. 


shekel. 


quicken. 


even. 


deepen. 


shrivel. 


thicken. 


woven. 


threaten. 


swivel. 


smitten. 


tighten. 


shaken. 


weasel. 


listen. 


sicken. 


open. 


Lovel. 


roughen. 


silken. 


weaken. 


drivel. 


spoken. 


wooden. 


taken. 


grovel. 


soften. 


broken. 


token. 


mantel. 


often. 


swollen. 


sudden. 


ousel. 


fasten. 


leaden. 


laden. 


revel. 


deafen. 


earthen. 


harden. 


shovel. 


hasten. 


glisten. 


graven. 


snivel. 


raven. 


kitten. 


oven. 


easel. 


heaven. 


stiffen. 


given. ' 


golden. 


happen. 


vixen. 


frighten. 


waxen. 


waken. 


dozen. 


whiten. 


frozen. 


drunken. 


sloven. 


lighten. 


molten. 


gladden. 






In the followin 


\g words the last 


e should be sounded : 


vessel. 


aspen. 


gravel. 


bitumen. 


travel. 


catechumen. 


tinsel. 


cerumen, 


flannel. 


chicken. 


sorrel. 


hymen. 


chisel. 


flamen. 


gospel. 


hyphen. 


kernel. 


kitchen. 


hovel. 


latten. 


revel. 


legumen. 


model. 


linen. 


level. 


marten. 


fuel. 


mitten. 


bevel. 


mynchen. 


shovel. 


omen. 


morsel. 


hatter. 


pommel. 


platen. 


laurel. 


pollen. 


towel. 


regimen. 


parcel. 


siren. 


trowel. 


sloven. 


marvel. 


specimen. 


rowel. 


sudden. 


tassel. 


ticken. 


vowel. 


woolen. 



45 



46 MANUAL OF HEADING. 

Adjectives changed into adverbs by the addition of ly, 
the ed is often full, as confess'd, confessedly, design'd, de- 
signedly. 

My is pronounced my when emphatic, otherwise mp (not 
me, as many seem to think), and mine is pronounced mine in 
common language, drama, etc., where sublimity does not re- 
quire the full long sound of i. 

The article or adjective the is pronounced the (thee) be- 
fore a vowel or h mute, and thu (thu) before a consonant or 
h aspirate. 

The article or adjective a has a short sound nearly like a 
in at. 

So powerful is the influence of habit, that after systemat- 
ic training pupils will frequently commit errors in articula- 
tion and enunciation when reading successive paragraphs. 
To remedy this, the teacher must return to the analyzing 
process, beginning by pronouncing every word of a sen- 
tence separately, then each syllable of the words, followed 
by the sounds in the syllables. (Class Methods, page 66.) 
William Kussel gives a very excellent and similar mode of 
correction, viz., "Begin at the end of a line, sentence, or 
paragraph, so as to prevent the possibility of reading negli- 
gently; then, 1st, articulate every element in every word 
separately and very distinctly throughout the line or sen- 
tence ; 2d, enunciate every syllable of each word throughout 
the line or sentence clearly and exactly; 3d, pronounce ev- 
ery word in the same style ; 4th, read the line or sentence 
from the beginning forward, with strict attention to the 
manner of pronouncing every word; 5th, read the whole 
line or sentence with an easy, fluent enunciation, paying 
strict attention to the expression of the meaning, but with- 
out losing correctness in the style of pronunciation." 

Pronunciation depends upon the law of prevailing good 
custom, hence is subject to changes from time to time. Not- 
withstanding this bar to a fixed standard of pronunciation, 
a few rules will be inserted to meet the demands of the pu- 
pils of this period. These rules are based upon the "Prin- 
ciples of Pronunciation" found in Worcester's Unabridged 
Dictionary, and will not conflict with those of Webster. 



ORTHOPHONY. 47 

Rules for Pronunciation. Single Voicel Sounds. 

1 . A final vowel in an accented syllable has the long sound, 
as in ba-sis, le-gal, trl-al, sono'-rous, cu'-bic, ty-rant. 

2. In monosyllables ending with silent e, preceded by a sin- 
gle consonant, vowels have usually the long sound, as in 
fate, mete, pine, note, tube, type. Exceptions : have, 'are, 
and bade, the preterit of bid. 

3. In monosyllables not ending with silent e, vowels gen- 
erally take their short sound, as in fat, met, pin, not, tub. 

4. In accented syllables ending with consonants, vowels 
usually take their short sounds, as in aban'don, attentive, 
exhibit, laconic, reluc'tant, lyrical. 



5. A, unaccented, and ending a word, or constituting an un- 
accented syllable at the beginning of a word, has the sound 
of a in father, as America, idea. And ah final has still 
more of the Italian sound, as in Jehovah, Messiah. Excep- 
tions : a-6r'-ta, a-e'rial, because followed by a vow-el. 

6. A, followed by/*, s, or n in the same syllable, should re- 
ceive an intermediate sound between short «, as in man, and 
the Italian a, as in far. It is a sound shorter than a, as 
grass, graft,command, past. 

7. A, e, ai, and sometimes ea, when followed by r, take the 
sound of short e, as in fare, where, pair, bear. The sound 
is called by some an intermediate sound between short a, as 
in fat, and long a, as in ale, but is really long a modified by 
the succeeding r, and equal to short e. 

8. A, preceded by qu, w, or wh, takes the sound of short o 
in not, as in quality, swallow, wad, what. 

E 

E, followed by I or n in an unaccented final syllable, has 
in some words an indistinct short sound, and in some it is 
entirely suppressed. (See page 45, List for Practice.) In 
most words ending in el the sound of e is given, as in flan- 
nel. And in most of those ending in en the sound of e is 
suppressed, as in oft-en. 



48 MANUAL OF READING. 

The sound of the letter e is generally suppressed in the 
preterits of verbs, and in participles ending in ed, when the 
e is not preceded by d or t, as feared, praised. 

Adjectives ending in ed, unless they are participles as well 
as adjectives, commonly preserve the sound of e before d, 
as in rag-ged, na-ked. See Table, page 44. 

Z 

That class of words, mostly derived from the French and 
Italian, which contain i 9 retain the sound of long e, as in an- 
tique. 

In words which terminate in He or ine, with the accent on 
the penultimate syllable, the i in the final syllable is gener- 
ally short, as in fertile, adamantine, etc. Exceptions : ex- 
ile, Gentile, pentile, feline, confine, and a few others. Also, 
when the accent is on the antepenult, words ending in He 
generally have the i short, as juvenile, puerile. Exceptions: 
chamomile, reconcile, eo'lipile. 

Words ending in ity usually require the final i and y short, 
as ability. Also the short sound of e and y in the termina- 
tion ety, as variety. When i ends an initial syllable with- 
out accent, and the succeeding syllable begins with a con- 
sonant, the i is generally short, as in civility, divine, finance. 
Exceptions : biography, librarian, etc. See List, page 42. 

0. 

0, in monosyllables ending mf,ft, ss, st, and th, takes its 
short sound somewhat prolonged, as in off, often, cross, cost, 
broth. 

In many words ending in on the sound of o is suppressed, 
as in bacon, pardon, reason. 

U. 

V&t the beginning of words, when long, has the sound 
of y u, as in use. 

U, preceded by r (also lire by s),has the sound of o in do, 
as in true, sure. 

Vandenhoff, in " Art of Elocution," gives a more definite 
rule, as follows: £7 has the sound oiiew in view in the sylla- 



ORTHOPHONY. 49 

bles and terminations ue, uit, ude, uce, use, ume, tine, ure (ac- 
cented), ual, ular, una?*, and uble. When any of the above 
combinations are compounded with r, or s with ure, u has 
the sound of o in do. See List, page 44. 

T. 

IT at the end of a word, preceded by a consonant, has the 
sound of short i, as in pity. The exceptions are monosyl- 
lables, as by, cry, etc. 

Rules for Pronunciation. Improper Diphthongs. 

JE is a Latin diphthong, and is always pronounced like e 
in Latin. In English it is used only in words of Latin ori- 
gin or formation, as aqua-vitae, minutiae, aesthetics, and com- 
monly has the long sound, as in paean, but is sometimes 
short, as in Daedalus. 

Ai has usually the sound of long a, as in pail, pain, but 
has the sound of short e in said, saith, again, and against ; 
that of short a in plaid and raillery ; that of long i in aisle ; 
and, in final unaccented syllables, it has the sound of indis- 
tinct short i, as in mountain, curtain, etc. ■ 

Ao occurs only in the word gaol, pronounced, as it is now 
more frequently written, jail. 

Aw has the sound of broad a ; bawl and ball being pro- 
nounced exactly alike. 

Ay has the sound of long a, as in pay, jay, hay, etc. ; 
except in quay, which is pronounced he. It has the short 
sound of e in says, and that of short i in Sunday, Monday. 

JEa has the sound of long e, as in beat, hear ; of short e, 
as in head, lead ; of short and obtuse e, as in earn, heard, 
pearl ; of long a, as in break ; of broad a, as in heart, hearth ; 
and, when unaccented, it has an obscure sound, as in venge- 
ance. 

Eau is only used in words derived from the French, and 
its regular sound is that of long o, as in beau and bureau. 
It has the sound of long u in beauty. 

JEk has almost invariably the sound of long e ; the princi- 
pal exceptions are been and breeches, having the short sound 
of i. The poetical contractions e'er and ne'er, for ever 

C 



50 MANUAL OF HEADING. 

and never, are pronounced with the short sound of e, as er, 
ner. 

EL This diphthong has usually the sound of long a or e, 
as in neighbor, ceiling, etc. (See page 7.) It has the sound 
of long i, as in heighten ; of short e, as in heifer; and in an 
unaccented syllable, the indistinct sound of i, as in foreign. 

Eo has the sound of long o, as in yeoman ; like long e, as 
in people ; like short e, as in jeopardy ; like broad o (as in 
nor), as in Georgic ; like long u, as in feod (now written 
feud) ; and when unaccented, it has the indistinct sound of 
i or o, as in pigeon. 

Eu has the sound of long it, as in feud, deuce. 

Ew has the sound of long u, as in few, new ; but if r pre- 
cedes it, it takes the sound of o (as in do), as in brew, drew ; 
and the sound of long o, as in sew, shew, strew. See U, 
page 48. 

Ey has the sound of long a in bey, grey ; of long e in key, 
ley; and when unaccented and final, it has the sound of 
short t, as in valley. 

la, in the terminations ial, ian, iard, often forms but one 
syllable, the i being sounded like the consonant y, as in 
filial, Christian, poniard ; pronounced as if written filyal, 
Christyan, etc. In some words it has the obscure sound of 
indistinct short i, as in carriage, marriage. 

le, io, ieu, iew. The regular sound of ie is that of long e, 
as in chief. It has the sound of long i in die, lie ; and the 
sound of short e in friend. When i, in the termination ion, 
is preceded by a liquid, it has the sound of yun, as in mil- 
lion and minion. The terminations sion and tion are pro- 
nounced shun, as in version, nation. But when the t is pre- 
ceded by s or x, ion is pronounced yun, as in question and 
mixtion. The triphthong ieu is found only in a few words, 
which are derived from the French, as adieu, lieu ; and it 
has the sound of long u. The triphthong iew occurs only in 
view and interview. 

Oa. The regular sound of this diphthong is that of long 
o, as in boat, loaf; and the sound of broad a in broad and 
abroad. 

Oe is derived from the Latin, and it is retained in but very 



0BTH0PH0NY. 51 

few. words used in English. It has the sound of short e, as 
in assafoet'ida ; and that of long e in oedinia, oesoph'agus. 

Oeu. This triphthong is found only in the word manoeu- 
vre, where it has the sound of o in do. 

Oi and oy have one and the same sound, which is the 
combined sound of broad a and short i or y, as in boil, toy. 

Oo has the sound of o in do, as in moon, stoop ; and also a 
shorter sound, like u in full, or o in wolf, as in good, book, 
wood,, and foot ; and the sound of long o in door, floor, and 
that of short u in blood and flood. 

On is the most irregular diphthong in the language. Its 
most common or regular sound is that in which both letters 
are heard, as in bound, sound, cloud, south, etc. It has the 
sound of short u in country, cousin, couple, rough, and young. 
It has the sound of o in do, as in accoutre, group, tour, sur- 
tout, uncouth, and other words derived from the French. 
It has the sound of long o in court, accourt, and the sound 
of broad a, as in ball, or the sound of o in nor, in bought, 
brought, wrought ; the sound of u in full, as in could, would, 
should ; the sound of short o in hough. 

Ow. The regular sound of this diphthong is the same as 
the regular sound of oic, as in how, bow, now, and tower. It 
has the sound of long o in below, blow, glow, owe, and show, 
besides the following words in some of their senses: bow, 
low, mow, mower, and sow. It has the slight sound of o 
when it forms an unaccented syllable. 

Ua. When both letters of this diphthong are sounded 
they have the power ofwa, as in equal, language, persuade, 
and suavity. In some words the u is silent, as in guard, 
guardian, guarantee, piquant ; and in victuals and victual- 
ing both letters are silent. 

Tie. When these letters are united in a diphthong, and 
are both sounded, they have the power of we, as in conquest, 
consuetude, and desuetude. In some words the u is silent, 
as in guerdon, guess, and guest. When this diphthong is 
final, the e in many words is silent, as in due, hue, pursue ; 
and in some words both letters are silent, as in league, fa- 
tigue, antique, opaque, and oblique. In the termination 
ogue, the o is short when preceded by g or £, as in dema- 



52 MANUAL OF BEADING. 

gogue, dialogue, except collogue ; but when any other con- 
sonant precedes o it is long, as in brogue, rogue, and vogue. 
Ui. These letters, when united in a diphthong, and both 
are sounded, have the power of wi, as in anguish, languid, 
and vanquish. In some words the u is silent, as in guide, 
guile, build^and guinea ; and in others i is silent, as in juice, 
pursuit, and fruit. 

Mules for Pronunciation. Consonants. 

B, preceded by m in the same syllable, is generally silent, 
as in lamb, limb, comb, and dumb ; exception, succumb. B 
is also silent before t in the same syllable, as in debt and 
doubt. 

C is hard, and sounds like k before a, o, and u ; and it is 
soft, and sounds like s before e, i, and y, except in sceptre and 
scirrhus, with their derivatives, in which c sounds like 7c. 
In the word indict and its derivatives c is silent. When c 
comes after the accent, and is followed by ea, ia, io, or eous, 
it takes, like s and t under the same circumstances, the sound 
of sA, as in social, ocean, tenacious, and cetaceous. In the 
words discern, sacrifice, and suffice, and in several words 
derived from them, also in the word sice, c has the sound 
of z. 

D takes the sound of t in some words ending in ed, as in 
distressed, mixed, fixed, etc., pronounced distrest, mixt, and 
fixt. 

J^has always the same sound, except in the preposition 
of, in which it has the sound of v. 

G is hard before a, o, and u. The only exception is goal, 
which is commonly written jail. When g is followed by n 
at the beginning of a word it is silent, as in gnarl, gnash, 
gnomon. It is also silent when followed by n at the end of 
a word : arraign, assign. G is sometimes hard and some- 
times soft before e, i, and y. It is hard before e, as in geese, 
get, dagger ; before i in gibber, gift, girl, gimp ; before y in 
baggy, cloggy. _ 

.Z^is always silent after r, as in rheum, rhetoric, rha]3Sody. 

-5T is always silent before n, as in knee, know. 

M is never silent except in accompt, comptroller, pro- 



ORTHOPHONY. 53 

nounced, and also more commonly written, account, control- 
ler. 

iVhas the sound of ng before 7c, c, g hard, qu, or x, as in 
thank, zinc, anger, banquet, and anxious. It is mute when 
it ends a syllable and is preceded by I or m, as in kiln, hymn, 
column, and autumn. 

JP is silent before s and t at the beginning of words, as in 
psalter, psalm. 

Q is always followed by u, and qu has the sound of Tew, as 
in queen, quill. In many words derived from the French it 
has the sound of 7c, as in etiquette, mosque, liquor. 

S has always its sharp or hissing sound at the beginning 
of words, as in son, safe ; also at the end of words when 
they terminate in as, except the words as, has, was, where- 
as, and the plural of nouns ending in ea, as seas, pleas. It 
is soft in all words ending in ss, as less, express ; in words 
ending in is, except the monosyllables is and his; in all 
words ending in us and ous, as genius, famous ; in all words 
when s is preceded by either of the mutes 7c, p, t, or hjf, as 
locks, caps, hats, muffs. JS final has the sound of z when it 
immediately follows any consonant except the mutes 7c, p, t, 
the semivowel f and th aspirated, as in ribs, heads ; also 
when it forms an additional syllable with e before it ; in the 
plural of nouns, and the third person singular of verbs end- 
ing in se, to distinguish them from nouns and adjectives of 
the same form, as use, abuse, close, diffuse. S takes the 
sound of sh in words ending in sion preceded by a conso- 
nant, as in diversion ; also in a few other words : sugar, su- 
mach, fissure, censure, seisure, sure, insure, pressure, sensual, 
nauseate, and tissue. #has the sound of zh in the termina- 
tion sion preceded by a vowel, as in cohesion, evasion, and 
explosion. 

T, like s and c, is aspirated when it comes immediately 
after an accent, and is followed by the vowels ai, ie, or io, 
taking the sound, in these cases, of sh, as in partial, patient, 
nation, militia, and negotiate. 

TFis always silent before r, as in write, wren, and wrist. 

JThas the sound of Tcs usually, as in excellent, expect, tax ; 
also the sound of gz when the next syllable following begins 



54 MANUAL OF READING. 

with an accented vowel, as in exalt, exert. At the begin- 
ning of words it has the sound of z, as in Xenophon, Xerxes. 
AT also takes the sound of ksh in some words when the ac- 
cent immediately precedes it, as in fluxion, anxious, luxury, 
complexion. 

Ch, preceded by I or n, has the sound of sh (some authors 
say ch, as in rich), as belch, filch. Ch has the sound of k in 
words derived from the ancient language, as in alchemy, an- 
archy, and anchor. Exceptions are charity, chart, charter. 
Ch is hard in all words in which it is followed by I or r, 
as Christian, chlorosis. When arch, signifying chief, begins 
a word from the Greek language, and is followed by a vow- 
el, it is pronounced ark, as in archangel, architect ; but when 
arch is prefixed to an English word, it is pronounced to 
rhyme with march. Ch is silent in drachm, schism, and 
yacht. 

Gh. At the beginning of a word h is silent, as in ghost, 
ghastly^ gherkin. In bough, h is silent at the end of a word. 
Gh is commonly silent at the end of words, as in high, sigh, 
and weigh. In some words it has the sound of/, as in tough, 
laugh ; and in some the sound of k, as in hough, shongh. In 
clough and slough it is sometimes silent, and sometimes has 
the sound of f. The combination of letters ough has no less 
than seven different sounds, which are exhibited in the fol- 
lowing lines : 

" 'Tis not an easy task to show 
How ough sound : since, though 
An Irish lough and English slough, 
And cough and hiccough, all allow, 
Differ as much as bough and through, 
There seems no reason why they do." 

Ght. In this termination the letters gh are always silent, 
as in fight, height ; except in draught, which is pronounced, 
and in some of its senses written, draft. 

Ph has generally the sound of/", as in philosophy. In 
nephew (according to the principal English orthoepists) and 
in Stephen it has the sound of v, and in the triphthong naph- 
tha, etc., the h is silent (nap'tha or naf 'tha). 

Th at the beginning of words is generally sharp, as 



ORTHOPHONY. 55 

in thin, think (see page 35, List for Lispers), and also at 
the end^)f words, as in death, breath. In some nouns it is 
sharp in the singular and flat in the plural, as in bath, baths, 
lath, laths. In some words the h is silent, as in Thomas, 
thyme. 
Wh. In some words the w is silent, as in who, whole. 



READING EXERCISES. 
ARTICULATION AND PRONUNCIATION. 

1. It was indu'bitably an abominable eccentricity. 

2. Up a high hill he heaved a huge round stone. 

3. The glassy gla/ciers gleamed in glowing light. 

4. The invin'cible duplicity of inquisitive men. 

5. The list'lessness and la'ziness of the friv'oloiis. 

6. Ev'ery government has its his'tory. 

7. The el'ements of our language include con'sonants. 

8. Counselors should be particularly supe'rior. 

9. Round and round the rugged rocks the ragged rascal 
ran. 

10. The stripling stranger strayed straight toward the 
struggling stream. 

11. The incomprehensibility of the ar'ticle, etymolog'ical- 
ly considered, is evident. 

12. It was a family opinion majes'tically expressed. 

13. The manifestations of force are visible, reli' able, and 
reasonable. 

14. A big black bug bit a big black bear. 

15. Socks and shoes shock Susan. {Repeat.) 

16. Truly rural, truly rural rationalist. 

17. Feb'ruary and June, February and June. 

18. {Quick.) Peter Prangle, the prickly prangly pear-pick- 
er, picked three pecks of prickly prangly pears from the 
prangly pear-trees on the pleasant prairies. 

1 9. " Amidst the mists, with angry boasts, 

He thrusts his fists against the posts, 
And still insists he sees the ghosts." 

20. The vile vag'abond ventured to vilify the ven'erable 
vet'eran. 



56 MANUAL OF READING. 

21. (Quick) Theoph'ilus Thistle, the successful thistle-sift- 
er, in sifting a sieve full of unsifted thistles, thrgst three 
thousand thistles through the thick of his thumb. ISTow, if 
Theoph'ilus Thistle, the successful thistle-sifter, in sifting a 
sieve full of unsifted thistles, thrust three thousand thistles 
through the thick of his thumb, see that thou, in sifting a 
sieve full of unsifted thistles, thrust not three thousand 
thistles through the thick of thy thumb. Success to the 
successful thistle-sifter. 

22. Masses of immense mag'nitude move majestically 
through the vast empire of the solar system. 

23. She uttered a sharp, shrill shriek, and shrunk from the 
enshrouded shrine. 

24. The miserable accom'paniment is unnecessary and 
intolerable. 

QUALITIES OF VOICE. 

1. Pure Tone. 

" I love my country's pine-clad hills, 
Her thousand bright and gushing rills, 

Her sunshine and her storms ; 
Her rough and rugged rocks, that rear 
Their hoary heads high in the air 

In wild fantastic forms." 

2. Orotund. 

" 'Drink,' said the demon, ' drink your fill ; 

Drink of these waters mellow ; 
They'll make your eyeballs sear and dull, 

And turn your white skins yellow ; 
They'll fill your homes with care and grief, 

And clothe your backs with tatters ; 
They'll fill your hearts with evil thoughts — 

But, never mind, what matters ?' " — Mackat. 

3. Pectoral. 

" The skies they were ashen and sober, 
The leaves they were crisped and sear, 
The leaves they were withering and sear. 

It was night in the lonesome October 
(Of my most immemorial year), 

It was hard by the dim lake of Auber, 
In the misty mid-region of Wier — 

It was down by the dank tarn of Auber, 

In the ghoul-haunted woodland of Wier." — Poe. 



ORTHOPHONY. 57 

4. Guttural. 

"Thou slave, wretch, coward." 

" I'll strip you of your commission ; 
I'll lodge a five-and-threepence in the hands of trustees, and you 

shall live on the interest. 
I'll disown you ; I'll disinherit you ; and hang me if ever I call you 
Jack again while I live." — Sheridan. 

5. Aspirate. 

" 'Twere hetter by far 
To have matched our fair cousin with young Lochinvar." — Scott. 
" Or whispering with white lips, 
The foe — they come — they come !" — Byron. 

6. Nasal 

" ' The birds can fly, 
An' why can't I ? 
Must we give in, ' 
Says he, with a grin, 
' That the blue-bird an' phcsbe 
Are smarter 'n we be ? 
Jest fold our hands, an' see the swaller 
An' blackbird an' catbird beat us holler ?' " — Trowbridge. 

1. Oral. 

" She ' perfectly scorned the best of his clan, 
And reckoned the ninth of any man 

An exceedingly vulgar fraction.' 
He ' quite regretted the step, 'twas true — 
The lady had pride enough for two ; 
But that alone would never do 

To quiet the butcher and baker.' " — Saxe. 

8. Falsetto. 

"Do, good people, move on ; such a rabble of boys ! 
I'll break every bone of 'em I come near ; 
Go home — you're spilling the porter — 

Go home, Tommy Jones, go along with your beer. 
This is the sorrowfulest day of my life, 

Ever since my name was Betty Morgan." — Hood. 

Note. — To overcome a monotonous habit of delivery, read alternate lines 
of a poem in the pure tone, contrasted with another quality of voice, as the 
pure with the orotund, the pure with the aspirate or nasal. For persona- 
tion, give each character in a dialogue or drama a particular quality of 
voice as his own. 

C2 



58 MANUAL OF READING. 



PITCH. 

Scale Exercise. 

do. O High worth is elevated place, 
si. O High worth is elevated place, 
la. O High worth is elevated place, 
sol. O High worth is elevated place, 
fa. O High worth is elevated place, 
mi. O High worth is elevated place. 
re. O High worth is elevated place, 
do. O High worth is elevated ^)lace. 
Note. — Repeat each note of the scale four times, begin- 
ning with the lowest : Do, do, do, do, re, re, re, re, etc. When 
the octave has been completed, reverse the exercises, and 
repeat them, beginning with the highest note of the scale. 
Next repeat the sentence in each of the keys from the low- 
est to the highest, and from the highest to the lowest, re- 
membering to keep the reading voice. 

Reading upon the Scale in Lines. 

" Like to the falling of a star, 
Or as the flights of eagles are ; 
Or like the fresh Spring's gaudy hue, 
Or silver drops of morning dew ; 
Or like a wind that chafes the flood, 
Or bubbles which on water stood — 
E'en such is man, whose borrowed light 
Is straight called in and paid to-night : 
The wind blows out, the bubble dies ; 
The Spring entombed in Autumn lies ; 
The dew dries up, the star is shot, 
The flight is past, and man forgot. " — King. 

Note. — Begin with the lowest note of the voice, and read 
each line one note higher than the one before, until you 
reach that point in your voice where it is said to "break" 
or change to the falsetto. You may not be able to reach an 
octave at first, but after a few weeks' steady, careful prac- 
tice you will probably be able to read upon any key within 
the compass of an octave and a half. 

Reverse this exercise, and read down from the highest to 



ORTHOPHONY. 59 

the lowest note of the voice. Fifteen minutes' practice, 
without rest, is enough. 

Heading upon the Scale in Syllables. 

" Then fear not, doubt not, which thou wilt, 
We'll try this quarrel hilt to hilt." 

Note. — Practice this, or any other couplet of monosylla- 
bles, raising the pitch one note on every syllable. Reverse, 
and read down the scale. See Table 10. 

Monotone. 

1. " O thou that rollest above, round as the shield of my 
fathers ! whence are thy beams, O sun ! thy everlasting 
light ?"— Ossian. 

2. " High on a throne of royal state, which far 

Outshone the wealth of Ormus or of Ind, 
Or where the gorgeous East, with richest hand, 
Showers on her kings barbaric pearls and gold, 
I Satan exalted sat!" — Milton. 

3. Wisdom {Job xxviii., 12) is also a fine example of the 
monotone. 

Drifting, full Rising and Falling Inflections. 

"He never dines with comfort, | but where he is sure to 
create a famine ; | he never robs from the loose superfluity 
of standing greatness ; | he devours the fallen, the indi- 
gent, the necessitous ; | his extortion is not like the gener 
ous rapacity of the princely eagle, who snatches away the 
living, struggling prey; \ he is a vulture who feeds upon 
the prostrate, the dying, and the dead." 

Note. — Read this example with a strong rising inflection 
on the words in italic, and a full falling inflection on the 
words in small capitals, as an exercise in sweeping inflec- 
tions of a fifth or an octave. 

Words in Antithesis take opposite Inflections. 

1. "I said an elder soldier \ not a better'." 

2. " It is sown in weakness' ; it is raised in power". It is 
sown a natural body'; it is raised a spiritual bodyV 



60 MANUAL OF BEADING. 

3. " I come to bury s Caesar, not to praise' him." 

4. " The Jcing^ was without power', and the nobles' with- 
out principle^. They were tyrants' at home', and robbers' 
abroad\" 

5. "We live deeds, not years — in thoughts, not breath — in 
feelings, not in figures on a dial. We should count time 
by heart-throbs. He most lives who thinks the most — 

FEELS THE NOBLEST ACTS THE BEST." 

6. "You have done the mischief, and I bear the blame." 
V. " The wise man is happy when he gains his own appro- 
bation; the fool when he gains that of others." 

Words in Apposition take the same Inflection. 

1. " Oh comrades'! warriors'! Thracians" ! if we must 
fight, let us fight for ourselves ! If we must slaughter, let 
us slaughter our oppressors." 

2. Thomas Moore', the poet', was born in Dublin in 1780. 

Climax. 

1. "If I were an American, while a foreign troop were 
landed in my country, I never would lay down my arms — 
NEVER, nevee, never /" — Eabl of Chatham. 

2. " In a clamorous appealing to the mercy of the fire, 

In a mad expostulation with the deaf and frantic fire. " — Poe. 

3. " Clarence has come ! false ! fleeting ! PERJURED 
Clarence /" 

Irony. 
" Oh excellent interpreter of the laws ! master of antiqui- 
ty ! corrector and amender of our Constitution !" — Ciceeo. 

Compound Inflection. 

"I knew when seven justices could not make up a quarrel ; 
but when the parties met themselves, one of them thought 
but of an if; as, ' If you said so, then I said so.' * Oh ho ! did 
you say so ?' So they shook hands and were sworn broth- 
ers." 

"Must I budge ; must I observe you ; 
Must I stand and crouch under your testy humor ?" 



ORTHOPHONY. 61 



FORCE. 

Rhythmical Accent. 

" Pause' not to dream' of the future before' us, 
Pause' not to weep' the wild cares' that come o'er' us : 
Hark' how Crea'tion's deep mu'sical cho'rus 

Un'intermitting goes up' intoheav'en! 
Never the o'cean-wave stops' in its flow'ing ; 
Nev'er the lit' tie seed stops' in its grow'ing ; 
More' and more rich'ly the rose'-heart keeps glow'ing 

Till' from its nourishing stem' it is riv'en." — Osgood. 

Absolute Emphasis. 

1. "What destiny sends, bear." — Herder. 

2. " There is nothing more fearful than imagination with- 
out taste." — Goethe. 

Antithetic Emphasis. 

1. "Be noble-minded! Our own heart, and not other 
men's opinions of us, forms our true honor." — Schiller. 

2. " What makes old age so sad is not that our joys, but 
that our hopes cease." — Richter. 

Emphasis of Emotion. 

1. " Stand ! the ground's your own, my braves — 

Will ye give it up to slaves ? 
Will ye look for greener graves ? 

Hope ye mercy still ? 
What's the mercy despots feel ? 
Hear it in that battle-peal — 
Kead it on yon bristling steel — 

Ask it — ye who will!" — Pierpont. 

2. " Up, comrades, dp ! in Rokeby's halls 

Ne'er be it said our courage falls !" 

3. " ' Holb !' tyranny cries ; but their resolute breath 

Sends back the reply, ' Independence or death !' " 

Cumulative Emphasis. 

1. "The Union— it must and shall be PRESERVED." 

2. " Heaven for Harry, England, and St. George !" 

3. " Chatcge, Chester, charge ! ON", Stanley, ON !" 



62 MANUAL OF READING. 



STRESS. 

1. Radical Stress. 

" Hence, horrible shadow ! 
Unreal mockery, hence !" * 

2. Final Stress. 

" Too much horrified to speak, 
They can only shriek — shriek." 

"What ! you threaten us ? Do your worst ; 
Blow your pipe, there, till you burst." 

3. Median Stress. 

"Roll on, thou deep and dark blue ocean, roll." 

( >) " The loud wind dwindled to a whisper low, 

And sighed for pity as it answered ( >) ' No. ' " 

"The loud waves, rolling in perpetual flow, 
Stopped for a while, and sighed for answer (dim. in swells) ' No !' 

4. Thorough Stress. 

"Flash'd all their sabres bare, 
Flash'd as they turned in air, 
Sabring the gunners there, 
Charging an army, while 

All the world wonder'd : 
Plunged in the battery-smoke, 
Eight through the fine they broke ; 
Cossack and Russian 
Reeled from the sabre-stroke 

Shattered and sundered. 
Then they rode back, but not, 

Not the six hundred. " 

5. Compound Stress. 

"Gone to be married ! gone to swear a peace ! 
False blood to false blood joined ! gone to be friends ! 
Shall Louis have Blanche, and Blanche these provinces ?" 

6. Tremor. 

"If they should fire on Pickens, let the colonel in command 
Place me upon the ramparts, with the flag-staff in my hand. 
No odds how hot the* cannon-smoke, or how the shells may fly, 
I'll hold the stars and stripes aloft, and hold them till I die. 
I'm ready, general, so you let a post to me be given 
Where Washington can see me as he looks from highest heaven, 
And say to Putnam at his side, or may be General Wayne, 
6 There stands old Billy Johnson, that fought at Lundy's Lane.' " 



ORTHOPHONY. 63 



TIME, OR SPEED. 

1. Fast. 

"Away! away! our fires stream bright 
Along the frozen river, 
And their arrowy sparkles of brilliant light 
On the forest branches quiver." 
(ft- f \ ("There was racing and chasing on Cannobie Lea, 
1 But the lost bride of Netherby ne'er did we see." 

2. Moderate. 

" Oh, sweet and beautiful is night, 

When the silver moon is high, 
And countless stars like clustering gems 

Hang sparkling in the skies ; 
While the balmy breath of the summer breeze 

Comes whispering down the glen, 
And one fond voice alone is heard — 

Oh! night is lovely then." 

3. Slow. 

"He is gone on the mountain, he is lost to the forest, 
Like a summer-dried fountain, when our need was the sorest ; 
The fount, reappearing, from the rain-drops shall borrow, 
But to us comes no cheering, to Duncan no morrow. 
The hand of the reaper takes the ears that are hoary, 
But the voice of the weeper wails manhood in glory ; 
The autumn winds, rushing, waft the leaves that are serest, 
But our flower was in flushing when blighting was nearest. 
Like the dew on the mountain, like the foam on the river, 
Like the bubble on the fountain, thou art gone, and forever." 

Long Pause. 

Pause a moment. (5) I heard a footstep. (6) Listen now. 
(10) I heard it again, (4) but it is going from us. (4) It 
sounds fainter, (8) still fainter, (2) it is gone. 

Short Pause. 

John, be quick, (l) Get some water. (1) Throw the pow- 
der overboard. (3) "It can not be reached." (l) Jump into 
the boat, then. (1) Shove off. (l) There goes the powder. (1) 
Thank heaven ! we are safe. 

Note. — The figures denote the number to count at each 
pause. 



64 



MANUAL OF READING. 



Origin. Sign. 

Adagio, ad., or v. si. 

Largo, lar., or si., 

Andante, adt., 

Presto, prs., or q., 

Prestissimo, prss.,orv.q, 

Accelerando, ace, 

Ritard, rit., 

Pianissimo, pp., 

Piano, p., 

Mezzo, raz., 

Forte, f., 

Fortissimo, ff., 



MODULATION. 

Abbreviated Signs for marking Sentences, 

Sign, 



Meaning. 

very slow, 
slow. 

middle time, 
quick, 
very qnick. 
quickening, 
slackening, 
very soft, 
soft. 

moderate, 
loud, 
very loud. 



Origin. 

Crescendo, 
Diminuendo, 



Affetuoso, 
Brillante, 
Furioso, 
Spirituoso, 



1., or ( ), 
md., or (o), 
h., or (°), 
tr., or ~~~, 
pi., 
asp., 

fts., or af., 
brl., or br., 
frs., or fr., 
spt., or sp., 



Meaning. 

incr's'g force.* 

dimin'g force.* 

low. 

middle. 

high. 

tremulously. 

plaintively. 

aspirate. 

affectionately. 

brilliantly, gay. 

fiercely, mad. 

spirited. 



(Slow.) "At length, o'er Columbus slow consciousness breaks — 
(Loud and ('Land! land!' (Moderate) cry the sailors; (Loud) 'land! 

High.) \ land!' — he awakes — 

(Fast.) He runs — yes ! behold it ! it blesseth his sight ! 

(Spirited.) The land! Oh dear spectacle J transport! delight!" 
, „ \ (" Soft is the strain when zeplryr gently blows, 

iff-) 



And the smooth stream in smoother numbers flows ; 
But when loud surges lash the sounding shore, 
The hoarse, rough verse should like the torrent roar." 
,qj x ("When Ajax strives some rock's vast weight to throw. 



(Fast.) | 



(High and 
Quick.) 



The line, too, labors, and the words move slow ; 

Not so when swift Camilla scours the plain, 

Flies o'er the unbending corn, and skims along the main." 

Pope. 

t "Go ring the bells and fire the guns, 

J And fling the starry banner out ; 

j Shout ' Freedom' till your lisping ones 

I Give back the cradle shout." — Whittier. 



(Slow.) 

(Moderate.) 
(Low and Soft.) 
(Very Soft.) 
(» 



(Slow.) 

(Soft.) 

(Low.) 

(Low Sf Loud.) 

(High 8f Loud.) 

(Moderate.) 



Through glades and glooms the mingled measure stole, 
Or o'er some haunted stream, with fond delay 

(Round a holy calm diffusing, 

Love of peace and lonely musing), 
In hollow murmurs died aw T ay." 

He said, and on the rampart heights arrayed 

His trusty warriors, few, but undismayed ; 

Firm-paced and slow, a horrid front they form, 

Still as the breeze, (Loud) but dreadful as the storm ! 

Low murmuring sounds along their banners fly, 

' Revenge, or Death !' — the watchword and reply ; 

Then pealed the notes omnipotent to charm, 

And the loud tocsin tolled their last alarm!" — Campbell. 



These signs, when placed before a line, apply to the entire line. 



PAET II. 
CLASS METHODS. 

PRIMARY READING. 

Peimaey reading may be taught analytically ', Jby begin- 
ning with words, and concluding with their component ele- 
ments (sounds and letters), or synthetically, by beginning 
with the elements (sounds and letters), and concluding with 
words and sentences. 

In these methods the teacher will need a blackboard, and 
a greater or less number of the following articles, viz., real- 
objects, picture -objects, word-objects, slates, cards, charts, 
and books, according to the method employed. The black- 
board is indispensable in any method, and if used, each pu- 
pil in the class should have a slate, with a pencil and bit of 
sponge attached. In ungraded schools, the slates serve to 
occupy and amuse the small children while the teacher is 
engaged with older classes. They can, in the time thus 
occupied, learn to print, write, draw simple objects, or very 
profitably occupy their time in inventive drawing. 

The real object employed must correspond with the pic- 
ture and word objects selected for the lesson. The picture- 
objects will be found in primers, cards, and various books, 
and all should be fair representations of the objects whose 
corresponding words are to be learned. The word-objects 
should at first consist of two or three letters only, none of 
which should be silent, and should be such words as are ca- 
pable of representation or demonstration, as bat, cat, hat, 
up, on, in. The teacher may print the word upon the black- 
board for the class, or it may be shown from a primer, card, 
or chart. The primary methods should continue until the 
pupil can read and print from memory any simple sentence 
of monosyllables or dissyllables. 

The following rules, derived from the principles of teach- 
ing as advanced by Pestalozzi, may serve as a guide to many 
young persons who desire to make teaching a profession. 



66 ' MANUAL OF READING. 

1. Never tell a child what he can discover for himself. 

2. One difficulty at a time to overcome, and but one. 

3. The measure of information is not what the teacher can 
give, but what the child can receive. 

4. Accustom the child to do. Educate the hand. 

5. Develop an idea, and then give the term. 

6. Proceed from the known to the unknown, from the 
particular to the general, from the concrete to the abstract, 
from the simple to the more difficult. 

Note. — Require the pupils to express themselves in com- 
plete terms, leaving no part of a sentence to be understood ; 
never accepting nods, yes or no, as replies. 

ANALYTICAL OR OBJECTIVE METHODS. 

The analytical or objective method takes the name "ob- 
jective" from its dependence upon the use of objects to in- 
troduce the lessons, and " analytical" because a word is first 
learned as a whole, and then analyzed or reduced to its pri- 
mary elements. 

Each lesson of one word is arranged something like the 
following plan ; then, when a sentence can be formed from 
the words that have been thus learned, it should be done. 
At first no letter should receive more than one sound. The 
vowels should take their short sounds, afterward their long 
sounds, the remaining ones last. 

ORDER OF THE OBJECTIVE PLAN. 

1st. Show a real object , or illustrate or demonstrate a word, 
and draw out its name, nature, qualities, parts, and uses. Be 
sure to allow each pupil the opportunity to tell all he or she 
connectedly can about the object, without prompting or ques- 
tioning. If the class be large, divide the work, allowing A 
to give its name and nature, B its qualities, C its parts, and 
D its uses, in order to get through the work in the allotted 
time. 

2d. Show the class a picture (object) representing the real 
object, and draw from the pupils the points of resemblance, 
difference, etc. . 

3d. Show the class a word (object) representing the real 



TEIMAEY CLASS METHODS. 67 

and picture objects. Draw out a description of the word as 
to outline ; then require the pupils to discover and point out 
duplicates of this word from the cards, charts, or books. Con- 
tinue this exercise until the pupils can recognize the word 
readily at sight. 

4th. Require each pupil to produce sentences containing 
the word of the lesson until the use of the word is perfectly 
understood.* 

5th. Print the word upon the board, and explain its sepa- 
rate elements (letters or sounds) as to the formation of the 
word — how the sounds are produced, whether with the lips, 
tongue, teeth, or palate principally. Let each pupil copy 
the letters (from memory) upon the blackboard or upon the 
slate. Pronounce the word slowly, so that each element 
can be distinguished singly; then increase in rapidity of 
pronunciation. Reverse the time, and require the class to 
follow in the phonic spelling. 

6th. Combine words that have been learned into sen- 
tences, and print them upon the board, requiring the class 
to make out the sentences alone. 

7th. Allow the pupils to select word-cards, and to com- 
bine them so as to make sentences. If word-cards are not 
in use, the pupils may be detailed in groups to reproduce a 
whole sentence upon the board or upon their slates, and aft- 
erward correct them, as in Nos. 5 and 6, page 68. 

Note. — Before class -hour the teacher should select the 
word or words which will constitute the lesson, and have 
ready the necessary illustrations. If the words can be illus- 
trated by the real object, in or out of doors, arrangement 
should be made to do so. If it must be illustrated by other 
means, preparation should be made that nothing be omitted 
that will aid in giving a clear perception of the meaning and 
use of the word. The words in, out, under, over, more, less, 
etc., are words simple enough when developed by compari- 
son, experiment, and reason. 

* The teacher should not go too rapidly with these steps. Here is work 
enough for weeks and months. The work of the fifth step may he post- 
poned until many words are learned as sight-words, both in print and as 
reproduced upon the slates and board. 



68 MANUAL OF HEADING. 

Objects should be presented — 

1st, to the senses, or perception. 

2d, to the laws of memory. 

3d, to the reflective or reasoning powers. 

Ideas are developed — 
1st, by appealing to the senses. 
2d, by comparison. 
3d, by experiment. 
4th, by reason. 

SYNTHETICAL METHODS. 
There are three synthetical class methods: Memorizing 
letters in selections of two, three, etc., which will make one 
or more words ; memorizing letters in alphabetic order ; and 
the phonic or phonetic method. 

MEMOEIZING LETTEES IN GE0TJPS OE SELECTIONS. 

1st. Short vowels and a few consonants. 

2d. Long vowels and a few consonants. 

3d. Other vowel sounds and consonants. 

This is a very good method, and is employed by many 
excellent primary teachers. The lessons may be given in 
about the following order, varying, of course, to suit the ma- 
terial and apparatus at hand. 

1st. Select two or three letters which, when joined, will 
produce a word or words. 

2d. Print the first of these letters sufficiently large upon 
the blackboard to be seen by the entire class. 

3d. Let the class give the sound of the letter ; its form 
and resemblance to some familiar object. 

4th. Detail the class in groups or divisions suited to the 
size of the board, to reprint or copy the letter and give its 
sound. 

5th. Obtain criticisms from the class by comparing each 
copy with the original printed letters, and have all errors 
corrected by the pupil who made them. 

6th. Let the class reproduce the letter upon their slates. 
The teacher will examine the slates, and copy the mistakes 



PEIMAEY CLASS METHODS. 69 

upon the board for the class to correct. After correction, 
the pupils should examine their respective slates, and note 
how many errors are their own. The slate review should 
be entirely from memory. 

7th. Detail several to find the same or duplicate letters 
among the letter-cards, upon the charts, or in books. 

8th. When all the selected letters have been learned, put 
them together to form words. 

9th. Write or print the word upon the board, to be criti- 
cised by class divisions as were the letters before. 

10th. Let the word be reviewed upon the slate without a 
copy, and criticised as was the former slate exercise. 

11th. Require each pupil to originate a sentence contain- 
ing the word. 

12th. If the letters can be arranged so as to form another 
simple word or words, it may be done at this point of the 
lesson, and each of the words thus formed be treated as the 
first word. 

13 th. The class should be trained upon the sounds of the 
letters in succession, as arranged in the tabular view. 

14th. Require the pupils to point out or mark the silent 
letters in words. 

15th. Sometimes the form can be impressed by uniting 
instruction and amusement. Make the capital letters upon 
the board ; then give each pupil two cuts of straw or sticks, 
to make as many of these simple capitals as can be made 
with two lines. When they have made L, T, V, X, give 
each one more, and have A, E, F, H, I, K, N", Y, Z, and with 
another add M and W. The remaining letters with curved 
lines they will soon learn to make. 

Card and Chart Lessons. 
The following method of teaching selections of letters by 
means of cards and charts alone has been so successfully 
employed in teaching small classes, that it deserves a place 
among the best methods of teaching primary reading. Give 
each member of the class a letter-card, whispering its sound, 
charging them to remember, but not to reveal to any one 
else. When they have had time to memorize the shape, 



70 MAXUAL OF EEADING. 

collect the cards, and call the class one by one to select 
from the cards on the table the letter which they held, or 
point out a similar one on the chart. When a child has 
learned two letters that will make a word, as ox, give the 
name of the word, then prefix b for box,/ for fox, etc. In 
this way a great many words may be learned by changing 
the initial or terminal letter.. 

When a number of letters are known by the whole class, 
one may be sent to the chart to point out and name letters 
that will make words, as s, a, t, sat ; h, a, t, hat ; b, a, t, bat ; 
c, a, t, cat ; r, a, t, rat. Let the one at the chart spell in this 
manner (by sound) as many words as he can ; the one, how- 
ever, who first observes a mistake to supersede the one at 
the chart. Another instructive amusement is to allow the 
class to select letters from the cards or blocks that will 
build words found uj:>on the word-chart. 

Memorizing Letters in Alphabetical Order. 
This method is now entirely abandoned, other and better 
methods having been adopted in its place. 

PHONIC OE PHONETIC. 

Phonetics, phonics, or phonology is the science of repre- 
senting the elements of language. 

A phonograph is a graphic or written sign, a distinct let- 
ter to represent a unit of speech, and always one and the 
same unit of speech or vocal sound. 

Phonography is writing by phonographs, and is long or 
short. 

" Phonetic long-hand, or long-hand phonography, is writ- 
ing produced with a phonetic alphabet, consisting of most 
of the ordinary script letters, and additional ones of the 
same general character for the additional sounds." 

Stenography, or short-hand phonography, is a term ex- 
pressing extreme brevity of word-signs founded on the pho- 
nographic system of sounds and signs. 

The phonic or phonetic method of teaching primary class- 
es may be made analytical or synthetical, according to the 
desire of the teacher. 



PRIMARY CLASS METHODS. 71 

This method, although founded upon reason and common 
sense, has as yet but indifferently succeeded. 

It is based upon the principle that every distinct unit of 
speech or elementary sound of a language should have a 
corresponding sign. The English language is composed of 
thirty-four or thirty-six sounds, and hence should have thir- 
ty-four or thirty-six signs or letters to represent those sounds. 
Then every word would be pronounced as it is spelled, and 
spelled without silent letters. 

In the phonic or phonetic method, pupils who have learn- 
ed these corresponding sounds and signs will have no trouble 
in pronouncing a word when seen in print, or spelling words 
properly pronounced. 

Phonography would save much time and labor when con- 
trasted with the present English orthography, in which pro- 
nunciation is learned orally or from the dictionary. 

Some learned philologists object to the change, because, 
in their opinion, the language would lose its etymology, 
which is chiefly known from the spelling. But we could 
not lose the origin of the words if the present orthography 
were placed immediately after the words in the dictionaries; 
and this would add but one link more to the chain of ety- 
mological study, while it would save time and labor for the 
student. 

The nearest approach to a strictly phonetic method in el- 
ementary instruction, consistent with accepted orthography 
and the printed characters in common use, is the following, 
which has been used and approved by some of our best 
primary teachers. The teacher, taking a single w^ord, as 
map, brings out the oral elements, showing on the board 
how each one is represented by printed characters. Let the 
marks be those of some standard authority, using them with 
such letters as represent more than one sound. I 

When these characters are learned so as to be read and 
written, take another word with not more than one new 
character, as n in man. Proceed in this manner, requiring 
the pupil to write the characters for the sounds previously 
given. As soon as enough characters are given to make 
new familiar words, as with the above, we may make map 



72 MANUAL OF READING.. 

and pan ; let them be printed on the board, and copied by 
the children for the next lesson. Continue thus with the 
short sound of a in words of three letters ; follow with the 
short sounds of the other vowels in monosyllables having 
no silent letters, then with the other sounds of the vowels, 
until all the characters and elementary sounds are learned. 
Silent letters may be marked with a line underneath. 

Thus we have a complete phonetic system for learning to 
read words. As soon as possible, omit the marks, and let 
the letters and orthographic spelling be learned in connec- 
tion with the phonetic. When words occur (like they) in 
which the sounds are not represented by any marks given, 
they may be spelled with the common letters, and the pro- 
nunciation given with phonetic characters in parenthesis 
(tha). To write sentences before the sounds can all be pre- 
sented to the class, a few words may be printed on the 
board, and learned as sight words. 

See Introduction to Selections. 



ADVANCED CLASS METHODS. 73 

TABLE NO. 24. 

EEADIKG-CLASS FOKMULA.* 

I. PEELIMINAEY EXERCISES, f (Time from one to five minutes.) 

Vocal Gymnastics: 

1. Pronouncing words, * 

2. Analyzing words. * 

3. Phonic spelling. £ 

4. Learning some fact in elocution, or practicing the tables in 

Orthophony. 

Calisthenics or Gesture. (See page 76.) 

II. SELECTIONS OR LITERARY PRODUCTIONS.* (To be read 

according to any of the standard methods described on pages 
78 to 81.) 

III. REVIEWS. 

Of the selections: 

1. The form and manner* (prose or poetry, etc., page 86). 

2. The thought or subject* (pastoral, historical, etc., page 86). 

3. The objects (their names, natural or artificial, etc.). 

4. The incidents. 

5. The meaning of words (technical or received). 

6. The moral or the personal application. 
Of the errors of pupils in — 

1. Reading position. (See page 24.) 

2. Articulation. (See pages 34 to 44.) 

3. Pronunciation. (See pages 44 to 54.) 

4. Phonic spelling. (See page 75.) 

5. Definition. (See note, page 75.) 

6. Elocution (general or particular faults). 

IV. PORTIONS OF COMPOSITION TO MEMORIZE.* (See page 

86.) 

V. EXAMINATION OF THE ADVANCE LESSON.* (See page. 87) 

* This Formula can, by attention to the capacity of the pupils, be adapted to any 
class in reading that has mastered monosyllables. The younger classes should 
receive drill in elocution, but not facts or rules, and the review should be sim- 
plified. 

t The preliminary exercises should not occupy more than five minutes in any 
class ; and if the time for recitation.be less than 20 minutes, then one or two minutes 
only should be used. 

t This sign is placed after such exercises, etc., in the Formula as can not well be 
omitted. 

D 



74 MANUAL OF BEADING. 



EXPLANATION OF THE FORMULA. 
I. PRELIMINARY EXERCISES. 

The reading hour having arrived, the pupils should quiet- 
ly put their desks in order, and repair to the recitation seats 
with all necessary articles for the hour, as readers, slates, etc. 

The preliminary exercises should not exceed five minutes' 
duration in a primary or collegiate class, and if the exer- 
cises are carried on briskly, as they should be, little or no 
uneasiness will be manifested. 

No. 1. Pronouncing Words. 

A list of such words as are most frequently mispronounced 
or badly articulated in the class-room should be jotted down, 
and a few of them pronounced each class-time to begin the 
preliminary exercises. The class should repeat them in con- 
cert after the models produced by the teacher. Let this be 
done accurately and rapidly. These words may be placed 
upon the upper corner of a blackboard, and new ones add- 
ed, until a column is obtained for practice. The hardest 
words in or over the lesson may be substituted for those 
upon the blackboard. 

Again, for variety, the pupils may alternate in pronounc- 
ing words from the book or from the board, either in class- 
divisions or with the teacher. 

(Ex. of repetition.) Teach. Amidst', amidst\ Pupils. 
Amidst', amidst \ 

(Ex. of alternation.) Class. Careless'. Lazy Pupils. List- 
lessness\ 

(Ex. of alternation.) Teach. Civility\ Class. Piety\ (See 
Lists of Words, pages 41, 43.) 

No. 2. Analyzing Words. 
Words may be analyzed by syllable or by sound. To 
analyze by syllable, first pronounce the whole word, then 
repeat it, leaving off the first syllable ; repeat again, leav- 
ing off the second syllable ; so continue until the last sylla- 
ble. To analyze by sound, pronounce the whole word, and 



ADVANCED CLASS METHODS. 75 

repeat it, leaving off the first sound at each repetition, until 
one sound remains alone. 

Examples. 



By Syllables. 


By Sou: 


rids. 


Co m-mu-ni-ca-bil 'i-ty. 


Strangl'dst. 


band. 


-mu-ni-ca-bil'i-ty. 


trangl'dst. 


and. 


-ni-ca-bil'i-ty. 


rangl'dst. 


nd. 


-ca-bil'i-ty. 


angl'dst. 


d. 


-bil'i-ty. 


ngl'dst. 


Coughing. 1 


-i-ty. 


gl'dst. 


oughing. 


-y- 


1'dst. 


ghing. 


Gov-ern-ment. 


dst. 


ing. 


-ern-ment. 


St. 


ng. 


-ment. 


t. 





JVo. 3. Phonic Spelling. 
It is not thought advisable to require orthographical spell- 
ing in the reading hour,f but phonic spelling instead. The 
teacher should pronounce a word, and the pupils repeat it 
and spell it by sound in concert. In order to detect indi- 
vidual errors, the words may be spelled by the , pupils suc- 
cessively. It is better, in phonic spelling, to mark the di- 
vision of syllables by pauses instead of repetitions, as has 
been our custom. The syllabic divisions will thus be re- 
tained, and much valuable time saved. Of course the silent 
letters are omitted in phonic spelling, and, if the teacher 
finds it difficult to discover and produce the true sounds of 

* If any silent letters occur in the word you wish to analyze, of course 
you will omit them, since you are spelling by sound, and silent letters have 
no sound. The pupils will do better to look at the teacher, while analyzing 
by sound, than at the words. The accent should be retained throughout 
each word, which is perhaps the most difficult part of the exercise. This 
exercise is very important in developing a distinct and beautiful articulation. 
You can not afford to omit it, though no more than two words can be ana- 
lyzed at each lesson. 

t Spelling by letter should be learned in spelling class, beginning soon aft- 
er the child can read words at sight. The meaning of words come more 
properly in connection with reading. Definitions, however, should not be 
forced upon the memory of the young. 



76 MANUAL OF READING. 

a word, it is best to seek the correct pronunciation of the 
word from the dictionary, then pronounce it very slowly, so 
that the sounds appear to the ear as m — a — n (pronounced 
slowly). 

No. 4. Elocution. 

GENERAL OR SPECIAL FACTS, FAULTS, AND DRILL. 

It is proper at this point to give such instruction in the 
science of speech as the teacher believes the class able to 
comprehend and execute. There is drill suited to the small- 
est pupils, and matter sufficiently difficult for seniors in col- 
lege. Drill upon orthoepy, pitch, force, and time, should be 
introduced at this point, giving one fact at a time, with co- 
pious illustrations. . 

Young pupils should be taught by actual example and 
practice rather than by rules and theories. If a pupil has a 
defect in, or peculiarity of speech, correct it if possible, and 
do not forget to drill upon the elementary sounds of our 
language. 

No. 5. Calisthenics, or Gesture, etc. 

A little exercise in calisthenics is next in order, and of 
considerable importance. It quickens the blood, brightens 
the eye, makes pliant and strong the muscles — in fact, gives 
life and elasticity to the whole system. See Table No. 1 . 

Avoid colds from drafts, and also violent exercise, like 
pounding the chest. 

Note 1. There has been well-grounded complaint of inju- 
ries caused by physical training, and therefore the warning 
is repeated. If the outward motions of the arms be strong, 
and the return movements be made with relaxed muscles, no 
bruises can occur. It is severe and constant rigidity of mus- 
cle that causes injury, and at the same time the exercises 
lose in excellence and grace as they gain in severity. 

Note 2. Sudden transitions from rest to violent exercise, 
and the reverse, should be avoided. Begin with light exer- 
cises, and let the most difficult ones come in the middle of 
the lesson. 

The exercises contained in this volume are not expected 



ADVANCED CLASS METHODS. 77 

to supersede any good hygienic training, but for the benefit 
of those teachers who have no method of physical training 
at command, and for those students who desire special direc- 
tions for self-culture. 

Ventilation. 

Begin all exercises in respiration, intonation, and calis- 
thenics by giving free ingress to pure air. 

The importance of ventilating school-rooms can not be too 
strongly impressed upon teacher and pupil. 

There is little danger of contracting colds during exer- 
cise, even if windows and doors are partially opened in cold 
weather, provided care be taken to close them when rest- 
ing, and to throw some extra clothing about the person if 
very warm. 

The climate and condition of weather will of course gov- 
ern the manner of ventilation, but a change of air you must 
have to insure vigor of mind and body. 

It is the teacher's duty to see that pupils, when warm, are 
properly protected from air currents. 

For exercises in calisthenics, see page 23 ; in intonation, 
page 20 ; in gesture, page 101. 

Rhythm of Movement or Time. 

The exercises in calisthenics should be rhythmical — that 
is, produced with regularly recurring accent ; and to render 
it so requires an indication of quadruple time. This may be 
accomplished in various ways. The first and most simple 
means is counting. The accented or outward motion should 
correspond with the odd numbers, and the unaccented or 
inward motion with the even numbers. Thus: one, two; 
three, four ; eive, six ; seven, eight: one, two, etc. An- 
other method is that of calling the unaccented syllable 
"and." Thus: one and; two and; three and; four 
and: one and ; two and, etc. 

If the exercise be " thrusting" the hand should go out at 
" one" and return to the body at " and;" go out again at 
" tioo" and return at " and;" go out at " three" and return 
at " and" etc. The odd number, or " and" represents the 



78 MANUAL OP BEADING. 

return movement. Some persons make accented raps with 
a stick, ruler, or cane to time the exercises, while those who 
find it convenient adapt the exercises to music of the violin, 
piano, or other instrument. 

, II. SELECTIONS. 

The literary productions to be read after the preliminary 
exercises should not be confined to the Reader, but should 
be drawn from various sources — libraries, periodicals, and 
papers.* 

In using a reader, do not feel obliged to follow the com- 
piler's arrangement of selections, but select to suit the time 
and need. If the selections are from another source, they 
should be examined by the teacher before being used, to see 
that the matter is wholesome and instructive. (See Class 
Methods, pages 79 to 85.) 

Usually the selection should be given out a day or two 
before it is to be read. Occasionally let the pupils select 
the reading matter, giving them ample time to do so. The 
selections should be short and interesting. 

In this book are given ten standard and twenty-six occa- 
sional methods for conducting reading-classes. The former 
are called " standard" because better adapted to daily use 
and wear well, while the latter are named "occasional meth- 
ods" because suited to give variety by occasional use. Let 
the occasional methods be used for rest, or holiday, or re- 
wards of merit. In many schools the classes are too large 
to do justice to them. In such cases the preliminary exer- 
cises should be given as general exercises to the whole 
school, or be cut down to one or two minutes. 

Standard Methods. 

Those particular reading-class methods that can be used 
the longest without wearying, and have proven most effica- 
cious in practice, are termed Standard Methods. Of these 
there are ten, viz. : 

* At this time many teachers are using periodicals in reading-classes. 
Our Young Folks and The Nursery are admirably adapted to intermediate 
and primary instruction, as are other magazines for older classes. 



ADVANCED CLASS METHODS. 79 

I. Beginning back at each mistake. 

Note. — Name a certain number of lines (perhaps three or 
four) which each pupil may read, requiring the reader to be- 
gin back at the beginning every time a mistake is made,* 
until there are no longer errors for special criticism. This 
method makes careful and accurate readers. 

II. By competition, each reading the same stanza. 
Note. — Allow each member of the class to read the same 

stanza or division of prose, to see who will make the fewest 
blunders in once reading. Impress the pupils with your de- 
sire for their success, and this method will prove a good one. 

III. By alternation of class divisions. 

Note. — Divide the class into two or more sections, and re- 
quest the pupils of each section to read in concert the suc- 
cessive lines, couplets, or stanzas in the lesson. Section A 
reads two lines, Section B the two following, etc. This keeps 
all the class occuj)ied and attentive. 

IV. By couples. 

Note. — Allow the pupils to read in couples (A and B to- 
gether, C and D together, etc.) any division of composition, 
as a sentence or a stanza, until all the class have read. Each 
pupil can read in this manner twice as much as one could 
singly, without materially hindering the teacher from de- 
tecting individual errors. 

V. Looking off as much as possible. 

. Note. — Let the class read in concert, by couples, or singly, 
looking off the book as much as possible, in order to train 
the eye to see ahead. Every person who is able to read 
new or strange composition well must be able to see more 
than the solitary word he is pronouncing. Choose simple 
verse at first, that can be easily seen and retained. Try to 
see the whole line at one glance. 

This method adds materially to the grace of a reader by 
giving the hearers frequent and continued expressions of 
intelligence and emotion through eye and gesture. In this 
way a person of quick comprehension and close memory can 
render a written or printed discourse almost like extempo- 
raneous matter or improvisation. * 
* See Errors of Speech, pages 34 and 37. 



80 MANUAL OF HEADING. 

VI. Repeating after the teacher. 

Note. — The teacher reads a line or sentence, and the class 
repeats the same in concert, copying the model, either with 
closed books or with eyes upon the passages rendered. 
Again the teacher reads, and the class repeats, and thus 
continues to do until satisfied. If the teacher be a good 
model, the class will gain much by imitation ; if not, then 
the method is not so safe. 

VII. Repeating after each member of the class. 

Note. — In this method the pupils successively assume the 
rdle of teacher: i. e., A lines (reads line by line) a division 
of prose matter or poetry, and the class repeats the same 
line by line. Next B lines, and the class repeats. C and D 
follow, until each member of the class has lined a portion of 
the selection for the rest to repeat. This method keeps the 
whole class at work, and renders many of them laudably 
ambitious to become good models. (A line or couplet each, 
and -the class repeat, is a variation of this method, keeping 
the whole class busy.) 

VIII. By alternation — class and teacher. 

Note. — The teacher reads the line, couplet, or stanza, and 
the class reads the next line, couplet, or stanza in concert. 
In this method, if the teacher reads clearly and forcibly, 
there is something contagious in it, and the class will do 
better for the example and comparison. 

IX. By call by number. 

Note. — Number the pupils of the class, and call them by 
these numbers in the succession in which you wish to hear 
them read. The one who is reading should cease the in- 
stant a new number is called by the teacher, even if in the 
midst of a sentence, phrase, or word, and the one whose 
number is called should commence immediately where the 
last one left off. 

If the new number fails to commence aright, call another; 
if the place is still lost, call a third. Continue the exercise, 
if possible, until all the numbers have been called and have 
responded. There should be no talking or whispering dur- 
ing this exertise, as it would create unendurable confusion. 

It exercises the memory of teacher and pupils, in order 



ADVANCED CLASS METHODS. 81 

that the former may know what numbers have been called 
and about how much each has read, and that the latter may 
be able to rehearse any errors in the review. Indolent and 
inattentive pupils should be called oftener, that they may 
learn to keep pace and place. This method develops the 
power of concentration. 

X. Appoint a critic, or critics, whose business it is to point 
out and correct errors of each pupil in turn as he or she has 
finished reading a certain number of lines. 

Note. — Appoint two critics, and name them "Critic No. 1" 
and "Critic No. 2." Divide the selection into portions of 
three lines each, in order that all may read, and request a 
member of the class to commence reading. 

When the three lines are read the reader ceases, and it is 
the duty of Critic No. 1 to rise and enumerate and correct 
each and every mistake that he or she has observed. When 
done, Critic No. 2 rises, enumerates, and corrects all errors 
that he observed which Critic No. 1 overlooked. 

After the appointed critics are done, let the remainder of 
the class signal any unmentioned error by raising the hand. 
The teacher then points to the one who shall be heard first, 
and all signaling the same mistake drop the hand; thus 
continue until all errors noticed have been corrected. If 
any errors remain unnoticed by the class, it is the teacher's 
duty to correct or point them out. Recollect no criticisms 
are to be repeated, and no one to speak but in order. This 
method fixes the attention of the entire class, and renders 
them critically observant during each exercise. 

Occasional Methods. 

I. Reading to a mistake judged by the teacher. 

Note. — Let the class read in the usual order of succession, 
each pupil stopping at the first error corrected by the teach- 
er, and the next one in order correcting the mistake and read- 
ing on until he also is corrected. The fault in this method is 
that the best readers read longest, and those who need the 
most training are comparatively inactive. 

II. Reading to a mistake judged by a pupil, who corrects 
the error, and proceeds to read from that point. 

D2 



82 MANUAL OF READING. 

Note. — This method is very like No. I., except that the 
errors are discovered and indicated by the uplifted hands 
of pupils. If more than one hand is raised, the teacher 
points to or otherwise indicates which one is to read next. 
That pupil corrects the mistake and continues to read until 
another criticises and is appointed to read. This method 
tends to render pupils attentive, careful, and critical. 

III. Reading any where the Reader is opened. 

Note. — Let each pupil, when about to read, first close the 
book, then rise, open it, and read whatever his eye first rests 
upon. If any member of the class is unable to catch both 
words and meaning, the reader must repeat, reading over 
and over again what he has attempted to read, until it is at 
least clearly intelligible to all of the class. This method 
makes intelligible readers. 

IV. Reading medley. All read at once in different places. 
Note. — In this method each pupil should have a book; 

but if two must use one, let them read together. Arrange 
the class in single or double lines, so that you can pass near 
and speak or listen to a pupil at will. There should be at 
least as many lines in the selected poem as there are pupils 
in the class, and all lines equal in length. The best voices 
should be placed at the head and foot of the class. No. 1 
commences to read ; when he has finished one line, No. 2 
begins at the first line; when he has done the line, No. 3 
begins at the first line, each one in the class following in the 
same manner until the whole class are reading at once. 

No two read the same line at the same time. No pupil 
is to stop, after he has begun reading, until the poem is fin- 
ished. The surest way to start this exercise, if the teacher 
can endure the fatigue, is to pass from pupil to pupil, and 
read the first line of the poem with each one in class ; then, 
if no one stops prematurely, the whole class will be reading 
when the teacher is through. 

This method strengthens the voices of timid pupils who 
are unable to let out their voices to the fullest extent alone. 
It also renders pupils independent in recitation by the con- 
centration necessary to read amid such a confusion of voices. 

V. Reading two unlike pieces by alternation. 



ADVANCED CLASS METHODS. 83 

Note. — Select two contrasting pieces, and let the class 
read in concert a few lines of each, alternating from one to 
the other. If one is grave and the other brisk, let the num- 
ber of lines of the brisk piece be two to one of the slow or 
grave piece. This method, as well as all other methods of 
contrast, enhance the power of personation, the life of drama 
or dialogue. 

VI. Reading-match, choosing sides. 

Note. — The teacher designates two of the class as leaders, 
who choose readers for their respective sides precisely as 
they used to do in " spelling down." The teacher may act 
as umpire, deciding mistakes. The contestants stand fac- 
ing each other, if convenient, and No. 1 commences reading. 
When a mistake is observed, the umpire cries " Halt !" and 
the reader takes his seat. After No. 1 of the first division 
has read, No. 1 of the second division proceeds to read, and 
continues till called by the umpire. In this way the class 
is reduced until one remains alone. There is, however, the 
same objection to this method that there is to No. I, and to 
spelling down, both of which deprive the poorest pupils of 
the most exercise. To give the poor readers equal drill, 
this method can be conducted in the following manner : 

Divide the selection into divisions of a certain number of 
lines, and allow each pupil to read a division, keeping a tally 
of the mistakes on each side, to compare when through the 
exercise. 

The reading-match is exciting, and of great service when 
the class seems dull and listless. 

VII. Reflection. "See thyself as others see thee." 
Note. — In this method the teacher needs to bestow great 

care, and have an almost intuitive perception of the emo- 
tional nature of each pupil, otherwise grief, mortification, or 
anger may be displayed during the exercise. But if the 
teacher be kind-hearted and magnanimous, the pupils feel it, 
and will bear a great deal. There should be no ridicule or 
sarcasm in the mimicry, and then the looking-glass method 
will prove safe and profitable. 

First, then, begin with the bravest scholars in the class, 
and not with those timid, shrinking ones who feel a lump in 



84 MANUAL OF BEADING. 

the throat whenever you speak to them. Tell them that you 
intend to read after them line by line, and that you intend to 
exaggerate their faults a little, so that they may see how they 
appear to other people. Call for volunteers to begin with, 
and the chances are you will have hands enough raised to 
select as you please. Take one of these brave ones aside, or 
facing the class, if you please, and let them read a line, and 
then imitate their manner and errors, if any. So continue 
until a stanza or prose division has been reflected line by 
line. If the. class laugh, say, "Never mind; we'll see" who'll 
laugh when your turn comes." Excuse this pupil, and call 
another, and another, until each one in class has had a peep 
in the glass — the faithful glass that, with hope to cure, por- 
trays unconscious defects. 

Many persons have mannerisms and faults of speech of 
which they seem entirely unconscious. Convince one that 
he is wrong, and there is hope of making him right. 

VIII. Contrasting the pure with other qualities of voice. 
Note. — Select a poem having decided rhythmical accent. 

Read the successive stanzas, alternating the qualities of 
voice. The pure tone should always be used as one of the 
qualities in every contrast. (See Qualities of Voice.) 

IX. A word each. 

X. A sentence each. 

XI. To a punctuation mark. 

XII. A line. \ 

XIII. A couplet. \ Each in succession. 

XIV. A stanza. ) 

Note. — In each of these similar methods each pupil reads 
his allotted portion just as if he expected to continue read- 
ing, keeping the voice up on the last word, where the stress 
requires it, or letting it down. Herein lies the skill of these 
methods. The pupils must be attentive to keep the place, 
and should emphasize and accent as if to go on reading. 

XV. Alternate repetition. 

Note. — A reads a line, B repeats it, C reads the succeeding 
line, and D repeats it, etc. 

XVI. Repeat and read a line each in succession. 

Note. — A reads two lines ; B repeats the last line that A 



ADVANCED CLASS METHODS. 85 

read, and one more ; C reads the last line that B read, and 
one more, etc. Let each one leave off with the same inflec- 
tion, emphasis, as if to continue. 

XVII. Review and read an additional word each. 

Note. — A reads the first word ; B reads the first and sec- 
ond words ; C the first, second, and third ; D the first, sec- 
ond, third, and fourth, etc. When the repetition is too 
great, begin again. In prose composition six or eight lines 
is quite enough. 

XVIII. Review and read an additional line each. 
Note. — This method is executed like XVII. 

XIX. All who have read, repeat all that has been read, 
and an additional word for each successive reader. 

Note. — This method is similar to XVII. The whole class 
unite in the repetitions. A reads the first word of a stanza ; 
A and B read the first and second words of the stanza ; A, 
B, and C read the first, second, and third words ; A, B, C, 
and D read the first, second, third, and fourth words, etc., 
until all the words of the stanza are read ; then begin anew 
on the second stanza. 

XX. is like XIX., except that lines take the place of words. 
Note. — If the teacher wishes a whole class to learn a 

poem, this is a quick and sure way to accomplish it. 

XXI. Let a pupil be appointed, from time to time, to se- 
lect and read an entire selection to the class. 

XXII. Let the teacher bring a selection and read it to the 
class for reproduction. 

XXIII. Read from a periodical or other paper by passing 
it from one to another, if there be but one copy. 

Note. — This makes intelligent readers, as all must be made 
to understand what is read before a reader is excused. 

XXIV. Let the teacher read, making errors for the class 
to observe and criticise. 

XXV. Reading high and low in contrast. 

XXVI. Reading fast and slow in contrast. 

Note. — Read alternate lines in the XXVth, and, by alter- 
nation, one line slow and two or three lines fast in the 
XXVIth. The former increases the compass of voice, and 
the latter helps regulate the speed of speech. 



86 MANUAL OF BEADING. 

in. reviews. (See Table 24.) 
The review should begin by a careful description of the 
selections which have been read. First, the form, subject, 
or thought, objects, incidents, definitions, with the moral or 
personal application. Second, the errors committed by the 
pupils with regard to their reading position, articulation, 
pronunciation, phonic spelling, definitions, technical and re- 
ceived meaning of words, and elocution in general. 

There are various ways of conducting the review, a few 
of which will be explained in this chapter. First method. 
Call on pupils, one by one, to give as full a review of all the 
items and errors named above as possible, independent of all 
prompting or questioning. Second method (adapted to large 
classes or short recitations). Divide the items under the head 
of review, and assign a portion to each pupil in class : ex. gr. 
In this review, A may talk of the form of the composition 
(see Table 24) ; B, of the subject or thought ; C, of the class 
of poetry (whether epic, lyric, or dramatic) ; D, of the ob- 
jects (whether natural or artificial, etc.) ; E, of the inci- 
dents narrated ; and F, of the errors of the class, and so on. 
After these subjects have been given, call upon A, and re- 
quire a complete and uninterrupted explanation of the sub- 
ject. Ask no question, and allow no prompting until the 
pupil has finished and seated himself, or until the entire re- 
view is formally ended. 

IV. A LINE, COUPLET, OR STANZA TO MEMORIZE. 

The advantage of this exercise is not easily calculated. It 
stores the minds of pupils with the best thoughts of the 
best authors, expressed in choicest language. It is a source 
of enjoyment and means of entertainment during life. It 
creates a taste for a high order of literature, and inspires 
the young to seek noble companionship and to pursue lofty 
ambitions. 

As you value truth and beauty, do not neglect this exer- 
cise. Choose judiciously, and give but a few lines each day, 
and the result will amply reward you. 

Those poems or selections best calculated to answer this 



ADVANCED CLASS METHODS. 87 

purpose are pure in tone and replete with reflections, inci- 
dents, or examples of the cardinal virtues, faith, hope, pa- 
tience, courage, generosity, gratitude, etc., etc.* 

Suit the selections to the capacity of the learners by all 
means, for one is heartily tired of hearing Cato's or Ham- 
let's Soliloquy from children seven or eight years old. The 
fault with two thirds of school exhibitions, rehearsals, and 
even higher literary entertainments, is that the actors and 
speakers affect pieces or themes beyond their comprehen- 
sion. There are high-toned selections suited to every un- 
derstanding, if but found in time, and treasured up for occa- 
sions of need, f 

V. EXAMINATION OF THE ADVANCE LESSON. 

The lesson to be read at the next recitation should be 
examined and the difficulties removed before any time is 
wasted in erroneous study. It is certainly indispensable 
with young classes who are unable to consult the dictionary 
and reference books. . 

All the words should be properly pronounced before they 
are committed. 

Older classes should be directed where to look for informa- 
tion desired, and thus be materially assisted without break- 
ing the spirit of the first " Rule for Teachers" — " Never tell 
a pupil what he can discover for himself." (Primary Meth- 
ods, page 66.) 

* According to the ancients, the cardinal virtues are prudence, justice, 
temperance, and fortitude. 

t There is a school in New England where for a number of years the 
pupils (over twelve years of age) have been required to commit forty lines 
a day ; and, judging from the persons pursuing this course, it must be ac- 
knowledged a successful mental discipline. The lines should be read only 
once before an effort be made to recite them. This exercises the power of 
concentration, and pupils trained to reproduce a composition from once read- 
ing can readily give the substance of a lecture or sermon. 



88 



MANUAL OF READING. 



fl. Subject or 
Thought 



TABLE NO. 25. COMPOSITION. 



fl. Pastoral. 

2. Satirical. 

3. Elegiacal. 

4. Epigrammatical. 

5. Philosophical. 

6. Historical. 

7. Moral. 

8. Religious. 
1^9. Sentimental 



ft 



f A. Manner or form 



B. Divisions ■ 



A. Pathetic. 

Patriotic. 

Humorous, etc. 
""a. Letter, or Epistle. 
b.' Essay. h. Oration. 

c. Tract. i. Story. 

d. Treatise. j. Fable. 

e. Lecture. k. Parable. 

f. Sermon. 1. Allegory. 

g. Address. ni. Drama. 

a. Sentence. 

b. Verse. 

c. Chapter. 

d. Paragraph. 

e. Section. 



'a. Kinds 



(a. Blank verse. 
\b. Rhyme. 



b. Metre, or measure by 
feet 



r a. Lines cr 



C. Divisions 
or parts 



a. Dissyllabic 
(common time) " 



o. Trisyllabic 
(triple time) 



faction of feet 



b. as to length 
by feet 



a. Trochee (— ~). 

b. Iambus (--' — ). 

c. Spondee ( ). 

ji. Pyrrhic (^ ~). 
fa. Dactyl (- ~ ~). 

b. Amphibrach (^ — ~). 

c. Anapaest (~- ~ — ). 

d. Amphimacer (— ~ — ). 

e. Bacchius (^ ). 

/. Autibacchius ( -'). 

g. Tribrach (- - ~). 

Ju Molossus ( ). 

i a. Catalectic. 
as to the per- ) b. Acatalectic. 

' c. Hypercatalectic or . 

hypermeter. 
'a. Monometer (one ft.). 

b. Dimeter (two ft.). 

c. Trimeter (three ft.). 

d. Tetrameter (four ft.). 

e. Pentameter (live ft.). 
/. Hexameter (six ft.). 
g. Heptameter(seven ft.). 
h. Octameter (eight ft.). 



b. Couplets ""J 

d. QuSns p e P ic m4 w° verse - 



J- In dramatic poetry. 



B. Manner or form 



e. Stanzas 

f. Scenes 

g. Acts 
a. Epic 



b. Lyric 



(heroic, hexameter). Essays, etc. 



_c. Dramatic 



"a. Ode 

b. Hymn. 

c. Psalm. 

d. Lay. 
j?. Ballad. 
fa. Tragedy. 

b. Comedy. 
I c Tragi-comedy. 
I d. Farce. 

e. Opera and Burletta. 



Sonnet. 

Song. 

Epigram. 

Roundelay. 

Madrigal. 



op 
Me 



elodrama. 



Didactic, descriptive, narrative. See Note, page 1. 



ADVANCED CLASS METHODS. 89 



LITEEAEY COMPOSITION.* 

A composition is a written or literary work, and may be 
prose or poetry. 

The subject or thought of a composition may be pas'toral, 
satirical, ele'giacal, epigrammat'ical, philosophical, historic- 
al, mor'al, relig'ious, sentiment'al, etc. 

1. Pastoral. Descriptive of country life. 

2. Satirical. Exposing or censuring human weakness or 
folly ; full of satire or invective ; ' as, Byron's " English Bards 
and Scotch Reviewers." 

3. Elegiacal. Expressive of sorrow or lamentation ; fune- 
real, mournful, pertaining to sad reflection ; as, Gray's " El- 
egy in a Country Church-yard." 

4. Epigrammatical. Short and witty ; ending with a turn 
or point of wit, concise, poignant. 

5. Philosophical. Pertaining to or proceeding from phi- 
losophy, physics, metaphysics (natural or mental philosophy, 
psychology, philology, etc.). 

6. Historical. Pertaining to that which exists or has ex- 
isted ; containing history. Biographical : a species of his- 
torical writing which gives an account of the life and char- 
acter of some particular person ; when such an account has 
been written by the person in question, it is called aictobio- 
graphical. 

7. Moral. Relating to duty or obligation ; pertaining to 
the conduct or manners of men, as social beings, in relation 
to each other as respects right and wrong; not depending 
on human laws, but conscience. 

8. Religious. Teaching or setting forth religion. 

* Composition is sometimes called didactic — giving instruction, teaching ; 
sometimes descriptive — having the quality of representing, describing; and 
sometimes narrative — relating to the particulars of an event or transaction ; 
a particular and continued aceount of any thing. 

These pages are added to assist in reviewing the selections. (See Class 
Methods, page 85.) 



90 MANUAL OF HEADING. 

9. Sentimental. Abounding in sentiments or reflections ; 
with thoughts prompted by passion or feeling. Pathetic, 
patriotic, and humorous productions belong to this class. 

(a.) Pathetic. Affecting or moving the tender emotions,- 
as grief, pity. 

(b.) Patriotic. Actuated or prompted by the love of one's 
country. 

(c.) Humorous. Full of humor; playful; exciting laugh- 
ter. 

PROSE. 

Prose is discourse or composition not metrical; i. e., not 
in verse, or without poetic measure. 

I. Form or Manner. 
In form or manner it may be a letter or epistle, an essay, 
tract, treatise, lecture, sermon, address, oration, story, fable, 
parable, or allegory. 

1. A letter or epistle is a written or printed message; a 
short communication with regard to friendship, business, 
science, or belles-lettres.* 

2. An essay is a short composition or informal treatise 
upon any particular subject ; as, Bacon's " Essays." 

3. A tract is a short written or printed discourse or treat- 
ise, usually on practical religion ; as, "A Call to Prayer." 

4. A treatise is a composition explaining or discussing any 
particular subject, and is longer, more studied, and method- 
ical than an essay ; as, Wilson's " Treatise on Punctuation." 

5. A lecture is a formal or methodical discourse upon any 
subject (moral, social, scientific, philosophical, etc.), and is 
intended for instruction; as, "Lectures on Anatomy." 

6. A sermon is a religious discourse, to be delivered from 
the pulpit or to a congregation; as, Christ's "Sermon on the 
Mount." 

* Letters of friendship include those of condolence, congratulation, in- 
quiry, explanation, advice, etc. Letters of business and law are letters of 
administration, of attorney, of credit, of license, of marque, of marque and 
reprisal, letters close, letters patent, overt, or open, etc. (See Quarto Dic- 
tionary.) 



ADVANCED CLASS METHODS. 91 

' 7. An address is a formal speech or message of respect, 
congratulation, thanks, petition, etc.; as, Lincoln's "Inaugu- 
ral Address." 

8. An oration is an elaborate discourse or speech in writ- 
ing which has been spoken, or is proposed to be spoken on 
some special occasion, as a funeral, celebration, or anniver- 
sary; as, Antony's "Oration over the Body of Caesar," Web- 
ster's "Oration at the Laying of the Corner-stone of Bunker 
Hill Monument." 

9. A story is a narrative or recital, and more especially a 
fictitious narrative, less elaborate than a novel ; as, " The 
Story of Ruth." 

10. A fable is a fictitious story or tale intended to enforce 
some useful truth or precept ; as, "The Fable of the Fox and 
the Grapes." 

11. A parable is a fable of something in real life or nature 
from which a moral is drawn for instruction ; as, "The Par- 
able of the Vineyard," "The Parable of the Tares." 

1 2. An allegory is a figurative application of real facts ; a 
sentence or discourse in which the principal subject is de- 
scribed by another subject resembling it in its qualities, 
properties, and circumstances ; as, Bunyan's " Pilgrim's 
Progress."* 

II. Divisions. 

The divisions of prose composition are sentences, verses, 
chapters, paragraphs, sections, etc. 

1. A sentence is an assemblage of words logically and 
grammatically joined so as to make complete sense;* as, 
" Insincerity is very troublesome to manage." — Tillotson. 

2. A verse, in prose, is a short division of composition, as 
a verse in the Bible. " Blessed are the merciful, for they 
shall obtain mercy." — Matt, v., 1. 

3. A chapter is a division of a book or treatise, as a chap- 
ter in the Bible. 

4. A paragraph is a distinct part of a discourse or chapter, 

* A parable must be literally possible, while an allegory may not. The 
story of the vineyard could be literally true, but when Christ says, "I am 
the vine," the expression is allegorical. 



92 MANUAL OP READING. 

relating to a particular subject, and comprises one or more 
sentences. It is indicated by a break in the text, or the 
commencement of a new line begun farther from the margin 
than the other lines, and formally by the sign (^[) placed at 
or before it. 

5. A section is a distinct portion of a book, writing, or dis- 
course, and may be more or less than a chapter. 

POETRY. 

Poetry is metrical composition "produced and embellished 
more or less by a creative imagination, the end of which is 
to afford intellectual pleasure by exciting elevated, agreea- 
ble, or pathetic emotions." — Worcester. 

In its accepted sense, poetry may be blank verse or rhyme. 

1. Blank verse is metrical composition without rhyme. It 
is usually the heroic verse of five feet without rhyme. 

Example : 

' ' From the vale 
Of cold oblivion comes the breathing throng 
Up to the paths of life, and, one by one, 
Strive to unravel with their feeble hands 
Existence' tangled knot, but find no clew, 
And, wearied with the fruitless toil, sink back, 
And darkness closes o'er them." — Mrs. Aret. 

2. Rhyme is the correspondence of sound in the last sylla- 
ble or syllables of two lines or verses of poetry, in immediate 
succession or close proximity. Poetry possessing such ter- 
minal sound is called rhyme. 

Rhymes may consist of single syllables, as blind, find / 
of two syllables, as sound 'ing, bound 'ing ; of three sylla- 
bles, as beau'teous, du'teous ; of four syllables, as quiv'er- 
ingly, shiv'eringly* 

Example of successive Rhyme: 

" The smile is the bud of the full-blown laughter, 
The bud comes first and the bloom comes after ; 
Down in the heart there's a genius lingers, 
With feathery ends to his tickling fingers." — Ganyard. 

* To constitute rhyme, the vowels, or, in case of double rhymes, the ac- 
cented vowels, must be identical, and so must the sounds following these 
vowels, but the consonants preceding them in the same syllable must be 
different. 



ADVANCED CLASS METHODS. 93 

Example of alternate Rhyme : 

" The twilight hours like hirds flew by, 
As lightly and as free ; 
Ten thousand stars were in the sky, 

Ten thousand in the sea ; 
And every wave with dimpled face 

That leaped up in the air, 
Had caught a star in its embrace, 

And held it trembling there." — Clark. 

Example of irregular Rhyme : 

"And brushing ankle-deep in flowers, 
He heard behind the woodbine veil 
The milk that bubbled in the pail, 
And buzzing of the honeyed hours." — Tennyson. 

Versification [Metre or Measure). 

Versification is the art of constructing metrical composi- 
tion, or poetry. This art lies in the harmonious arrange- 
ment of a certain number of long and short, or of accented 
and unaccented syllables. 

The Greeks and Romans based their versification chiefly 
upon quantity. In their language, the length and brevity 
of syllables were so fixed and uniform in pronunciation that 
one long syllable was equal to two short ones. This gave 
license to as many as seventeen, and to no less than thirteen 
syllables in a line of hexameter, which, in musical time, was 
equal to twelve long syllables. In order to ascertain the 
exact time of verse, and the proper combinations of long 
and short quantities or syllables, a metre or measure was 
instituted, called a metrical foot. A line of hexameter must 
contain six of these feet. (See Epic Verse, p. 97.) 

Modern poetry is measured by time and accentuation, 
which produce greater rhythmical effect than did the quan- 
tity in the Greek and Latin. 

Metrical feet were dissyllabic or trisyllabic divisions of a 
line of poetry. A dissyllabic division consists of two sylla- 
bles or their equivalent, the time being quadruple. A tri- 
syllabic division consists of three syllables or their equiva- 
lent, the time being triple. 

There are four species of dissyllabic feet, namely — 

1. Trochee, the first syllable accented ; as, heed'Icss. 



94 MANUAL OF READING. 

2. Iambus, the second syllable accented ; as, iuspike'. 

3. Spondee, both syllables accented ; as, a'men'. 

4. Pyrrhic, both syllables unaccented ; as, ible, in risible. 
There are eight species of trisyllabic feet, namely — 

1. Dactyl, the first syllable accented; as, cheerTuIIv. 

2. Amphibrach, the second syllable accented ; as, reLuc'- 
tant. 

3. Anapsest, the third syllable accented ; as, imporTUNE'. • 

4. Amphima'cer, with the accent on the first and third 
syllables; as, constant love '. 

5. Bacchius, with the accent on the second and third syl- 
lables ; as, the man'-child'. 

6. Antibacchius, with the accent on the first and second 
syllables ; as, STRONGMiND'ed. 

V. Tribrach, three equal and unaccented syllables. 

8. Molossus, three equal and accented syllables ; as, 

EAITH, HOPE, LOVE. 

It is no easy task to find English examples of these Greek 
and Latin feet. The pyrrhic and tribrach can not be prop- 
erly represented. The most common of these species are 
the trochee, iambus, anapaest, and dactyl. 

( Trochee.) Tell' me | not' in | mourn'M | NUM'bers, | 
"Life' is | but' an | EMp'ty | dream' !" 
For' the | soul' is | dead' that | SLUM'bers, | 
And' things | are' not | what' they | seem'. 

Longfellow. 
(Iambus.) When FREE'|dom from' | her MOUNJtain height' | 
UnFURL'd' | her stand' |ard to' | the air', | 
She tore' I the Az'jure robe' | of night', | 
And set' I the stars' | of GLo'jry there'. | — Drake. 

(Anapaest.) 'Tis the last' | rose of suM'|mer, left bloom' |ing aLONE'; | 
All her LOVE'|ly coniPAN'|ions are FA'|ded and gone'; | 
No flower' I of her KiN'|dred, no ROSE'|bud is nigh', | 
To reFLECT' | hack her blush' |es, or give' | sigh for sigh'. | 

Moore. 
(Dactyl.) Bird' of the | wiL'derness, | 

BLiTHE'some and | cuM'berless, | 
Sweet' be thy | MA'tin o'er | Moon'land and | lea' ! 
EM'blem of | HAp'piness, | 
Blest' is thy | DWELL'ing-place : | 
O' to a|BiDE' in the | DEs'ert with | thee' ! — James Hogg. 



ADVANCED CLASS METHODS. 95 



Metrical Feet. 

(Tito'chee | trips' from | long' to | short; 
^ roc ee.) ^ rom i ong t0 i on g m so i emn sor t. 

{Spondee.) Slow' Spon'|dee' stalks'; | strong' foot'! j yet ill able 
(Dactyl.) Ev'er to | come' up with [ DAc'tyl tri|sYL'lable. 
(Iambic.) lAM'|bics march' | from short' | to long'. | 
(Anapaests.) With a leap' | and a bound' | the swift AN'|apsests throng'. | 
(Amphi- (One SYL'la|ble long', with | one short' at ] each side', 
brack.) (AmPHi'brachlys hastes' with | a STATE'ly | stride. 

r First and last | BE'ing long', | MiD'dle short' | AM'phiMA'-l 
(Amphi- J cer, 
macer.) J Strikes' his THUN'[DER'ing hoofs' | like' a proud' ] high'- 

l bred RA'|cer. — Coleridge. 

Divisions of Verse. 

The divisions common to verse are lines or verses, coup- 
lets, triplets, quatrains, and stanzas, in epic or lyric poetry ; 
acts and scenes in dramatic poetry. 

A line or verse of poetry consists of a certain arrange- 
ment of long and short, or accented and unaccented sylla- 
bles, according to established rules ; a measured line of 
poetry, as, 

"Idleness ever despaireth, bewaileth." — Osgood. 
In scanning, or applying the measure of feet to a verse, 
if a line is found wanting a syllable, it is said to be cata- 
lectic ; if the number of syllables is exact and proper, acat- 
alectic ; if redundant in syllables, hypercatalectic or hyper- 
meter. 
(Catalectic.) Slack' en not [ sail' yet, at | in'let or | isl'and; | 

Straight' for the | bea'con steer, | straight' for the | highland. | 

Mrs. Sodthey. 
(Acatalectic.) Thy sports' | are fled,' [ and all' | thy charms' | withdrawn'. | 

Goldsmith. 
(Hypercatalectic.) Full ma'|ny a gem' | of pur'|est ray' | serene,' | 

The dark,' | unfath'|omed caves' | of o'jcean bear'. | 

Gray. 
A line of poetry is also known by the number of feet it 
contains. A line of one foot is called monometer ; of two, 
dimeter ; of three, trimeter ; of four, tetrameter ; of five, 
pentameter ; of six, hexameter ; and of eight, octameter. 



96 MANUAL OF HEADING. 



\) "There we go, 

To and fro, 
With our knacks 
At our backs." — Chalkhill. 

(Dimeter.) "Alas! for the | rarity 

Of Christian | charity 
Under the sun !" — Hood. 

( Trimeter.) " Thou high | and ho|ly One, | 

Whose care | for sire | and son | 

All nature fills — 
While day | shall break | and close, | 
While night | her cres|cent shows, | 
O let | Thy light | repose | 

On these our hills!" — Pierpont. 

(Tetrameter.) " Labor is | rest from the ] sorrows that | greet us ; | 
Rest from all | petty vex|ations that | greet us ; | 
Rest from sin- | promptings that | ever en | treat us ; | 
Rest from world | sirens that | lure us to | ill." — Osgood. 
(Pentameter.) "What stronger breast-|plate than | a heart | untainted." 

Shakspeare. 
(Hexameter.) "I wanjder with | the waves, | and with | them rise | and fall." | 

Whittier. 
(Heptameter.) " Now glo|ry to | the Lord | of Hosts, | from whom | all glo-| 

♦ ries are." |— Macaulay. 
(Octameter.) " Hear the | bells from | bluff and | prairie, | through the | hush 
of | Sabbath | air." — E. D. Proctor. 

A couplet consists of two lines of rhyme. 

' ' Keep cool ; don't strive for sudden wealth too fast ; 
Fortunes quick made are seldom known to last. " — S. A. Dix. 

A triplet consists of three lines or verses rhyming together. 
" Up from the earth curled leaves were coming, 
Bees in the morning sunshine humming, 
Away in the woods the partridge drumming. " — Alice Carey. 

A quatrain consists of four lines of poetry with alternate 
rhyme (the first line rhyming with the third, and the second 
with the fourth), and sometimes mixed rhyme (the first rhym- 
ing with the fourth, and the second with the third). 
Alternate-rhymed Quatrains : 
"Be kind when you can in the smallest of duties ; 
Don't wait for the larger expressions of love, 
Por the heart depends less, for its joys and its beauties, 

On the flight of the eagle than coo of the dove." — Eliza Cook. 



ADVANCED CLASS METHODS. 97 

A stanza is a distinct division of poetry, composed of a 
certain number of adjusted verses or lines, as 

''When ranting round in pleasure's ring, 

Eeligion may be blinded ; 
Or, if sbe gie a random sting, 

It may be little minded ; 
But when on life we're tempest-driven, 

A conscience but a canker, 
A correspondence fixed wi' heaven 

Is sure a noble anchor." — Burns. 

Form or Manner. 
As to form or manner, all poetry is epic, lyric, or dramatic. 

Epic poetry is of the narrative kind, and details external 
circumstances and events. It is sometimes called heroic 
verse, because it is used in narrating heroic actions and ex- 
ploits. 

In English, German, and Italian, this verse is iambic often 
syllables (five feet) ; in French it is iambic of twelve sylla- 
bles (six feet) ; and in classic poetry it is hexameter, or verse 
consisting of six feet, equivalent to twelve syllables. Iambic 
of twelve syllables is also called Alexandrine, from an old 
poem written in French on the life of Alexander. The first 
four feet in a line of heroic or hexameter may be dactyls 
or spondees ; the fifth must be a dactyl, and the sixth a 
spondee. 

"A needless Alexandrine ends the song, 

That, like a wounded snake, drags its slow length along. " — Pope. 
" Where men of judgment creep and feel their way, 
The positive pronounce without delay ; 
Without the means of knowing right from wrong, 
They always are decisive, clear, and strong." — Cowper. 

Lyric poetry expresses internal emotions and thoughts, 
and was originally confined to such verse as was sung, or 
adapted to musical recitation, accompanied by the lyre or 
harp. 

There are a variety of lyric compositions, differing some- 
what in their uses, length, etc. The most prominent are 

E 



98 MANUAL OF READING. 

the ode, hymn, psalm, lay, ballad, sonnet, song, epigram, and 
• roundelay. 

1. An ode is a short song or poem. In the modern sense 
of the word, "the ode appears to be distinguished by greater 
length and variety, and by not being necessarily adapted to 
music. It is distinguished from the ballad and other species 
of lyric poetry by being confined to the expression of senti- 
ment or of imaginative thought on a subject not admitting 
of narrative except incidentally." — Beande. As, Collins's 
" Ode on the Passions." 

Odes are sacred, as in hymns and psalms ; heroic, when 
praising heroes, martial exjDloits, or heroic deeds ; moral and 
philosophical, as in odes on virtue, friendship, or humanity. 

2. A hymn is a song of praise, adoration, or thanksgiving; 
as, Milton's "Hymn on the Nativity." 

3. A psalm is a sacred or holy song ; a poem for praise or 
worship to God ; as, the Psalms of David. 

4. A lay is an ancient elegiac kind of French lyric poetry; 
a species of narrative poetry among the ancient minstrels ; 
as, "The Lay of the Last Minstrel," by Scott. 

5. A ballad is a popular narrative song, often of a senti- 
mental kind, written in simple, homely verse; as, "The Bal- 
lad of the Hours," by Longfellow. 

6. A sonnet is a short poem — especially a short poem 
consisting of fourteen lines, comprising two quatrains and 
two tercets, the lines being adjusted by a particular rule; 
as, Shakspeare's Sonnets. 

7. A song is a short poem fitted to be sung ; as, Byron's 
"Song of the Greek Poet." 

8. "An epigram is a short poem treating only of one 
thing, and ending with some lively, ingenious, and natural 
thought. Epigrams were originally inscriptions on tombs, 
statues, temples, triumphal arches, etc." — Webster. 

9. "A roundelay is an ancient poem consisting of thirteen 
verses, of which eight are in one kind of rhyme and five in 
another. It is divided into couplets, at the end of the sec- 
ond and third of which the beginning of the poem is repeat- 
ed, and that, if possible, in an equivocal or punning sense." 
— Webster. 



ADVANCED CLASS METHODS. 99 

10. "A madrigal is a little amorous poem, sometimes called 
a pastoral poem, not confined to the scrupulous regularity of 
a sonnet or the subtlety of the epigram, but containing some 
tender and delicate, though simple thought." — Webster. 

Dramatic composition is that form or manner of poetry 
which is adapted to scenic representation. The species of 
this kind of composition are tragedy, comedy, tragi-comedy, 
farce, opera, burletta, and melodrama. 

1. Tragedy represents the virtues, crimes, and sufferings 
of human beings in such a manner as to excite pity, indig- 
nation, grief, or horror; as, Shakspeare's "Julius CaBsar," 
Otway's " Venice Preserved." 

2. Comedy represents the humors, follies, or pleasures of 
mankind; as, Shakspeare's "Merry Wives of Windsor." 

3. Tragi-comedy is a representation of mingled tragedy 
and comedy; as, Shakspeare's "Much Ado about Nothing." 

4. Farce is a brief dramatic representation of ludicrous 
qualities highly exaggerated. It frequently consists of one 
or two acts, and never more than three. " Farce is that in 
poetry which grotesque is in a picture." — Dryden. 

5. Opera is the words of a musical drama. It consists of 
airs, choruses, etc., accompanied with instruments, and en- 
riched with magnificent scenery and other decorations, to 
represent some passionate action ; as, " II Trovatore." 

6. Burletta is a comic or farcical opera ; as, " Hiawatha" 
(an operatic burlesque on the poem by that name). 

7. Melodrama is a drama "in which songs are intermixed, 
and effect is sought by startling, exaggerated, or unnatural 
sentiment or situation." — Webster. 

A full dramatic composition (a drama, opera, or the like) 
is divided into five parts, each of which is called an act. 
These acts are subdivided into parts called scenes. 

A scene "is so much of a play as passes without change of 
locality or time, or important change of character ; a subdi- 
vision of an act." — Webster. 

An act is " one of the larger or principal divisions of a 
play or other dramatic work, in which a certain definite 
part of the action is completed." — Webster. 



100 



MANUAL OF READING. 



TABULAR VIEW, NO. 26. GESTURE.* 



r l. Feet 



f I. Position 1 
II. Motion 
Gesture* •{ III. Manner }-of 
IV. Direction | 

I etc J 



1. Parrying. 

2. Thrusting. 

3. Aiming. 

4. Striking. 

5. Waving. 

6. Mowing. 

7. Beckoning. 

8. Repressing. 
Special* ■< 9. Advancing. 

10. Springing. 

11. Pressing. 

12. Retracting. 

13. Rejecting. 

14. Bending. 

15. Shaking. 

16. Throwing. 

17. Sweep. 

18. Flourish, 
etc 



fStd. Standing {gjfiS^or Gymnasium. 
'a. Advance. 
r. Retire. 
tr. Traverse. 
Stp. Stepping \ c Cross. 
st Start. 
sp. Stamp. 
sk. Shock. 



Kn. Kneeling. 
^E. Erect. 
I. Inclined. 
S. Aside. 

2. Head ■{ As. Assenting. 
De. Denying. 
Sh. Shaking. 

_Ts. Tossing. 
"D. Downward. 

U. Upward. 

F. Forward. 

A. Averted. 

3. Eyes J. R. Around. 
Rl. Rolling. 
St. Staring. 
Gl. Glaring. 

„V. Vacancy. 



4. Arms 



r- 



Across *■) 



fo- 
Cl. Descending \f. Front 
Apart < 2. Horizontal -J q. Oblique 
[3. Ascending 



b. Combined 



fPalm 



Apartl 



Fingers 



^5. Hands < 



b. Combined 



-{r.b OT }{or g £ft}^fte 



One. 
Both. 



One. 
Both. 



x. Extended 
J>. Backward J 
'en. Encumbered. 
rp. Reposed. 
km. Akimbo") 
s. Supine 
p. Prone 
v. Vertical 
n. Inward 

0. Outward 
(n. Natural 

x. Extended 
c. Clenched 

1. Collected 
i. Index 
h. Holding 
w. Hollow 
g. Grasping 
m. Thumb 
sp. Clasped." 
ap. Applied. 
Id. Folded. 
cr. Crossed. 

nu. Enumerating. 
th. Touching. 
wr. Wringing. 
pt. Patting. 
cp. Clapping. 
rb. Rubbing and 
washing. 

Brow. 

Eyes. 

Chin. 

Ear. 

Nose,lips,breast 
etc. 



* The abbreviations for gesture conform with those found in other works, so as to 
avoid confusion. 



PAET III. 
GESTURE. 

Gesture is visible expression independent of vocality. In 
oratory it includes posture, gesticulation, and facial expres- 
sion. By gesture the condition or emotion of mind, as joy, 
sorrow, pain, revenge, hope, and despair, is plainly revealed 
and universally understood. It is a voluntary or involun- 
tary common language ; voluntary when the outward signs 
are subject to the will, and involuntary when unassisted or 
uncontrolled by the will. 

1. Posture may be defined as the position, attitude, or dis- 
position of the human figure when motionless or at rest ; as 
a recumbent attitude, a sitting posture, a stooping position, 
an attitude of defiance. 

2. Gesticulation is the movement of the body or limbs ; 
as bowing, pointing, fencing. It includes speed, manner, and 
direction of movement. 

The movement as to speed may be rapid, moderate, or 
slow ; as to manner, direct or rotary, single or double ; and 
as to direction, descending, horizontal, or ascending; across, 
front, oblique, extended, or backward. 

The manner is direct when the climax of gesture is at- 
tained in a straight line, and rotary when attained through 
a curved line. It is single when one hand or arm is em- 
ployed in the action, and double when both are employed 
in the action. 

Feet. 
The movement of the feet may be described as, 

1. Advancing — stepping forward. 

2. Retiring — stepping back. 

3. Traversing— stepping to the right and left of the orig- 
inal position. 



102 MANUAL OF READING. 

4. Starting — suddenly jumping up as if frightened. 

5. Stamping — lifting and forcibly returning a foot to the 
floor. 

Head. 

The head also is expressive in position and motion : 

1. Erect, it indicates dignity, confidence, courage, honor. 

2. Thrown back — pride, vanity, mirth. 

3. Inclined forward — humility, diffidence, shame, grief. 

4. Inclined aside — languor, indifference. 

5. Assenting or nodding — agreement, consent, acceptance. 

6. Denying or shaking — dissent, denial, disapproval. 
V. Tossing — disdain, scorn, anger. 

Arms. 

The arms assume an indefinite number of motions and po- 
sitions, some of which will be fully described in the article 
"How to Explain Direction" (page 104). In attitudes of 
repose, the arms are, 

1. Encumbered or folded — inclosing each other. 

2. Reposed — one arm lying over the other at the girdle. 

3. Akimbo — see cut 4, p. 28. 

The special actions of the arm are known as, 

1. Parrying. 7. Beckoning. 13. Rejecting. 

2. Thrusting. 8. Repressing. 14. Shaking. 

3. Aiming. 9. Advancing. 15. Throwing. 

4. Striking. 10. Springing. 16. Sweep and 

5. Waving. 11. Pressing. Flourish. 

6. Mowing. 12. Retracting. 



Hands. 

There are three principal positions of the hand with re- 
gard to the palm, viz., supine, prone, and vertical. Supine, 
with the palm up ; prone, with the palm down ; and vertical, 
with the palm perpendicular. Besides these there are in- 
ward, with the palm toward the speaker, and outward, with 
the palm turned from the speaker and the thumb downward. 
With regard to the fingers, the hand is said to be, 
1. Natural — the hand relaxed, as when hanging at the side. 



GESTURE. 103 

2. Extended — with the fingers more or less separated. 

3. Clenched — with the fingers closed firmly in the palm. 

4. Collected — finger-ends all touching the end of the 
thumb. 

5. Index — pointing with the forefinger while the others 
are closed. 

6. Holding — the thumb and forefinger pressed together. 
1. Hollow — with the palm up and the fingers curved. 

8. Grasping — as if seizing something. 
Combined, the hands are, 

1. Clasped — fingers interlaced and closed. 

2. Applied — palms and fingers laid together. 

3. Folded — all the fingers of one hand closed across the 
other between the thumb and forefinger. 

4. Crossed — one hand laid across the other flatly, as on 
the breast. 

5. Enumerating — placing the index finger of one hand 
successively upon a finger or fingers of the other hand. 

6. Touching — the finger-tips of one hand lightly touching 
those of the other. 

7. Wringing — the hands clasped, and moving up and 
down. 

8. Patting — gently applying the hands several times in 
succession. 

9. Clapping — joining the palms forcibly several times in 
quick succession. 

10. Rubbing — chafing the inner surfaces of the hands to- 
gether. 

11. Washing — rubbing the hands within each other, as if 
washing or oiling them. 

The hands are sometimes placed upon the person to ex- 
press sense, emotion, or reason. The hands are placed over 
the eyes to keep out the light or to assist vision in over- 
coming distances or darkness. The hands touch the closed 
eyes to express blindness or weak vision; they cover the 
eyes in shame and horrible delirium ; are pressed upon the 
head in distress } pain, and bewilderment, and upon the heart 
in extreme joy, tenderness, and anxious expectation. The 
hand is placed by the ear to assist hearing, strokes the chin 



104 MANUAL OF KExYDING. 

in thought, and presses the mute lips to enjoin silence and 
secrecy. 

Sow to Explain Direction of Movement. 

Were it possible to be stationed in the centre of a square 
room, direction in gesture, or calisthenics, could easily be 
explained. However, the following may answer the pur- 
pose. Standing at the centre of the room facing the wall, 
call attention to four perpendicular lines about you which 
contain the twelve principal points of direction. The first 
line is in front of you, reaching from floor to ceiling, and any 
gesture made toward this line is called front. The second 
line, on either side of you, is the perpendicular line in each 
corner of the room formed by the joining of the front and 
side walls. Any gesture toward either of these lines is 
called oblique. The third line, on either side of you, is the 
perpendicular line extending from floor to ceiling at your 
right hand and at your left. Any gesture to the right or 
left of you toward these lines is called extended / and the 
fourth and last line is the line on either side formed by the 
joining of the back and side walls. Any gesture toward 
these lines, or back of the extended, is called bach oblique, 
or backward. We have now learned all the perpendicular 
lines — one front, two oblique, two extended, and two back- 
ward. Each of these lines has three distinct points with 
regard to the degree of elevation from the shoulder at the 
climax of gesture or action. 

Any gesture which, at the climax, brings the arm or hand 
on a line horizontal with the shoulder, is called horizontal • 
below the horizontal, descending ; and above the horizontal, 
ascending. Hence we have three points front, three oblique, 
three extended, and three backward, the first in each being 
descending, the second horizontal, and the third ascending. 

There are teachers who fail to obtain full statements from 
their pupils, hence the following Review of Direction' 

1. Front. Any gesture made directly before a person is 
called " front." 

2. Extended. Any gesture made directly to the right or 
left is called " extended." 



GESTURE. 105 

3. Oblique. Any gesture made between front and ex- 
tended is called " oblique." 

4. Backward. Any gesture made back of the extended 
is called " backward." 

5. Descending. Any gesture whose climax is below the 
horizontal line of the shoulder is called " descending." 

6. Horizontal. Any gesture made with the climax on a 
line with the shoulder is called " horizontal." 

V. Ascending. Any gesture whose climax is above the 
horizontal line of the shoulder is called "ascending." 

How to Teach Declamatory or Emphatic Gesture. 

The twelve principal points of direction being thoroughly 
understood, it may be well to explain a method of acquiring 
emphatic gesture rapidly. A gesture of this kind must 
first be accomplished in parts, then united, and rounded off 
smoothly and gracefully. The first gesture to be made is, 

I. Descending Front. First Step. — Assume the speak- 
ing, or rostrum position ; bring the arm from the side to 
horizontal front, cutting the air — i. e., with the arm straight 
and thumb uppermost ; drop the hand to the side, and repeat 
four times. If the arm comes to the side in a stiff, awkward 
manner, assume the position again, and, when ready to drop 
the arm, take from it all the will force, and it will fall easily 
to the side of its own weight. This is the first step toward 
one emphatic gesture, and, when accomplished satisfactorily, 
proceed to the 

Second Step. — From the horizontal front bring the hand 
near the head (so that the finger-tips point to the edge of 
the hair on the forehead), making a curve from the elbow to 
the finger-tips, and keeping the arm well in front. You are 
now ready to make the climax of gesture toward any one 
of the twelve points of direction. When so much of the 
gesture can be accurately and rapidly made, proceed to the 

Third Step. — Bring the hand to the point called descend- 
ing front, with the hand supine (palm up) — this must be at 
the climax of gesture — then drop the arm to the side, and 
you have completed one entire gesture. Repeat six or 
eight times. 

E2 



106 MANUAL OP READING. 

II. Horizontal Front. — Take rostrum position, raise the 
hand and arm to horizontal front, and then to the head, as 
in second step, " Descending Front." When ready for the 
climax of action, throw the hand out horizontally front, 
with the hand supine ; drop the hand, and you have com- 
pleted the second entire gesture. 

III. Ascending Front. — Proceed as before to the curve, 
and make the climax by throwing the hand ascending front, 
palm supine as before, dropping the hand easily to the side. 

IV. Descending Oblique. — Proceed as in No. II., making 
the climax of gesture toward the point called descending 
oblique. Make the remaining points of direction in the 
same manner, changing the climax of gesture to 

V. Horizontal Oblique. 

VI. Ascending Oblique. 

VII. Descending Extended. 

VIII. Horizontal Extended. 

IX. Ascending Extended. 

X. Descending Backward. 
XI Horizontal Backward. 
XII. Ascending Backward. 

Thus far the gestures have been angular, having three 
pauses in each — one at the horizontal front, one at the head 
or curve, and one at the climax of gesture. 

Explanation of Pauses. 

The first (or pause occurring at horizontal front) is at the 
point in the gesture where the hand ceases to cut the air, 
and is brought to the supine more or less gradually; the 
second (or pause at the head) is a halt in the gesture to pre- 
pare for the utterance of the emphatic word. Sometimes it 
is necessary to wait while speaking several words before 
the word of principal emphasis occurs. At the instant when 
the most emphatic word is spoken the hand sweeps to the 
climax of gesture. Should the entire gesture occur on one 
word, then the gesture is continuous to the climax, and 
sometimes to the position of repose. 

Example. "Away with such a thought !" 

Here the entire gesture is on the word away, and hence 



GESTURE. 107 

is made without pause at the head, and with an exceedingly- 
short one at the climax. 

The pupil must omit the first pause as soon as he has 
learned to turn the hand to the supine. 

Beginning at the first gesture (descending front), make 
no pause until you arrive near the head in the curve ; then 
make the climax of gesture descending front. Repeat sev- 
eral times. 

Practice each gesture in this way until it is easy to omit 
the first pause, and to make a slight halt at the climax. 

These exercises can be accomplished much more easily 
while counting thus : One, two, theee, down ; one, two, 
three, down, etc. Count one at the beginning of the ges- 
ture, two at the head, and three at the climax, letting the 
hand fall to the side at the word down. Make the word 
three emphatic, thus constantly applying the rule — "Make 
the climax of gesture on the most emphatic word, and drop 
the hand on the next emphatic word following." 

When practicing to omit the first pause, count one, two, 
while bringing the hand slowly and steadily to the head. 
It is well to practice this slowly, as there is sometimes great 
strength expressed in carrying the arm, with the words, 
steadily to a climax. 

Having completed the lesson with the right hand, repeat 
it with the left ; and having mastered both singly, give them 
simultaneously, omitting the gesture backward, as they can 
not be made with the right and left hand at the same time. 
All emphatic gestures begin and continue the same up to 
the curve near the head ; from there the hand may take any 
one of the points of direction, and be supine, prone, or verti- 
cal, as the case demands. 

The next lesson should be to make the gestures with the 
hands prone. First, make the twelve points of direction 
with the right hand prone, then with the left hand prone, 
and finally with both hands prone. Second, make the 
twelve points with the right and then left hand vertical, 
then both vertical, and this completes exclamatory or em- 
phatic gesture. All other emphatic gestures are but modi- 
fications or variations of these. A gesture may be made 



108 MANUAL OF READING. 

without approaching the head so nearly, making it less em- 
phatic. It may reach the climax in a curve instead of a 
straight line, which makes it more graceful, and at the same 
time less forcible, or it may come under the head of special 
gesture, as flourishing, chopping, etc. ; still there is an anal- 
ogy. The climax of the gesture must be on the horizontal 
line of the shoulder, or above or below that line, and it will 
be also front, oblique, extended, or backward. 

FACIAL EXPRESSION. 

Facial expression is the language portrayed by the face. 

The Brows, 

1. When natural, express veneration, tranquillity. 

2. When knit, express jealousy, anger, remorse, hatred. 

3. When elevated, express admiration, wonder, fear, ter- 
ror, desire, joy. 

The Lips or Mouth, 

1. When open, express mirth, love, pity, desire, terror, an- 
ger, fear, admiration, wonder, surprise. 

2. When closed lightly — tranquillity. 

3. When compressed — perplexity, defiance, hatred, intense 
scorn. 

4. When the corners are drawn down — pride, scorn, con- 
tempt, hatred. 

5. When pouting — petulance, discontent, boasting. 

6. When smiling — approval, cheerfulness. 

The JVose, 

1. When expanded, expresses courage, anger. 

2. When drawn up or wrinkled — disgust, contempt, mirth. 

3. When contracted — pain, melancholy, fear. 

The Eyes, 

1. Looking downward, express grief, perplexity, diffidence, 
shame, humility, disappointment. 

2. Upward or raised — joy, delight, hope, pride, admiration. 

3. Forward — determination, courage. 



GESTUKE. 109 

4. Averted — disgust, aversion, listening. 

5. Around — tranquillity, satisfaction, self-complacency. 

6. Rolling the eyes expresses despair, rage, madness, jeal- 
ousy. 

7. Glaring — madness, revenge, distraction, pain, rage, jeal- 
ousy. 

8. Staring — boasting. 

9. Vacant — despair. 

10. Fixed and wide — fear, terror, despair, consternation. 

11. Flashing — malice, anger 

GENERAL RULES AND SUGGESTIONS. 

1. Know what you are going to say. Commit the oration 
or declamation thoroughly, or, if the effort is to be extempo- 
raneous, master the subject in all its relations before attempt- 
ing to speak in public. 

2. Without attracting any attention, breathe deep and 
long before and while speaking ; it prevents embarrassment 
and redness of face, besides preparing the vocal organs for 
effort. 

3. Speak with a view to being heard by the persons far- 
thest from you ; and, if the room echoes, speak slowly. 

4. Walk upon the platform with a firm, easy tread.* 

5. Stand with one foot a little in advance of the other, at 
an angle of 45 degrees.f 

6. In advancing or retiring, preserve the angle, whether 
the step be long or short. 

7. Let the weight rest upon one foot, so that the other can 
be moved at pleasure. 

8. In shifting the weight from one foot to the other, avoid 
losing height by dropping one hip. 

9. In repose — i. e., when no action is required — the hands 
may (one or both) be at the girdle, hang at the side, or one 

* Young orators sometimes keep their usual gait until near the desired 
place upon the platform, then take one long final step, or two or three 
shorter ones, as they wheel to a speaking position. 

t There seems to be a difference of opinion as to the number of degrees 
which should be formed by the angle of the feet. Less than a right angle 
is preferred by many. 



110 MANUAL OF KEADLtfG. 

hand may be placed upon the hip, with the elbow pressed 
back. Some speakers preserve the grace of attitude and 
throw one hand behind them, with the palm out. To ad- 
here to any one position, however graceful, during an entire 
speech, would be in bad taste. 

10. Look about you, over the audience, before beginning 
to speak. 

11. Do not bow abruptly or nod the head, but bend the 
body and head simultaneously ; then step forward and com- 
mence speaking. 

Note. — An occasion of great ceremony, as at a formal con- 
vention or college commencement, requires a bow first to the 
presiding officer. This should be done when going upon the 
platform, and before turning to the audience. 

12. Look from manuscript or book, if one is used, as much 
as possible. 

Note. — The less a speaker confines his eyes to the manu- 
script, the more eloquent he can be. While some speakers 
confine themselves entirely to paper, others refer only to 
the heads of discourse, or speak entirely from memory. It 
is needless to add that the latter hold an audience much 
better than the former. 

13. Gesture should be decided, and not weak and uncertain. 

14. When the gesture requires a glance, look toward the 
object of which you speak, not after, but before or while 
speaking of it. First the look, then the action and words 
in quick succession. 

15. Make no gesture without a reason, and avoid excess 
of action. 

16. Make the climax of gesture on the most emphatic 
word, and let the hand fall easily to the side on the next em- 
phatic word thereafter. Having attained the climax, do not 
shake the hand or otherwise emphasize the climax, but hold 
the hand still until ready to resume the position of repose. 
Otherwise the gesture is weakened. 

IV. Do not occupy the hands by twisting any article of 
apparel, as the watch-chain, coat, or dress. 

18. Do not thrust the hands into the pockets, or flourish a 
handkerchief more than is absolutely necessary. 



GESTURE. Ill 

19. Do not lean the weight upon a desk, chair-back, or 
other article of furniture. 

20. Make no gesture when the eyes are fastened upon the 
manuscript or book. 

21. Do not walk to and fro upon the platform like a caged 
panther, sway backward or forward, toss or shake the head 
regularly, or make any other monotonous recurrent move- 
ment or gesture. 

22. Do not turn the back to the audience when speaking, 
but show at least a three-quarter's view of the chest. 

23. Make gestures from within outward as much as is 
consistent with the action required. 

24. In personating two characters, as in dialogue, turn the 
face to the right when one person speaks, and to the left 
when the other speaks. If there be explanations by the au- 
thor, read or speak them in a lower- tone of voice, with the 
face front. 

25. In personating more than two characters, select a style 
of general appearance and quality of voice for each, and re- 
sume their respective signs when they speak. 

26. The final bow may be made simultaneously with a 
short backward step as you turn to leave the platform. Let 
the weight be carried with the retiring foot, so that the oth- 
er be free to move away. 

Note. — 1st. Take the speaking position, and, without moving the feet, 
bend steadily down until you have counted four. Resume the original up- 
right position while counting four more. 

2d. Take the gymnasium position, and bow while counting, as before. 

3d. Step back, and bow while counting four or eight. See Rule No. 26. 

The first form of bowing may very properly introduce a speech, and the 
third close the speech. 



112 MANUAL OF HEADING. 



EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE. 

1. R. H. S., right hand supine. 4. B. H. S., both hands supine. 

2. R.H.P. " " prone. 5. B. 11. P. " " prone. 

3. R. H.V. " " vertical. 6. B.H.V. " " vertical. 
D.f. Descending front. D.e. Descending extended. 
H.f. Horizontal " H.e. Horizontal " 

A.f. Ascending " A. e. Ascending " 

D. o. Descending oblique. D. b. Descending backward. 

H. o. Horizontal " H. b. Horizontal " 

A. o. Ascending " A. b. Ascending " 

1. R. H. S. 

D.f. This sentiment I will maintain | with the last breath of life.* 

H.f. I appeal | to you, sir, for your de cis ion. 

A.f I appeal | to the great Searcher of hearts for the truth of what I 
ut ter. 

D. o. Of all mistakes, | none are so fa tal as those which we incur 

through prejudice. 

H. o. Truth, honor, | jus tice, were his mo tives. 

A. o. Fix your eye | on the prize of a truly no ble am hi tion. 

D. e. A way | with an idea so absurd ! 

H. e. The breeze of morning | wafted in cense on the air. 

A. e. In dreams through camp and court he bore | the trophies of a 
con queror. 

D. b. A way | with an idea so abhorrent to humanity ! 

H. b. Search the records of the remotest an ti quity for a par allel to 
this. 

A. b. Then rang their proud hurrah ! 

2. R. H. P. 

D.f. Put down | the unworthy feeling! 

H.f. Re strain the unhallowed pro pen sity. 

D. o. Let every one who woidd merit the Christian name | re press | 
such a feeling. 

H. o. I charge you as men and as Christians | to lay a re straint on 
all such dispo si tions ! 

A. o. Ye gods, | with hold your ven geance ! 

D. e. The hand of affection | shall smooth the turf for your last pit low ! 

H. e. The cloud of adver | sity threw its gloom over all his pros pects. 

A. e. So darkly glooms yon thunder-cloud that swathes [ as with a pur- 
ple shroud Benledi's distant hill. 

* See Rule 16. 



GESTURE. 113 

3. K. H.V. 

H.f Arise ! meet | and re pel your foe ! 

A.f For bid it, Almighty God! 

H. o. He generously extended the arm of power | to ward off the blow. 

A. o. May Heaven a vert the ca lam ity ! 

H. e. Out of my sight, | thou serpent ! 

H. b. Thou tempting fiend, a vaunt ! 

4. B. H. S. 

D.f. All personal feeling he de pos ited on the al tar of his country's 
good. 

H.f. Listen, I im plore you, to the voice of rea son ! 

A.f. Hail ! universal Lord. 

D. o. Every personal advantage | he sur ren dered to the common good. 

H. o. Wel come once more to your early home ! 

A.o. Hail! holy Light! 

D. e. I utterly re nounce | all the supposed advantages of such a station. 

II. e. They yet slept | in the wide a btss of possi bil ity. 

A. e. Joy, joy | for ever ! 

5. B.H.P. 

D.f. Lie light ly on him, earth — his step was light on thee. 

H.f Now all the blessings of a glad father light on thee ! 

A.f Blessed be Thy name, O Lord, Most High. 

D. o. We are in Thy sight | but as the worms of the dust ! 

II. o. May the grace of God | abide with you for ever. 

A. o. And let the triple rainbow rest | o'er all the mountain tops. 

D. e. Here let the tumults of passion | forever cease ! 

II. e. Spread wide a round the heaven-breathing calm ! 

A. e. Heaven | opened wide her ever-during gat es. 

6. B. H.V. 
H.f. Hence, hideous spectre! 

A.f. Avert, O God, the frown of thy indignation ! 

H. o. Far from our hearts be so inhuman a feeling. 

A. o. Let me not | name it to you, ye chaste stars ! 

H. e. And if the night have gathered aught of evil or concealed, dis- 

PERSE it. 

A. e. Melt and dis pel, ye spectre doubts ! 

Note. — Begin to raise the hand on the dotted words, make the climax 
of gesture on the words in small capitals, and drop the hand upon the syl- 
lables in italics. 



114 



MANUAL OF READING. 



TABLE NO. 27. VOCAL GYMNASTICS. 

fl. Articulation of sounds 



Vocal 
Gymnastics. 



I. Orthoepy 



II. Pitch 



III. Force 



t IV. Time 



2. Enunciation of syllables 
1.3. Pronunciation of words. 

fl. Is termed 



{Unvaried is 
Varied is 

1. Kinds 

2. Degrees 

.3. In application is 

1. Quantity of 

2. Movement 



( A. Organs. 
-1 B. Functions. 
I C. Results. 



\t 



In parts. 
Entire. 



(A High. 
1 B. Middle. 
( C. Low. 



Monotone. 

A. Inflection. 
Melody. 
Transition. 



is 

Il- 
ls 



Soft. 

Middle. 

Loud. 

Effusive. 

Expulsive. 

Explosive. 



A. 

B. Accent. 

C. Emphasis. 

J A. Sounds. 
IB. Rests. 

/ A. Rate. 
\ B. Rhythm. 



PAKT IV. 
ELOCUTION. 

Reading is the art of receiving or imparting ideas by 
means of written or printed characters. It is silent or vo- 
cal, sentential or oratorical. 

Sentential readings has regard to the sense or thought of 
the composition ; oratorical reading expresses not only the 
thought, but the emotion of the thought. To this end elo- 
cution is a means. 

Elocution is the vocal delivery of extemporaneous or writ- 
ten composition, and includes vocal gymnastics and gesture.* 

YOCAL GYMNASTICS. 

Vocal gymnastics is the science and the art of speech. 
It includes orthoepy, pitch, force, and time in the first, and 
orthophony in the second portion of the definition. Science 
teaches us to know, art to do. Science is classified knowl- 
edge, art is the use of classified knowledge. 

The science of speech is the philosophy of the human 
voice — its relations, principles, and laws. 

The art of speech is the use of these scientific facts. 

1. Orthoepy treats of correct pronunciation. It includes 
articulation, enunciation, and pronunciation. 

2. Pitch is any degree of elevation or height. In orato- 
ry, pitch is the position of voice upon the diatonic scale. 

3. Force is the result of action. In oratory, force is the 
degree of intensity or energy with which words or their 
components are uttered. 

4. Time is a measured portion of duration. Time in ora- 
tory is the measure of rate or speed of utterance. 

5. Orthophony is the training of the vocal organs in or- 
thoepy, pitch, force, and time. 

* Gesture is not discussed as a science in this Manual, but has been treat- 
ed with a view to assist the teacher or student in its application. See Gest- 
ure, p. 101. 



116 



MANUAL OF READING. 



TABLE NO. 28. ORTHOEPY. 



fl. Organs 



I. Articulation 
of sounds 



Functions 



L3. Results 



( Abdominal. 
r a . Muscles £»&«. 
[.Thoracic, 
b. Diaphragm, or midriff. 

A. Chest, etc. \ c. Thorax, or chest cavity. 

d. Pleura, or lung-case. 

e. Lungs. 

f. Bronchi. 
L g. Trachea. 
" a. Larynx. 

b. Cartilages. 

c. Vocal cords. 

B. Throat, etc. 4, d. Glottis. 

I e. Epiglottis. 

I f. Hyoid bone. 

Lg. Pharynx, or swallow. 

"a. Eustachian tubes. 

b. Nasal passages. 

c. Mouth cavity. 
(Hard. 

, d. Palate -j Soft. 
^C. Mouth, etc. ] (Uvula, 

e. Upper Gum. 

f. Teeth. 

g. Tongue, 
^h. Lips. 

f A. Respiration— breathing. 
) B. Phouation, the production of vocal sound. 
*] C. Articulation, the modification of dement- 
ia ary sounds. 
( A. Breath — sound material. 
4 B. Voice, inarticulate sound. 
(C. Units of speech, or articulate sound. 
( A. Tonic. 



Hn parts JB. S»b,„nic> ombtaation , 



II. Enunciation 
of syllables 



III. Pronuncia- 
tion of words by 



A. By position, 



2. Whole, and 
known 



1. Origin 



2. Form 



3. Syllables 



B. Prosodically, J ' 
by | T 

A. Primitive. 

B. Derivative. 

A. Simple. 

B. Compound. 

A. Monosvllables. 

B. Dissyllables. 

C. Trisyllables. 

D. Polysyllables. 



a. Ultimate. 

b. Penultimate. 

c. Antepenultimate. 

d. Preantepenultimate. 

a .Time,as{« : |K. 

b. Force, as {£&££*&,. 



ORTHOEPY. 117 



OKTHOEPY. 

Orthoepy treats of correct pronunciation, or the distinct 
and proper utterance of combined elements of language. 
First, we must consider the articulation of single elements ; 
second, the enunciation of combined elements in whole syl- 
lables, or in parts of syllables ; third, the pronunciation of 
words. 

Though these three terms are often regarded as synony- 
mous, yet a distinction is to be made in their use. In speak- 
ing of the general manner of delivery, elocution maybe used 
instead of enunciation ; as, " His elocution is good," not 
" His enunciation is good." 

Articidation, resulting as it does from certain definite 
and unvarying configurations or movements of the vocal 
organs, is in its nature fixed ; whereas pronunciation, de- 
pendent as it is upon good usage, custom, or fashion, is sub- 
ject to change from time to time. One unit of speech or 
sound may be substituted for another in words of the same 
origin and meaning, as lande for land, honde (in Chaucer's 
time) for hand (in our time), myselve for myself, etc. Some- 
times the sounds are changed when the orthography is un- 
changed, as either and neither for either and neither. 

Articulation, in the science of elocution, is the distinct ut- 
terance of the elementary sounds of a language.* This im- 
plies organs, their functions or offices, and the results. The 
organs of articulation may be classed in three groups ; those 
of the chest, those of the throat, and those of the mouth. In 
the production of words, the first group performs the labor 
known as respiration, which furnishes breath, or material for 
sound ; the function of the second group is phonation, or 
sound-making, and results in voice or sound ; the function 
of the third group is articulation, or sound-modification, 
which results in units of speech or articulate sound. 

* Utterance does not necessarily mean articulation ; as, " He uttered a 
sigh," " He uttered a moan." A sigh or moan is not articulate. 



118 MANUAL OF READING. 



I. FIRST GROUP — CHEST ORGANS. 

The organs of respiration, their functions, and results: 

1. The muscles : 

a. The abdotni?ial (in front) give the first impulse toward 
the production of sound, and,by contracting, assist the dia- 
phragm in an upward movement. 

b. The dorsal (in the lower part of the back) act in con- 
cert with the abdominal muscles in giving an upward move- 
ment during violent use of the voice, as shouting, etc. 

c. The intercostal (at the lower part of the chest), and, 

d. The thoracic and pectoral (at the upper part of the 
chest), dilate and contract the chest in breathing or vocaliz- 
ing. 

2. The diaphragm, or midriff (a muscular and tendinous 
partition which separates the thorax, or great chest cavity, 
from the abdomen), gives an upward impulse, acting upon 
the pleura, or lung-case. 

3. The thorax, or chest cavity (the region of body be- 
tween the neck and stomach), continues the great work of 
respiration by contracting and expanding, and gives depth 
and resonance to the voice, as well as voice-material, or 
breath. 

4. The pleura, or lung -case (a membrane covering the 
lungs), receives from the diaphragm and muscles an im- 
pulse, which it communicates to the lungs ; causing it to ex- 
pel the air from its cells into the bronchi. 

5. The lungs (a lobed and spongy body filled with minute 
divisions and subdivisions of the bronchi) act as an air re- 
ceiver, subject to the action of the pleura. 

6. The bronchi (two main branches of the trachea, or 
windpipe, with their divisions and subdivisions) distribute 
the air inhaled through the trachea to the lungs, and con- 
vey that expelled by the organic impulse back through the 
trachea, larynx, and mouth. 

7. The trachea, or windpipe (a series of cartilaginous or 
gristly rings forming the great air-channel to and from the 
lungs), serves to conduct the breath through the bronchi to 
and from the lungs in respiration, phonation, and articulation. 



ORTHOEPY. 



119 



II. SECOND GROUP — THROAT ORGANS. 

The organs of phonation, their functions, and results: 
1. The larynx, or Adam's apple (a cartilaginous box on 
the top of the trachea), expands and contracts, rises and 
sinks, thus enlarging or diminishing its capacity. It is 
depressed to produce grave sounds, and raised to produce 
acute sounds. 





.g. 1. Front view of the Larynx 
and a part of the Trachea. 

1. Epiglottis. 

2. Thyroid cartilage. 

3. Crico-thyroid cartilage. 

4. Cricoid cartilage. 

5. Trachea. 

6. Thyroid gland. 



Fig. 2. Back view of the Larynx 
and upper part of the Trachea. 

1. Epiglottis. 

2. Thyroid cartilage. 

3. 3. Arytenoid cartilages. 

4. Cricoid cartilage. 

5. Trachea. 



2. The cartilages of the larynx : 

a. The cricoid (situated immediately over the upper ring 
of the trachea, resembles in form a seal ring, from which it 
takes its name, the seal being back, and the narrow part of 
the ring in front), by its form and position, admits of the ele- 
vation and depression of this part of the larynx, thus help- 
ing to render tone acute or grave. 

b. The thyroid (in form of a buckler or shield, much bent, 
and by its two main plates forming the sides or walls of the 
larynx) usually determines the capacity of the voice, and, 
with other parts of the larynx, renders the voice compact 
and sonorous. 

c. The arfyt'enoid (two in number, so called from a fancied 
resemblance in shape to a pitcher, ladle, or funnel, fill the 



120 



MANUAL OF EEADING. 



space back of the thyroid and cricoid cartilages, and are 
connected with both) serve as points of support and tension 



for the vocal cords or ligaments. 





Fig. 4. Interior of the Larynx, seen 
from above. 

1. Thyroid cartilage. 

2. Cricoid cartilage. 

3. 3. Arytenoid cartilages. 

4. 4. Inferior, or trne vocal chords. 

5. Posterior crico - arytenoid mus- 
cles. 

6. Lateral crico-arytenoid muscles. 

7. Arytenoideus muscle. 

8, 8. Thyro-arytenoid muscles, with- 
in the dotte'd lines. 



Fig. 3. Vertical section of the Larynx 
and a part of the Trachea. 

1. 1. Hyoid or lingual bone, below 
which is seen the thyro- hyoid 
membrane extending to the thy- 
roid cartilage. 

2. Epiglottis. 

3. One wing of the thyroid cartilage. 

4. Arytenoid cartilage of one side. 

5. Superior, or false vocal chord of 
one side. 

6. Inferior, or true vocal chord of 
one side. 

7. Thyroid cartilage in front 
8, 8. Cricoid cartilage. 

9. Upper ring of the trachea. 
10. Thyroid gland. 

3. The vocal chords, or ligaments (extending across the up- 
per part of the larynx and forming the lips of the glottis), 
vibrate with the action of the current of air expelled from 
the lungs, and produce vocal sound, and, by tension and re- 
mission, produce various degrees of pitch. 

4. The glottis (the small chink or opening between the 
vocal chords, forming the mouth of the larynx) opens and 
contracts, thus deciding in part the gravity or shrillness of 
tone. It dilates in low sounds, and contracts in high sounds. 

5. The epiglottis (the valve or lid of which caps the glot- 
tis), when the larynx is elevated, as in the act of swallow- 
ing, covers the glottis, or orifice of the windpipe, and pre- 
vents strangulation. Usually it is erect, and allows free in- 
gress and egress to the breath. 

6. The hyoid, or U-like bone (a small crescent-shaped bone 



ORTHOEPY. 



121 




Pharynx "j^W 6 k 

/LM «m^z -.. 1 Hard palate. 

Soft palate 2 /f ^ 

Uvula 3 ""\&r ' " " 

Tonsil 5 — 

Epiglottis 6.- JSM.JSralll ^sli 

Hyoid or lingual bone 7 - 

Ventri^oflar y n S onone 8 ide9...^M„/j^B::::-:; 1 « %&£ %£*%$ Z^ one side. 

CEsophagus i3 T^viM"llM^Jl^-JT- — ^ Cricoid cartilage. 

Trachea 15*- jw-^tM^j^Lll 14 Thyroid gland. 

Fig. 5. Section of the Head and Neck, showing the Organs of Speech. 



Line through the superior, or false vocal chords) f 
and false glottis / _ 

Line through the ventricles of the larynx 3. 

Line through the inferior, or true vocal chords) 5 
and true glottis J 

Section of the thyroid cartilage 

Section of the cricoid cartilage 



Fig. 6. Transverse section, showing the cavity of the Larynx, with the true vocal 
chords nearly parallel, or in a position to vibrate. 

lying at the root of the tongue, between the larynx and the 
mouth), forms a point of tension for the muscles which con- 
nect the larynx with the mouth, and aids in giving pitch.* 

7-. The pharynx, or swallow (a dilatable bag situated im- 
mediately behind and above the larynx, affects the charac- 

* The hyoid bone. " Situated in an almost horizontal position behind 
and rather below the lower jaw, it performs the triple office of a basis of the 
tongue, a point of support t© the larynx, and a fulcrum by which the con- 
tractions of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue and the larynx may be im- 
pressed on these organs." 




122 MANUAL OP HEADING. 

ter of sound by giving it resonant space. A large pharynx 
usually indicates a deep tone of voice, and a small one a 
comparatively high pitch. 

8. The thyroid gland (so called, although "it has no excre- 
tory duct ; a firm, vascular substance, lying like a cushion, 
in two lobes, across the upper part of the trachea") is sup- 
posed to check the vibration of sound, and prevent its 
descent. When enlarged, this gland produces goitre, or 
swelled neck. 

III. THIRD GROUP — MOUTH ORGANS. 

The organs of articulation, their functions, and residts. 

1. The Eustachian tubes (canals leading from the tym- 
pana, or drums of the ears, to the pharynx) help to render 
the voice clear and free.* 

2. The nasal passages (the innermost parts of the nostrils 
united into one resonant channel, and opening into the back 
part of the mouth behind the " veil," or pendant and mova- 
ble part of the palate) give resonance to the voice, and serve 
as air-channels when the mouth is closed, as in ordinary 
breathing. 

3. The mouth canity (oval in shape, bounded in front by 
the lips, behind by the soft palate, above by the hard palate 
or roof, below by the tongue, and on the sides by the cheeks 
and teeth), by its arched structure, moulds sound, and gives 
it scope and reverberation, sweetness and smoothness. 

4. The palate (divided into the hard palate, or the roof 
of the mouth • [2] the veil, or soft palate — the pendant 
and movable membranous curtain separating the mouth 
from the pharynx ; and [3] the uvula, a small round tag or 
process hanging from the middle of the lower border of the 
soft palate) defines the volume of sound. 

5. The teeth help to give a clear and distinct character to 
enunciation. 

6. The tongue (composed of muscular fibres, and having a 

* The whole cavity of the head, its hollows and cells about the face and 
forehead, are subservient to the resonance of the voice. Organic malforma- 
tion, snuff-taking, colds, or catarrh, at once prove how much the clear, pure, 
ringing tones depend upon the proper condition of these cavities. 



ORTHOEPY. 123 

very flexible tip) modifies vocal sound, and renders it artic- 
ulate, changes the size of the mouth cavity, directs sound, 
and, by its various positions and movements, assists in pro- 
ducing the guttural, nasal, and oral qualities of voice. 

1. The lips project, convey, and modify sounds very mate- 
rially. 

Review of Respiration, or Breathing. 

The muscles of the chest — the intercostal, thoracic, and 
pectoral — compress and expand the thorax, or great chest 
cavity, thus expelling and receiving breath, and furnishing 
a constant supply of material for sound.* 

Review of Phonation.\ 
The lungs being filled with breath, or material for sound, 
the abdominal muscles contract and elevate the diaphragm, 
which instantly communicates the received impulse to the 
pleura, or lung-case, which in its turn expels the breath from 
the lungs into the bronchi, thence into the trachea and lar- 
ynx, where, by the action of the muscles at this point, it is 
rendered vocal, or is converted into sound. 

Review of Articulation, or the Production of Speech-sounds. 
The breath, converted into voice by the action of the lar- 
ynx, passes out to the mouth, where, by the various posi- 

* The sound of the human voice, as well as all mechanical or musical 
sounds, may be discrete or concrete. Discretes are successive detached 
notes or sounds ; concretes are smooth and united sounds — a continuous 
stream of gliding sounds. 

f The movement of the shoulders up and down, in respiration, indicates 
some organic derangement or artificial restriction. In ancient times, this 
was considered a great blemish in oratory, and aspirants to oratorical hon- 
ors, subject to the habit, were wont to practice with a sword or other sharp 
instrument hung over the shoulder, so that the slightest upward movement 
was instantly checked, and the pupil put on his guard continually. Breathe 
horizontally, or down and outward. Keep the mouth closed when sleeping, 
and at other times when not speaking. Mr. George Catlin, the well-known 
Indian traveler, has written an entire volume upon this subject. He attrib- 
utes lung diseases to the pernicious habit of breathing through the mouth. 
He cured himself of the habit by wearing a sort of clasp on the lips while 
sleeping. A small bit of isinglass-plaster answers as well. 



124 MANUAL OF READING. 

tions or motions of the palate, tongue, teeth, and lips, it is 
rendered articulate, i. e., made into distinct sounds called 
" units of speech," each of which is readily distinguished 
from all the others. 

Thus elements of speech may be traced from the first im- 
pulse that begins them to the last and least modification 
that perfects them. 



ORTHOEPY. 125 



VOICE. 



Voice is sound produced by the forcible passage of air 
through the larynx. 

The human voice, independent of articulation, has sever- 
al native and acquired, qualities, as compass, volume, and 
(when emitted in successive impulses, or notes) rate, or time. 
See Note, p. 123. 

Compass and volume (or pitch and force) are attributes 
common to all voices. Pitch is caused by variations in the 
condition and dimensions of the glottis, and also by the 
length of the vocal tube — the larynx being raised for high 
notes, and depressed for low ones. 

The voice varies in force from a whisper to a shout, just 
as the breath varies from soft breathing to panting. The 
degree of loudness of the voice is in proportion to the ex- 
pulsive effort, and the resistance which the air meets in its 
passage from the lungs through the vocal tube. If little re- 
sistance be given to the outward rush of air, an aspirated or 
whispered sound is the result. 

Compass of voice is the range of its capabilities upon the 
diatonic scale, above or below which it can not go easily. 
The usual compass of cultivated voices is three octaves.* 
In ascending the scale, there is a point where the voice is 
said to "break." This point is about two octaves above 
the lowest note of the voice. The notes of the voice above 
this point are called falsetto, and those below, natural 

In music, the lowest octave of male voices is called bass; 
the middle, or second octave, tenor; and the highest octave, 
treble. The corresponding octaves of female voices are call- 
ed contralto, mezzo-soprano, and soprano.\ The natural pitch 
of women's and boys' voices is one octave above that of 
men. The treble corresponds with the falsetto, and the 
tenor and bass with the orotund, in man's voice ; and the 

* It is said that the ear can perceive nine octaves. 

f The bass is often called by its Italian name, basso ; the tenor, baritone ; 
and the treble, tenore. 



126 MANUAL OF HEADING. 

soprano corresponds with the falsetto, and the contralto 
with the orotund, in woman's voice. 

QUALITIES OF VOICE. 

Quality is the nature of a thing relatively considered. 
Quality of voice is the kind or property of the voice. There 
are eight of these organic, habitual, or assumed qualities. 
They are aspirate,* pure, orotund, pectoral, guttural, nasal, 
oral, and falsetto. 

Every person's voice is characterized by one or more of 
these qualities. The pure, orotund, pectoral, and aspirate 
can not be united, but the nasal will unite with any other 
quality except the oral and guttural. Thus one may speak 
in the nasal pure, the nasal orotund, or the nasal aspirate. 

The pure and orotund are far more pi easing than the 
remaining qualities, so that the former may properly be 
classed as agreeable, and the latter as disagreeable qualities, 
or vices. 

1. The aspirate is known as a whisper and half whisper. 
The whisper is the least audible articulate sound, being mid- 
way between breath and vocality. It might be called artic- 
ulated breath. 
Exam-pie. "The foe! They come! They come!" — Byron. 

The half whisper is more vocal than the whisper, being 
midway between that and full vocality. These two varie- 
ties of sound arise from a relaxed condition of the vocal 
chords, caused by fear, weakness, awe, secretiveness, anger, 
or any violent emotion which prevents deep and full inspira- 
tion. The parts are temporarily paralyzed, and allow more 
breath to escape from the lungs than is rendered vocal by 
the larynx. 

Examples. 
, a n" And then we thought on vengeance, and all along our van, 

' Remember Saint Bartholomew !' was passed from man to man." 

Macaulat. 

" To bed, to bed ; there's knocking at the gate. 
Come, come, come, come, give me your hand!" — Macbeth. 

* The aspirate can hardly be said to have a place under voice, since it has 
no vocality ; but, having tone, it has a place among qualities. 



OETHOEPY. 127 

2. The pure is the full, distinct tone, which, above all oth- 
ers, is agreeable to the ear. In this quality the inspirations 
are deep and full, and the breath is given out slowly, the 
whole being converted into the greatest possible amount of 
sound. It is in strong contrast with the aspirate, which 
takes in a small supply of air and sends out much, thereby 
making little vocality.* 

Example. " The quality of mercy is not strain'd ; 

It droppeth, as the gentle rain from heaven 
Upon the place beneath : it is twice bless 'd ; 
It blesseth him that gives, and him that takes : 
'Tis mightiest in the mightiest ; it becomes 
The throned monarch better than his crown : 
His sceptre shows the force of temporal power, 
The attribute to awe and majesty, 
Wherein doth sit the dread and fear of kings ; 
It is an attribute to God himself: 
And earthly power doth then show likest God's, 
When mercy seasons justice. " — Shakspeare. 

3. The orotund is the intensity and dignity of the pure 
tone, known by its depth, rounded fullness, and power. " It 
is the pure tone rounded in the mouth and deepened in the 
chest." 

Example. "On the earl's cheek the flush of rage 
O'er came the ashen hue of age ; 
Fierce he broke forth : 'And darest thou, then, 
To beard the lion in his den, 
The Douglas in his hall ? 
And hop'st thou hence unscathed to go ? 
No ! by St. Bride of Bothwell, no ! 
Up drawbridge, groom ! What ! warder ! ho ! 
Let the portcullis fall ! ' " — Scott. 

4. The pectoral, or hollow tone, arises from feeble organs, 
ill health, diffidence, constraint, or the like, but it is oftener 
the result of weak action of the abdominal muscles in giv- 
ing the primary impulse to vocal expression. Its pitch is 
low, with the resonance in the chest. 

* That vocal utterance which produces smoothly and without apparent ef- 
fort the greatest number of distinct sounds with the least amount of breath, 
or material for sound, is the most perfect for emotional speaking, for it al- 
lows an uninterrupted climax. 



128 MANUAL OF BEADING. 



Examples, 
" You may, if it be God's will, gain our barren and rug- 
ged mountains ; but, like our ancestors of old, we will seek 
refuge in wilder and more distant solitudes, and, when we 
have resisted to the last, we will starve in the icy wastes of 
the glaciers. Ay, men, women, and children, we will be 
frozen into annihilation together ere one free Switzer will 
acknowledge a foreign master !" • 

" The skies they were ashen and sober, 
The leaves they were crisped and sear, 
The leaves they were | withering and sear. 

It was | night | in the lonesome | October 
(Of my most immemorial year). 

It was hard | by the dim | Lake of Auber, 
In the misty mid-region of Wier ; 

It was down by the dank tarn of Auber, 

In the ghoul- | haunted woodland of Wier." — Poe. 

5. The guttural, or rough, grating voice, seems to issue 
from an obstructed throat. " The immediate organic cause 
of this bad quality of tone is an improper pressure of the 
muscles around the larynx and the root of the tongue, caus- 
ing the voice, in the one case, apparently to issue from the 
pharynx, or swallow, instead of the larynx ; and, in the oth- 
er, to originate in the upper part of the throat only, cut off 
from communication with either the chest or mouth." — Rus- 
sel. It expresses hate, contempt, malignity, rage, etc. 

Example. " The curse my noble father laid on thee 

When thou didst crown his warlike brows 
With paper." — Shakspeare. 

6. The nasal is a tone which seems to come through the 
nose. Organically it is made by allowing the voice to drift 
with force against the nasal passages while they are partly 
closed, and the veil of the palate is too low. It is voice 
with little or no resonance in the nose. 

Example. ' ' I tell you what, I'll build one shay to beat the taoun, 
'N the keounty, 'n all the kentry raoun' ; 
It shall be so built that it couldn' break daoun. " 

O. W. Holmes. 



OETHOEPY. 129 

7. The oral is a voice seemingly distant, as if coming from 
another room, a box, or closet, and partakes of ventriloquy 
in its effect. It can be produced by making the mouth-cav- 
ity high and narrow, pressing the cheeks closely against the 
well-opened teeth while speaking, and forcing the sound up- 
ward as it escapes. The veil of the palate is high in pro- 
ducing the oral. 

Example. , " Then fear not, doubt not, which thou wilt, 
We'll try this quarrel hilt to hilt." — Scott. 

8. The falsetto. In the falsetto voice, the vocal ligaments 
do not meet in their entire length, either a posterior or an 
anterior portion of them remaining apart.* It arises from 
feebleness, fatigue, indifference, affectation, and the like. In 
music, this voice is called treble, and begins about two oc- 
taves above the lowest note of the voice, where, in ascend- 
ing the musical scale, the voice is said to " break." All 
notes above this " break" are falsetto, and those below, nat- 
ural. In producing this quality, the veil of the palate is 
high, and the uvula is contracted into the veil and complete- 
ly hidden from sight. It expresses irritability, scolding, in- 
vective, etc. 

Example. 

"Billy ! where are you, Billy ? I say, come home to your best of mothers. 

I'm scared when I think of them Cabroleys, they drive so ; 

They'd run over their own sisters and brothers. 

Or maybe he's stole by some chimney-sweeping wretch, to 'stick in nar- 
row flues and what not, 

And be poked up behind with a picked pointed pole, when the soot has 
ketched and the chimbly's red hot. 

Oh, I'd give the whole wide woi-ld, if the world was mine, to clap my two 
longin' eyes on his face ; 

For he's my darlin' of darlin's, and if he don't soon come back, you'll see 
me drop stone dead on the place." — Hood, The Lost Heir. 

* For a knowledge of this important physiological fact, we are indebted to 
that recent invention of Prof. Czermak, the laryngoscope. 

F 2 



130 



MANUAL OF READING. 



TABLE NO. 29. ELEMENTS OF LANGUAGE. 

1. In Number 34 or 36. - 



CI. Sounds 



2. As to * 



A. Tone 



B. Organic Con- 
struction 



(a. 

V, 



Tonic. 
Subtonic 
Atonic. 
Oral-larynguals. 

b. Labials. 

c. Liuguals. 

d. Palatals. 






3. In 

r l. In Number 26. 



2. In Script called 



f A. Pitch, ) 

-{ B. Force V 

( C. Time ) 



(See Tables.) 



1 3. Print 



'A. Form (capital and small) 



B. Size 



a. Bound hand. 

b. Running hand. 

c. Epistolary hand. 

d. Court hand. 

e. German text, etc. 

a. Romanic. 

b. Italic. 

c ©Itj Hnglfsf). 

d. ©erman £ert, 
etc. 

a. Brilliant (the smallest). 

b. Diamond. 
C Pearl. 

d. Ruby. 

e. Agate. 

f. Nonpareil. 

g. Minion, 
h. Brevier, 
i. 



Bourgeois, 
j. Long Primer, 
k. Small Pica, 
i. Pica. 
"English. 

» Great Primer. 

° Paragon. 

Canon 

(the largest that has a specific name). 







' a. 


en. 






bee. 


o. 






cee. 


pee. 






dee. 


qu. 






e. 


ar. 






ef. 


es. 




^ C. Names 4 


gee. 


tee. 




aitch. 


u. 




i. 


vee. 




jay. 


double-you. 




kay. 


eks. 




el. 


y- 




L em. 


zee. 



See Tables No. 1 and No. 2. 



ORTHOEPY. 131 



ELEMENTS OF LANGUAGE. 

Language is the expression of thought and feeling. It 
may be oral, or expressed by sensible signs. 

Oral language is expression by vocal sounds — articulate, 
as in speech ; or inarticulate, as in sighs, sobs, groans, etc. 

Sensible sign-language is expression by gesture, as in the 
language of mutes, etc., or by letters, which appeal to the 
sense of sight, as in written or printed composition. 

Every indivisible portion of language is a primary ele- 
ment or unit of language, and every unit has a sound, or a 
sign and name. In written or printed language every sign 
(letter of the alphabet) has a name, and represents one or 
more units of sound ; but, unfortunately, every unit of sound 
has not a name nor a visible sign. The sign h, for instance, 
has a sound, as heard in hat, and a name, aitch ; but the 
sound of a, as heard in at, has no name, neither has it a sign 
distinguishing it from a, as heard in the words fate, far, 
fall. Diacritical marks, which indicate the precise sound 
required, are sometimes used in dictionaries and spelling- 
books; but these marked letters scarcely assume the dignity 
of distinct signs, and are so seldom found in print as to fur- 
nish quite inadequate assistance to native or foreign students 
in the acquisition of the English language. The letter a, 
for example, may stand for any one of seven sounds, un- 
less it receive some one of the following marks, a, a, a, a, 
a, a, a, to indicate the required sound, and, since these add- 
ed marks are neither in general use in scientific or literary 
works, nor uniform in dictionaries, thousands of words must 
be arbitrarily learned. Again, as if to add to confusion, 
there are from one to fourteen single and compound signs 
to represent a solitary sound, and there are some sounds 
without any signs. (See Table, " Elements of Language." 
Note the pure sounds or units of speech, the sounds that 
are common to several signs, and their equivalents, etc.) 
There are about thirty-six sound-units, twenty-six sign-units, 
and twenty-six names for the signs. 



132 MANUAL OF BEADING. 

1. A unit of sound is an indivisible portion of spoken lan- 
guage, and appeals to the ear. 

2. A letter or sign-unit is an indivisible portion of written 
or printed language, and appeals to the eye (or, in case of 
blindness, to the sense of feeling). 

Signs are known by their form, as R o m a n i c, (£>ib (£tt~ 
jglist), Italic, ©eVttlCttt^Xext, etc., each having twenty-six capi- 
tals, and twenty-six corresponding small or "lower-case" 
letters. 

Printed signs are distinguished by their comparative size, 
as brilliant (the smallest), diamond (the next larger size), 
pearl, ruby, agate, nonpareil, etc., up to canon (the largest 
which has a name) (see Table No. 29). Besides being dis- 
tinguished by form and size, signs have each a name (twen- 
ty-six in number), a, bee, cee, dee, ee, ef, je, aitch, etc. (see 
Table No. 29). These names are- expressions used in speak- 
ing of the alphabet as initials, as R. H. Smith, LL.D. 

units of speech (see Table, p. 8). 

A unit of speech or sound-unit is an indivisible portion of 
spoken language. The various positions and motions of the 
organs of speech so modify vocalized breath as to produce 
at least thirty-four distinct sounds or units of speech. 

These sound-units, produced with no obstruction of the 
vocal tube (trachea, larynx, and mouth), are called vowels or 
tonics ; those formed with the vocal tube entirely or partial- 
ly closed at some point, are called consonants, or sub-tonics 
and atonies. The three points or stations where the vocal 
tube is closed or obstructed are at the lips, at the front pal- 
ate (or roof near the front teeth), and at the back palate. 
Those units formed by the obstruction at the lips are called 
labials, those formed by an obstruction at the front palate 
(or by the teeth and tongue) are called Unguals, and those 
formed at the back palate are called palatals, or, less prop- 
erly, gutturals. 

Bern. 1. " Professor Willis, in experimenting on the nature 
of sound, discovered that in placing a reed in a common 
organ-pipe, the length of which could be varied at pleasure, 
and forcing the air through it with a pair of bellows, he ob- 



ORTHOEPY. 133 

tained, according to the length of the pipe (going from the 
sound produced by the shortest to that produced by the 
longest), the following series of sounds, as expressed by the 
italicized vowels of the given words, viz.: 1. me; 2. mate; 
3. mar ; 4, maw ; 5. mow ; 6. myrrh ; 7. mood ; and that, con- 
tinuing to lengthen th£ pipe, the same sounds were still 
heard, but in an inverse order — V, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 ; and that, 
still further increasing its length, the same identical sounds 
again occurred, but in the first order ; and so on throughout." 
— Cambridge Phil. Transactions, vol. iii., p. 231-262. 

Mem. 2. " The natural order of the primary vowels, as de- 
termined mechanically, is I, E, A, O, U, or U, O, A, E, I (i. e., 
e, a, a, 6, oo, or oo, 6, a, a, e), as heard in the English words 
field, vein, far, owe, ooze. This order should be well im- 
pressed upon the memory." — Haldeman's Latin Prosody. 

Pern. 3. " The closeness of e and oo approximates them to 
the nearest consonant, into which they are apt to fall ; the 
first into the semi-vowel y, and the last into the semi-vowel 
w." Ah, however, from its extreme openness, is farthest re- 
moved from the consonants. 

Besides the formation names (labials, etc., see Table, p. 
9), sound-uiiits are classed and named with reference to 
their tone or vocality, as, 1. Tonics; 2. Sub-tonics; and, 3. 
Atonies; or, 1. Vocals; 2. Sub-vocals; 3. Aspirates. 

1. A tonic is a full tone modified, but not interrupted in 
the vocal tube, and capable of indefinite prolongation. 

2. A sub-tonic is a sound which has less perfect vocality 
than the tonic, and, being more or less interrupted in its 
passage through the vocal tube, has less capacity for pro- 
longation. 

3. An atonic is an articulate breath-sound.* 

The tonics comprise all the sounds of the vowels a, e, i, o, 
u (w and y have no tonic sounds not found among the pure 
sounds of the vowels). Phonologists differ very materially 
as to the number of sounds in the English language, so that 

* It is a sound, or it could not be heard, and it is articulate, or we could 
not understand what is said ; i. e., it has 'a characteristic formation, yet it is 
not vocal, or it would be capable of variations in pitch. Atonies can not be 
said to have pitch. 



134 



MANUAL OF READING. 



no system can be free from objection, however carefully pre- 
pared. 

j^i describing the sound-units called tonics, those which 
require no change in the position of the organs of speech, 
from their beginning to their close, are called pure or simple 
tonics (see Table No. 2), while those that require a change of 
position in the organs of speech during their formation are 
called diphthongal tonics. 

The diphthongal tonics have a radical or beginning, and 
a vanish or close. The sound of a letter which can not be 
distinguished from another sound, already attributed to 
some letter as one of its pure sounds, is said to be common, 
i. e., common to two or more sign-units or letters (see Table 
No. 2). The sounds of a, as in all, and o, as in old, when 
not so closely joined to a succeeding sound as to prevent 
their completion, have each a vanish, or closing sound, dis- 
tinct from the radical, or opening sound. 

But, since the vanish is often omitted in unaccented syl- 
lables and at other times, they are classed with the simple 
vowels, and not with the diphthongs (see Principles of Pro- 
nunciation in Webster, § 44, 50). 

* 
the tonic or vowel sofnds. (See Table No. 6.) 



Webster. 


Worces- 
ter. 








A has four pure sounds and three common : 


a (ae) 


a (ST) 


as in ale, or long a, ~| 


a 
a 


a 
a 


" at, or short a, 1 »onnds 
" far, or Italian a, f pme sounds - 


a 


a 


•" all, or broad a, J 


a(e) 


a 


" dare, many (like short e prolonged, called com- 
mon). 


a 


a 


" ask, past, or intermediate (between short and Ital- 
ian a). 


a (5) 


a 


" what (like short o, common). 

E has two pure sounds and four common : 


e 
e 


e 
e 


"^■SSSUBStM^"-*- 


e(u) 


e 


" her, or e before r, trans-fer (common). 


e(a) 


e 


" where (common). 


e(a) 


e 


" eight (common). 




e(i) 


" pretty (common). 

J has one diphthongal sound, one pure, and two com- 
mon: 


T(ae) 


T(ttS) 


as in ice, or long i (diphthongal). 


I 


I 


" it, or short i, pure sound. 



ORTHOEPY. 



135 



Webster. 


Worces- 
ter. 




1.(8) 


i 


as in marine, or the French sound of i, like e long (com- 
mon). 


?(«) 


i 


" sir, fir, or the sound of u short (common). 


l 


i(y) 


" union. 

has three pure sounds and three common : 


o 


o 


as in old, or long o, \ 


o 


o 


" lot, or short o, V pure sounds. 


o 


6 


" do, move, or long close o, ) 


6(a) 
6(u) 


o(a) 


" orb, form, like a broad (common). 


6(3) 
o(u) 


" s6n, 6ther, like short u (common). 


9(») 


" wplf, woman, like u in full (common). 






£/"has two pure sounds, four common, and one diph- 


u (eo) 


u (eo) 


as in lute, or long u (diphthongal). [thongal : 


u 


u 
u 


« up or short u, [ puresounds> 
" full, or obtuse u, j y 


H(9) 


d(6) 


" rule, sure (see Kule, p. 1), (common). 


U 


u 


" urge (common). 


U 


u(e) 


" bury (berry) (common). 


u 


u(T) 


" business (bizness) (common). 
TThas one vowel sound, common: 


w (o) 


w 


as in now (like o in do). 
T has three sounds, common: 


y(i) 


y 


as in by (like long T). 


y(T) 


y 


" sylph (like short I). 


y(Q) 


y 


" myrtle (like short u). 



Beside the sounds already named, we have combined — 

oo (p), as in moon (like o in do). 

oo (V), as in foot (like u in full). 

oo (5), as in floor (like o in more). 

oo (u), as in flood (like u in up). 

ou or ow (Qu), as in our, flower (a union of u in up and u in full). 

oi or oy (at), as in oil, boy (a union of a in ball and i in pin). 

SUB-TONICS AND ATONICS. BY ORGANIC FORMATION. 

Labials. 
Those sounds whose peculiar characteristic is formed by 
the position or action of the lips are called labials. They 
are the sounds of m, p, b, v, f, w.* 

1. M is produced by closing the lips and sending vocal- 
ized breath through the nose. 

2. P is produced by forcing breath suddenly through the 
closed lips. 

3. B is produced by closing the lips and making a vocal 
sound in the throat before opening them. 

* The sounds of m, b, p are nearly alike ; m is produced with the nasal 
passage closed, and p is a whispered b ; n, d, t, and ng, g, k, have the same 
differences. 



136 . MANUAL OF READING. 

4. F is produced by placing the under lip against the 
edges of the upper incisor teeth, and audibly breathing 

• through them. 

5. V is produced by placing the organs in the same posi- 
tion as for the sound of f, and making vocal the breath as it 
escapes. 

6. W is produced by nearly closing the lips, making a 
sound in the throat, and forcing it through them. 

Linguals. 

Those sounds whose peculiar characteristic is caused by 
the special position or action of the tongue are called lin- 
guals. They are n, d, t, th, th, s, z, r, 1. 

1. The sound of n, as in noon, is produced by placing the 
tip of the tongue against the interior upper gums, so as to 
close the vocal tube, and emitting vocal sound through the 
nose. 

2. The sound of d, as in did, is produced by closing the 
vocal tube as before, and forcing vocal sound through the 
obstructions in the mouth. 

3. The sound of t, as in tent, is produced by closing the 
vocal tube, as described in No.l, and forcing breath through 
the obstruction. 

4. The sound of th, as in this, is produced by placing the 
rim of the tongue against the edges of the upper teeth, and 
emitting vocalized breath between them. 

5. The sound of th, as in thin, is produced by joining the 
teeth and tongue, as before, and emitting breath instead of 
vocal sound. 

6. The sound of s, as in son, is produced by pressing the 
sides of the tongue against the teeth in such a way as to 
leave a small passage down its centre, and forcing breath 
through this channel, causing it to escape the teeth in a hiss. 

7. The sound of z, as in zone, is formed by vocalizing the 
breath as it escapes, instead of emitting it, as in s. 

8. The sound of r, as in run, is produced by bringing the 
sides of the tongue against the teeth, elevating the tip to- 
ward the centre of the roof of the mouth, but leaving it free 
to vibrate, and emitting vocal sound. 



ORTHOEPY. 137 

9. The sound of I, as in lull, is formed by placing the tip 
of the tongue against the front roof of the mouth, and emit- 
ting vocal sound over the sides of the tongue. 

Palatals. 

Those sounds whose peculiar characteristic is caused by 
the position or action of the palate are called palatals. They 
are ng, g, k, c, or sh, z, h, y, with the consonant triphthongs 
ch and J.* 

1. The sound of ng as in sing, or n in ink, is formed by 
raising the base of the tongue against the palate, so as to 
close the vocal tube at that point, and emitting vocal sound 
through the nose with the lips open. 

2. The sound of g, as in go, is produced by closing the vo- 
cal tube at the palate and nasal passages (thus confining 
the vocal sound in the throat), and suddenly expelling the 
breath by way of the mouth. 

3. The sound of k, as in kite, is formed by closing the vo- 
cal tube at the palate and nasal passages, and forcing out a 
puff of unvocalized breath. 

4. The sound of sh as in shall, or c as in ocean, is formed 
by bringing the sides of the tongue in contact with the roof 
of the mouth, and sending a breath-sound through the open- 
ing thus formed. It is a sound midway between s and y. 
(See Webster's Principles of Pronunciation?) 

5. The sound of z (zh), as in azure, differs from sh only in 
being vocal. 

6. The sound of h,\ as in hat,h an emission of unvocalized 
breath, through whatever position of the mouth-organs the 
succeeding element requires, the organs being always placed 
to form the next succeeding letter before the h is produced. 

7. The subtonic sound of y, as in yes, is a sound approxi- 
mating the vowel e, the sound of y being less pure in vocali- 
ty because of a greater obstruction of the vocal tube. The 
tongue is closer to the roof of the mouth in producing y than 
in producing e. 

* Ch and j are triphthongs (see Tables Nos. 3 and 6). 
t H is not included with labials or Unguals, and has been placed among 
the palatals. 



138 



MANUAL OF BEADING 



I. Is term- 
ed 



g.2 



1. High 

2. Middle 
w & Low 



II 



s mon- 
otone 



£j3> [Diaton- 
.21 J & 
Is | I iSemi- 
>■ s I tonic 



TABLE NO. 30. PITCH. 

An octave) 

A fifth y above the middle key. 

A third j 



The natural key, as in ordinary conversation. 

A. A third ") 

B. A fifth ^ below the middle key. 

C. An octave ) 



/A. Absolute (in music) \ kfl , 
\B. Apparent (in elocution) / markea I 

m fa. Simple 



f! 



b. Comp. 
or wave 



a. Single 

b. Double 



/Rising ( ' ). 
\FallhigO). 

(Rising (w). 
\Falling (~). 

(Rising (^). 
\Falling (v_). 



2 Z (a. A third ) , n -p:--™ < 

g> » J b. A fifth \ {"• JS { from the radical pitch. 

P. 3 (c. An octave ) (0,ramDS <• 

'a. Exclamation ( * ). 

b. Affirmation (\). 
p Npo-ation / a - Emphatic ( » ). 

c. negation \6. Not emphatic ( ' ). 

d. Imperative ( r ). 
-'"'native feggSift. 

f. Apposition P M ( ' ' ). 

o- Antithesis i a - Sin S le < W )( M ). 

g. ^ntitnesis ' • • • • \&. Double ( * / ' x ). 



h. Parenthesis . 



i. Series 



(a. Suspension (')• 
\b. Addition ( * ). 

tcompound {i^SSSSS^^ 



j. Cadence 
Jk. Penultimate clause. 



/Partial (for complete sense). 
(Full (for complete period). 



81 



(Emotion, 
fa. Decided and remote, to express ■{ Sentiment 






1 



Proximate (by short steps) 



(Thought. 

(Climax. 
-I Anticlimax. 
(Parenthesis. 



PITCH. 139 



PITCH. 

Pitch is the degree of elevation of the voice, or its posi- 
tion upon the diatonic scale. 

A scale is a series of sounds arranged in continuous as- 
cent or descent, by measured intervals from any pitch or 
key-note. 

It is diatonic or semitonic. The former ascends or de- 
scends mostly by whole tone intervals, two half tones occur- 
ring once only in every seven. 

The semitonic or chromatic scale* ascends and descends 
altogether by half-tone intervals. f 

An interval is the distance between any two points of the 
scale. 

A note is a sound at any given point in the scale. 

Key-note is the Jlrst note. A key is said to be high, mid- 
dle, or low, according as it is above, on, or below the natu- 
ral or ordinary elevation. 

A high key is any key above the middle or natural voice, 
and is used in calling, shouting, commanding, etc. 

A middle key is the one used in common conversation, 
and, owing either to the structure of the vocal organs or to 
habit, it varies with different people. It is used in narra- 
tive or unimpassioned language. 

A low key is any key below the middle or natural voice, 
and is used in expressing revenge, solemnity, etc. 

The high and low keys are more commonly heard at a 
third, a fifth, or an octave above or below the middle key. 

When the voice slides from one note of the scale to an- 
other, higher or lower, the distance is called a concrete inter- 
val ; when the voice steps from one note to another more re- 

* "The name chromatic is derived from the fact that the intermediate 
tones were formerly written and printed in colors. " — Webster. 

t The diatonic scale is represented by the successive white keys of a pi- 
ano ; the semitonic by the white and black keys successively. 



140 MANUAL OF READING. 

mote without a continuous sound, the interval is called dis- 
crete. Hence the interval between the first and second notes 
of a scale may be either a discrete or a concrete interval of 
a tone. The distance from the first note to the third of a 
scale is called a discrete or a concrete interval of a third, 
and the difference between the first and fifth is called a dis- 
crete or a concrete interval of a fifth, etc. 

HIGH KEYS. 

A third above is a key three notes above the middle key, 
and is used to make a number of people hear at the same 
time. 

A fifth above is a key five notes above the middle key, 
and is used in lively and humorous delivery. 

An octave, or eighth above, is a key eight notes above the 
middle key, and is used in spirited declamation. 

LOW KEYS. 

A third below is a key three notes below the middle key, 
and is used in expressing dignified sentiment. 

A fifth below is a key five notes below the middle key, 
and is used in giving utterance to solemn and impressive 
thought. 

An octave, or eighth below, is a key eight notes below the 
middle key, and is used in language of deep solemnity. 

MONOTONE. 

In elocution, monotone is voice seemingly unvaried in 
pitch. It expresses awe, reverence, solemnity, sublimity, 
grandeur, majesty, power, splendor, amazement, all vastness 
and force, and all preternatural emotions. It is also used 
in legal and statistical statements, where emotion is unnec- 
essary. In music, monotone is absolute or uniform same- 
ness of sound. 

VARIATIONS OF PITCH. 

A change or variation of pitch on a single note or syllable 
is inflection; on successive notes or syllables it is melody. 



PITCH. 141 



MELODY. 

Melody is a pleasing succession of sounds in varied pitch. 
In reading or speaking, melody consists principally of inflec- 
tions and transitions of pitch, or modulation.* 

Melody is diatonic or semitonic, the former being the pro- 
gression of pitch through the interval of a whole tone, the 
latter through that of a half tone or semitone. Diatonic 
melody is used in narration, or to express simple thought ; 
semitonic to express supplication, entreaty, etc. 

Examples of Diatonic Melody. 
" The cynic is one who never sees a good quality in a 
man, and never fails to see a bad one. He is the human 
owl, vigilant in darkness and blind to light, mousing for ver- 
min, and never seeing noble game. The cynic puts all hu- 
man actions into only two classes, openly bad and secretly 
bad. He holds that no man does a good thing except for 
profit. It is impossible to indulge in such habitual severity 
of opinion upon our fellow-men without injuring the tender- 
ness and delicacy of our own feelings. A man will be what 
his most cherished feelings are. If he encourages a noble 
generosity, every feeling will be enriched by it ; if he nurse 
bitter and envenomed thoughts, his own spirit will absorb 
the poison, and he will crawl among men a burnished adder, 
whose life is mischief, and whose errand is death." — Beech- 
er. 

Examples of Semitonic Melody. 

"Pity the sorrows of a poor old man, 
Whose trembling limbs have borne him to your door." 

Thomas Moss. 

" The poor man alone, when he hears the poor moan, 
Of his morsel a morsel will give. 

Well-a-day !" Thomas Holcroft. 

* Melody differs from harmony in that the latter is a pleasing union of 
melodies, while the former is a succession of sounds constituting one melody. 



142 MANUAL OF READING. 



INFLECTION. 

Inflection is the variation of pitch on a single note or 
sound ; a bending or turning of the voice either upward or 
downward on a single sound or syllable. 

Inflections are distinguished as simple and compound ; the 
latter are more commonly known as waves. When any of 
these variations in pitch (whether simple or compound) end 
in an upward turn of voice, they are called rising inflections, 
and when they end in a downward turn of voice they are 
termed falling inflections. 

As in discrete sounds, the beginning of an inflection is 
known as its " radical" and the end as its " vanish" or close. 

A simple inflection is a single upward or downward move- 
ment of voice in reading and speaking, and is distinguished 
as rising (indicated by this mark, ^) or falling (indicated by 
this mark, ^), according as its vanish is above or below its 
radical. 

A simple rising inflection is a single upward slide of the 
voice, and suggests incomplete sense. 

It is used in direct (and, in case of repetition, in indirect) 
interrogation, in unemphatic negation, and in exclamations 
of inquiry; as, 

{Direct Interrogation.') Have you read the story of Ruth ? 

{Indirect Interrogation.) What did you say? 

( Unemphatic Negation.) I would rather not. 

{Exclamation of Inquiry.) Ah! Hallo! (meaning "Is that true?" in the 
first, and " It's you, is it ?" in the last interjection. 

A simple falling inflection is a single downward slide of 
the voice, and suggests complete sense. It is used in ex- 
clamation, affirmation, emphatic negation, and in all impera- 
tive expressions ; as, 

(Exclamation.) Truth is eternal. 

{Negation.) I tell you I will not. 

{Imperative.) Get thee hence ! Leave me! Go! 

A compound inflection, or leave, is the union of two or 
more simple inflections upon a single sound or syllable, and 
expresses surprise, scorn, contempt, sarcasm, mockery, rail- 



PITCH. 143 

lery, irony, wit, admiration, sorrow, and often a contrast of 
meaning. Example : Is that the law ? Waves are classed 
as single or double. 

A single wave is the union of two simple inflections, and 
a double wave is the union of more than two simple inflec- 
tions.* 

Single waves are termed equal when the ascent and de- 
scent are equal, otherwise unequal. 

A single rising wave begins with the simple falling inflec- 
tion, and ends with the simple rising inflection ; as, 

{Equal Wave.) Gone to be friends ! 

( Unequal Wave.) Must I budge ? must I observe you ? 

A single falling wave begins with the simple rising inflec- 
tion, and ends with the simple falling inflection ; as, 

(Equal Wave.) So, you bave come. 

(Unequal Wave.) "Tell me I hate the bowl? 

I loathe, abhor — my very soul 
With strong disgust is stirred 
Whene'er I see, or hear, or tell 
Of the dark beverage of hell. " 

A double rising wave is a union of three simple inflections, 
beginning and ending with an upward turn of voice ; as, in 
the play of Julius Ccesar, where Cassius says to Brutus, 
" You love me not !" Brutus replies, " I do not love your 
faults /" and in The School for Scandal, where Sheridan 
makes Sir Peter say to Lady Teazle, in the quarrel scene, 
" Oons, madam ! if you had been born to this, I should not 
wonder at your talking thus ; but you forget what your sit- 
uation was when I married you." To which she replies, 
" No, no, I don't ; 'twas a very disagreeable one, or I should 
never have married you.'''' 

A double falling wave is the union of three simple inflec- 
tions, beginning and ending with a downward turn of voice ; 
as, 

They cry for^eace, when thereis no peace. 

* The Irish tone is replete with the simple falling wave, and the Scotch 
with the simple rising wave. 



144 MANUAL OF HEADING. 

DEGREES OF INTERVALS. 

A degree or interval of inflection is the space upon the 
scale swept by the voice at one turn or slide. 

The intensity of the speaker decides the length of intervals, 
which«is never less than a quarter tone, and seldom exceeds 
an octave. 

These intervals are commonly a third, a fifth, or an oc- 
tave ; i. e. they include a variation of three, five, or eight 
notes from the radical or opening pitch. 

The rising third is used in moderate interrogation, empha- 
sis, and expressions of surprise - 3 as, 

(Interrogation.} Is it yours? 

(Emphasis.} No, it is not mine, but Mary's. 

The falling third expresses emotions of mockery, derision, 
impetuosity, and courage ; as, 

(Mockery.) "What drugs, what charms, what conjuration, and what 
mighty magic. " — Shakspeare. 

(Derision.) " excellent interpreter of the laws ! corrector and amend- 
er of our Constitution!" — Cicero. 

(Courage.) "Hurrah! the foes are moving. Hark to the mingled din 
Of fife, and steed, and trump, and drum, and roaring cul- 
verin !" — Macaulay. 

The rising fifth expresses emotions of wonder, admiration, 
inquiry, doubt, and interrogation, and emphasis stronger 
than is expressed by the rising third ; as, 

(Interrogation ("I said an elder soldier, not a better. 
and Emphasis.) \ Did I say better ?"— Julius Cjesar. 

(Strong Emphasis. ) ' ' Fail ! 

In the lexicon of youth, which Fate reserves 
For a bright manhood, there is no such word 
As— fail!" — Bulwer's Play of Richelieu. 

The falling fifth expresses determination, indignant re- 
buke, and excessive grief; as, 

(Determination.) " 'To arms! to arms!' cried Mortimer, 

And couched his quivering lance. " — Gray. 

(Rebuke.) " Yet this is Pome, 

* That sat on her seven hills, and from her throne 
Of beauty ruled the world. " — Mitford. 



PITCH. 145 

{"Grant me another year, God of my spirit, 
But a day to win something to satisfy 
This thirst within. I would know something here. 
Break for me but one seal that is unbroken, 
Speak for me but one word that is unspoken." — Willis. 

A rising octave expresses the most forcible interrogation 
and emphasis, contempt, mirth, raillery, and astonishment ; 
as, 

(Interrogation.} You come to teach the people? 

Gesler. "You look upon your boy 

As though instinctively you guessed it. 

• i ( Tell. Look upon my boy ? What mean you ? 
{Astonish- ) Look upon my bo y ag though j guesse( i i t _ 

( Guessed the trial you'd have me make?" — Knowles. 

A f ailing octave expresses intense scorn and indignation ; 
as, ^ 

You pretend to teach a British general! 

Speech op Lord Chancellor Thurlow in reply to the 
Duke of Grafton. 

1. My Lords, — I am amazed at the attack the noble duke 
has made upon me. Yes, my lords, I am amazed at his 
grace's speech. The noble duke can not look before him, 
behind him, or on either side of him, without seeing some 
noble peer who owes his seat in this house to his successful 
exertions in the profession to which I belong. 

2. Does he not feel that it is as honorable to owe it to 
these as to being the accident of an accident ! To all these 
noble lords the language of the noble duke is as applicable 
and as insulting as it is to myself. But I do not fear to 
meet it single and alone. No one venerates the peerage 
more than I do; but, my lords, I must say that the peerage 
solicited me — not I the peerage. 

3. Nay, more ; I can and will say, that as a peer of Parlia- 
ment, as speaker of this right honorable house, as keeper of 
the great seal, as guardian of his majesty's conscience, as 
lord high chancellor of England — nay, even in that character 
alone in which the noble duke would think it an affront to 
be considered — as a man, I am at this moment as respecta- 

G 



146 ' MANUAL OF HEADING. 

ble, I beg leave to add, as much, respected, as the proudest 
peer I now look down upon. 

The duke had, in the House of Lords, reproached Lord Thurlow with 
his plebeian extraction and his recent admission to the peerage. Lord 
Thurlow rose from the woolsack, and, fixing on the duke almost the look 
of Jove when he grasps the thunder, he spoke as above ; and the effect of 
his speech was so great that it gave him an ascendency, both within the 
walls of the House and out of them, which no other chancellor ever pos- 
sessed. It should be given with great and increasing energy. 

RULES FOR INFLECTION.* 

Rule 1. Exclamations usually take the falling inflection; 
as, 

"Hurrah ! hurrah ! a single field hath turned the chance of war; 
Hurrah ! hurrah ! for Ivry, and Henry of Navarre. " — Macaulay. 

Rule 2. An affirmative clause or sentence takes the falling 
inflection; as, 

"The earth is the Lord's, and the fullness thereof; the 
world, and they that dwell therein." — Psalm xxiv. 

Note. — Indifferent answers to questions take the rising 
inflection ; as when, in reply to the question " Which do 
you prefer?" one says, "I have no choice." 

Rule 3. A negative clause or sentence requires the rising 
inflection, unless made emphatic for the sake of force ; as, 

* A few rules for inflection are here introduced, which may prove valuable 
in the hands of judicious teachers. No one of them should be given with- 
out explanation and example suited to the comprehension of all the pupils 
in the class. 

Children upon the play-ground, or in unchecked conversation, give the 
•most appropriate and natural inflections possible. They find no difficulty 
in expressing emotions of joy or sorrow, hope or fear, forgiveness or retalia- 
tion, whenever these emotions are excited. These are true models of ex- 
pression. But as soon as they learn to conceal their feelings, and to read 
cr speak the thoughts of others, they lose this property of intonation, and 
acquire mannerisms. After .this, much time and money is often required 
to teach them how to do mechanically what was once so natural and invol- 
untary. 

In giving the following rules and illustrations, the teacher should be sure 
that the class understands them, and can make practical application of them 
to examples selected from the book. Unnecessary pauses and undue em- 
phasis should be avoided. Let the examples be smoothly and continuously 
rendered, so that every sentence may be borne, as it were, on a wave of sound. 



PITCH. 147 

(Unemphatic.) O no! that is not the law ! 

(Emphatic.) I say that is not the law ! 

Note. — When a negative phrase or clause is contrasted 
with an affirmative one, whether first or last in the order of 
construction, the rule is the same ; as, " I said this book, not 
that';" or, "I did not say this book, but that." "It was 
black, not white ;" or, " It was not white, but black." 

Rule 4. An imperative sentence takes the falling inflec- 
tion; as, 

" Strike ! till the last armed foe expires ; 
Stril£e ! for your altars and your fires." 

" Go to the ant, thou sluggard ; consider her ways, and be 
wise." — Bible. 

" Hence ! horrible shadow !" 

Rule 5. A direct interrogation, or a question that can be 
answered by Yes or No, takes the rising inflection ; as, 

"To purchase heaven has gold the power? 
Can gold remove the mortal hour ? 
In life can love he bought with gold ? 
Are friendship's pleasures to be sold?" 

Note. — When, by strong emphasis on the first or auxilia- 
ry verb, a direct question anticipates an affirmative reply, it 
takes a falling inflection ; as, "Is this true ? Can you be- 
lieve it ? Has not reason prevailed ?" 

Rule 6. An indirect interrogation, or a question that can 
not be answered by Yes or No, takes the falling inflection; as, 

" Who shall ascend into the hill of the Lord, and who 
shall stand in his holy place ?" — Bible. 

Note 1. — If the question be repeated, it takes the rising 
inflection ; as, " Which way did you say ?" 

Note 2. — Sometimes the meaning of a question is decided 
by an inflection, making it direct or indirect ; as, " Will you 
read Pope or Milton ?" Ans. " Pope." It is a direct ques- 
tion when both nouns receive the rising inflection ; as, "Will 
you read Pop'e or Milton ?" " Yes." 

Rule 7. Words or phrases in apposition take the same in- 
flection; as, 

"Absalom, my son, was my staff." 

"Victoria is the daughter of Edward, duke of Kent." 



148 MANUAL OF READING. 

" We will go to Brooklyn, the City of Churches." 
Rule 8. Words or phrases in contrast or antithesis take 
opposite inflection ; as, 

f "They sang of love, and not of fame — 
(Single An- \ Forgot was Britain's glory ; 

tithesis.) Each heart recalled a different name, 

(. But all sang 'Annie Laurie. ' " — Bayard Taylor. 

(Double Antithesis.) " The difference between a madman 
and a fool is, the former reasons justly from false data, and 
the latter erroneously from just data." 

" Prosperity gains friends ; adversity tries them." 
" It is harder to avoid censure than to gain applause." 

Rule 9. Words or phrases in a parenthesis, suspending 
the sense, take the rising inflection ; as, 

"But here's a parchment with the seal of Coesar. 
I found it in his closet : 'tis his will. 
Let but the commons hear this testament 
(Which, pardon me, I do not mean to read), 
And they would go and kiss dead Caesar's wounds, 
And dip their napkins in his sacred blood — 
Yea, beg a hair of him for memory, 
And, dying, mention it within their wills, 
Bequeathing it as a rich legacy 
Unto their issue. " — Shakspeare. 

Rule 10. Words or phrases in a parenthesis, making addi- 
tion to the complete sense, take the falling inflection ; as, 

" In fact, there's nothing that keeps its youth, 
So far as I "know, but a tree and truth. 
(This is a moral that runs at large ; 
Take it. — You're welcome. — No extra charge.)" — Holmes. 

Note. — When the sense is reopened by the parenthetical 
addition, the voice is kept up at the close of the parenthesis. 

SEEIES. 

A series is a succession of particulars, at least three in 
number. Series are classed as simple and compound, either 
of which may be a commencing or a concluding series. 

A simple series is one whose members are single in word 
or idea ; as, 

In my garden are apples, | peaches, | plums, | and pears. | 



PITCH. 149 

A series is compound when the members comprise several 
words, or convey more than one idea ; as, 

" From every battle-field of the Revolution — from Lexing- 
ton and Bunker Hill — from Saratoga and Yorktowii — from 
the fields of Eutaw — from the cane-brakes that sheltered the 
men of Marion, the repeated, long-prolonged echoes came up, 
* The Union : it must be preserved.' " — Bancroft. 

A series is commencing when the sense is not complete at 
the close of the series ; as, 

Men, | women, | and children | were seen in the park. 

A series is concluding when the sense is complete with 
the series ; as, 

I saw in the park men, | women, | and children. | 

Mules for the Inflection of Series. 

Rule 11. A simple commencing series should have the 
rising inflection on every member but the penultimate, or 
last but one ; as, 

(JVbuns.) Mary, | Sarah, | JameS, | and John | were at the 
fair last week. - 

(Adjectives.) A beautiful, | accomplished, | and amiable | 
lady | lives in the house on the hill.* 

( Verbs.) He sees, hears, and feels as well as ever he did. 

Rule 12. A simple concluding series takes the rising in- 
flection on every member but the ultimate, or last ; as, 

At the fair last week I saw Mary, Sarah, James, and Jolih. 

In the house on the hill lives a lady, beautiful, accom- 
plished, and amiable. 

He can still hear, see, and feel. 

Rule 13. A compound commencing series takes the fall- 
ing inflection on every member but the ultimate, or last, 
which takes a strong rising inflection ; as, 

(<) "From every valley in our land, | from every cabin 
on the pleasant mountain sides, | from the ships at our 
wharves, | from the tents of the hunter in our westernmost 
prairies, | from the living minds of the living millions of 
American freemen, | from the thickly coming glories of fu- 

* A series of adjectives takes the noun as one of its members, in the 
application of the rule for inflection. 



150 MANUAL OF READING. 

turity, | the shout went up, like the sound of many waters, 
' The Union : it must and shall be preserved.' " — Ban- 
croft. 

Commence this series in moderate time and force, and increase in volume 
to the last member of the series, which receives a full rising inflection. 

Rule 14. A compound concluding series takes the falling 
inflection on every member but the penultimate, or last but 
one; as, 

" We hold these truths to be self evident : that all men 
are created equal ; | that they are endowed by their Creator 
with certain inalienable rights ; | that among these are life, 
liberty, and the pursuit of happiness ; |" — Const, of IT. S. 

Rule 15. A long Series. — When a series exceeds five 
members, divide it into two or more shorter series, and 
read each division according to the rule which would apply 
to the entire series ; as, 

In him was genius, | judgment, | memory, | learning, || cir- 
cumspection, | reflection, | application. 

The series, as a whole, would follow the rule for simple 
concluding series (No. 12), hence each of the shorter series 
should be read according to that rule. 

Rule 16. Antithetical Series. — When each member of a 
series contains an antithesis, the rule for antithesis should 
be applied to each member, and the whole series should be 
read according to the rule for that particular series ; as, 

" Talent is power, tact is skill ; | talent is weight, tact is 
momentum ; | talent knows what to do, tact knows how to 
do it ; | talent makes a man respectable, tact will make him 
respected ; | talent is wealth, tact is ready money, j" — Lon- 
don Atlas. 

" I have spoken but of feelings and associations common 
to all ages, and all generations of men ; ] to the rtfde and 
the polisheTd; | to the barbarian and the civilized; | to the 
bond and the free ; | to the inhabitant of the dreary forests 
of the north and the sultry regions of the south ; | to the 
worshiper of the sun, and the worshiper of idols ; | to the 
heathen, dwelling in the darkness of his cold mythology ; | 
and to the Christian., rejoicing in the light of the true 
God. I"— Stort. 

These examples follow the rule for compound concluding 



PITCH. 151 

series (No. 14), while each antithesis follows the rule (No. 
8) for antithesis. 

Rule 17. Irregular Series. — When a series is mixed in 
form, being part simple and part compound, read it accord- 
ing to the rule for Compound series, with such inflections 
upon the members of the simple series as shall not interfere 
with the whole. 

"Oh for a prophet's eye to look into the future! If it 
be the destiny of America to administer with fidelity, wis- 
dom, and success her free institutions ; | to spread them over 
the whole continent, filling it with a numerous, enlight- 
ened, industrious, moral, and contented people — one in 
name, one in government, one in power ; | to build up here 
an empire, the last and the noblest offspring of Time, | this 
whole accumulated greatness will constantly tend to exalt 
higher and'higher in the estimation of mankind him who will 
forever "be deemed the founder of it all." — Francis C. Gray. 

This is a concluding series of three members (beginning 
with "to administer," "to spread," "to build"), and con- 
tains three simple series, one in the first, and two in the 
second member of the series. 

SENTENTIAL INFLECTIONS, OR CADENCES. 

Cadence is the falling of the voice in reading or speak- 
ing, especially at the end of a sentence. 

The sentential inflections arise from the construction of 
sentences. They are the closing slides, or cadence, and the 
rising slide upon the last clause before the cadence called 
the penultimate slide. 

Rule 1. The full cadence of complete sense, at the close 
of a full period, is made by three "concretes,"* gradually 
descending in their radical pitch ; as, 

" The mean of true valor lies between the extremes of 
cowardice and rashness." — Cervantes. 



(cowardice a rash x 
v ness.) 



* Sounds, it must be remembered, are discrete when separate or de- 
tached, and concrete when blended or united in succession, so as to dis- 
cover no joinings. The former are illustrated by touching successive keys 
of the piano, and the latter by sliding the hands along the strings of a 
violin while drawing the bow. 



152 MANUAL OF BEADING. 

Rule 2. " The partial cadence of complete sense, but in- 
complete period, has the rising ditone* on the first and 
second of the three closing syllables, and the concrete of the 
second with a downward vanish on the third." — Russel. 

"Feelings come and go like light troops following the 
victory of the present; but principles, like troops of the 
line, are undisturbed and stand fast." — Richtee. 

Rule 3. The penultimate is the upward slide of voice be- 
fore the full cadence ; as, 

" He who considers himself a paragon of wisdom is sure 
to commit some superlatively stupid act." — Tieck. 

Transition or Modulation. 

Transition or modulation is a changing of the pitch-note 
to a higher or lower degree of elevation, in obedience to 
emotion, sentiment, or thought. It is generally attended 
with a change of both force and time. 

Modulation may be decided and distant, or proximate, by 
short steps. The decided transition is a sudden change from 
one key to another several notes above or below that key. 
It is used to express a contrast, or change of emotion, senti- 
ment, or thought, 

{ff.High.) "Give me another horse! bind up my wounds ! 

Have mercy, Jesu ! {pp. Low.) Soft, I did but dream." 

Shakspeare. 

r" Try not the pass !" (m.) the old man said. 
{High.) < "Dark lowers the tempest overhead ; 

(The roaring torrent's deep and wide!" 
{Medium.) And loud that clarion voice replied, 
{High.) ' ' Excelsior ! " — Longfellow. 

The proximate transition is a change from one key to an- 
other not far distant, which may be continued from word to 
word, or phrase to phrase, up or down the scale, as emotion 
or thought indicates. It is used to express climax and anti- 
climax. One step below is used in parenthetical words or 
passages, also to place unimportant allusions and explana- 
tions in the background, so to speak, of the main thought. 

( Climax.) " If I were an American, as I am an English- 
* An interval comprehending two whole tones. 



PITCH. 



153 



man, while a foreign troop was landed in my country, I nev- 
er would lay down my arms — NEVER, nevee, never." 

{Parenthesis.) " That patriotism which {catching its inspi- 
ration from God) animates and prompts to deeds of self-sac- 
rifice, of valor, of devotion, and of death itself— that is pub- 
lic virtue, that is the noblest, the sublimest of all public 
virtues." 

There is a transition of syllables which seems very nearly 
related to inflection. These turns of voice correspond with 
compound inflections or waves so precisely as to be called 
inflections by those who have not compared^ them. Thus 
the compound rising wave of a third may take the notes 



mi, do, nu 



■(HI) 



concretely. 



Give this turn or slide to one syllable or sound, and it is 
inflection; when, however, it be given to three successive 
syllables or monosyllables, it is not inflection, but transition ; 
for a syllable being one impulse of voice, a turn or slide of 
voice can not be given to more than one syllable concretely, 
but will be divided into as many discretes as there are syl- 
lables. If this be true of the syllables of a word, it is also 
true of successive syllables that do not belong to one word, 
and would include an unlimited number of inflections, while 
it destroyed the simplicity of transitions. 



Notes. 



Examples. 

Transitions on mono- 
Inflection. Transitions on syllables. syllables. 



t — ^>— 



"HST 



-Come_, sir. 

in, 



































-£S>- ~ -&>• 


" No. 


Wau ca. 


Uo ' sir. 









-\ 








1 








1 










■&- G -£ 


5- v - 


S5 


con ient " 


Come with. 



m 



-"^^rT 

G2 



-&——-&. 



-&- -<s>- 



"air 



ICan . trust-„~ 

you him ? 



154 



MANUAL OF READING. 



I. Divisions 
of 



(I 



TABLE NO. 31. FORCE. 

Very soft, marked pp. (pianissimo). 
Soft, " p. (piano). 

Middle, " m. (mezzo). 

f. (forte). 

ff. (fortissimo). 



1 4. Loud, 
1^5. Very loud, 



II. Applied 
to a 



A. Kinds 



1. Sound is stress 



2. Syllable is accent 



3. Word is empkc 



l£. Phrase or sentence 



{Radical, marked 
Final, 
Median, 
Compound, 
Thorough, 
Tremor, 



( Effusive. 
^B. Degrees < Expulsive. 
( Explosive. 

( A. Primary, or tonic. 

( B. Secondary, or euphonic. 



r Sense 

^Emotion 
f Uniformly 
Varied 



/Single. 
\Double. 

Exclamation. 
Repetition. 



/Absolute \ 
\ Antithetic/ 

(Single | 
(Cumulative. 

is sustained force. 
( Irregularly. 



* Volume is force and quantity combined. 

t Regularly increasing and decreasing in force to the close or to the middle of a 
phrase or sentence producing climax and anti-climax. See Table No. 10, note 16. 



FORCE. 155 



DYNAMICS, OE FOECE. 

Dynamics treats of the power or force of sounds. 

Force is the result of action. In elocution, force is the 
degree of energy with which words are spoken. Degrees 
of force depend upon the intensity of the given power. They 
are indefinite in number, but three are deemed sufficient for 
reference. 1st, soft or weak; 2d, middle or moderate; and, 
3d, heavy or strong. 

Note. — Force should not be confounded with loudness, 
because sound can be produced with great force in a whis- 
per as well as in a shout. 

1. Soft or weak utterance is the result of little exertion, 
whether arising from organic weakness or from sentiment. 
It expresses pity, admiration, endearment, tenderness, grief, 
and the like. 

{Pity.) " Give me three grains of corn, mother, 

Only three grains of corn ; 
It will keep the little life I have 
Till the coming of the morn. 
I am dying of hunger and cold, mother, 

Dying of hunger and cold ; 
And half the agony of such a death 

My lips have never told." — Mrs. Edmund. 
{Endearment.) "Look at me with thy large brown eyes, 
Phihp, my king, 
Round whom the shadowing purple lies 

Of babyhood's royal dignities. 
Lay on my neck thy tiny hand, 

With love's invisible sceptre laden. 
I am thine, Esther, to command 
Till thou shalt find a queen handmaiden, 

Philip, my king." — Miss Mulock. 

{Whisper.) " Breathe it not aloud ; the wild winds must not hear it." 

2. Middle or moderate utterance is the result of little en- 
ergy or exertion. It expresses reverence, and is used in 
narration and description. 

{Narrative.) "The Irish peasant has at all periods been 



156 MANUAL OF READING. 

peculiarly distinguished for unbounded but indiscriminate 
hospitality. To be in want or misery is the best recommen- 
dation to his disinterested protection ; his food, his bed, his 
raiment are equally the stranger's and his own; and the 
deeper the distress, the more welcome is the sufferer to the 
peasant's cottage." — Sir J. Barrington. 

(Description.} "Methought I saw a thousand fearful wrecks, 
A thousand men that fishes gnawed upon, 
Wedges of gold, great anchors, heaps of pearl, 
Inestimable stones, unvalued jewels, 
All scattered in the bottom of the sea. 
Some lay in dead men's skulls ; and in those holes 
Where eyes did once inhabit, there were crept 
(As 'twere in scorn of eyes) reflecting gems 
That wooed the slimy bottom of the deep, 
And mocked the dead bones that lay scattered by. " 

Shakspeare, Dream of Clarence. 

(Heverence.) "The nation rises up at every stage of his 
coming ; cities and states are as pall-bearers, and the cannon 
beats the hours in solemn progression ; dead, dead, dead, he 
yet speaketh. Is Washington dead ? Is Hampden dead ? 
Is David dead ? Is any man that ever was fit to live dead ? 
Disenthralled from the flesh, and risen to the unobstructed 
sphere where passion never comes, he begins his illimitable 
work. His life is now grafted upon the Infinite, and will be 
fruitful as no earthly life can be. Pass on. Four years 
ago, oh Illinois, we took from your midst an untried man 
from among the people. Behold, we return him to you a 
mighty conqueror, not thine any more, but the nation's ; not 
ours, but the world's. Give him place, oh ye prairies ! In 
the midst of this great continent his dust shall rest, a sacred 
treasure to myriads, who shall pilgrim to that shrine to kin- 
dle anew their patriotism. Ye winds, that move over the 
mighty spaces of the West, chant his requiem ! Ye people, 
behold the martyr, whose drops of blood, as so many articu- 
late words, plead for fidelity, for law, for liberty." — Beech- 
er's Sermon on Lincoln. 

(Whisper.) "And the bridemaidens whispered, ' 'Twere better by far, 

To have matched our fair cousin with young Lochinvar.'" 

Scott. 



FORCE. 157 

3. Heavy or strong utterance is the result of great energy 
or exertion. It expresses anger, defiance, and command. It 
is used in calling, shouting, rage, and fear. 

Ex,. {Anger.) " So you will fly out ! can't you be cool like 
me ? What good can passion do ? Passion is of no service, 
you impudent, insolent, overbearing reprobate ! There you 
sneer again ! Don't provoke me ! but you rely upon the 
mildness of my temper, you do, you dog : you play upon the 
meekness of my disposition ! yet take care ; the patience of 
a saint may be overcome at last ! But mark ! I give you 
six hours and a half to consider of this : if you then agree, 
without any condition, to do every thing on earth that I 
choose, why — confound you, I may in time forgive you." — 
Sheeidan, The Rivals. 

{Defiance.} " I loathe you with my bosom ! I scorn you with mine eye ! 

And I'll taunt you with my latest breath, and fight you till I 

die! 
I ne'er will ask for quarter, and I ne'er will be your slave, 
But I'll swim the sea of slaughter till I sink beneath the 
wave." — The Seminole's Reply. 
{Command.') " Once more unto the breach, dear friends, once more, 
Or close the wall up with our English dead! 
In peace, there's nothing so becomes a man 
As modest stillness and humility ; 
But when the blast of war blows in our ears, 
Then imitate the action of the tiger ; 
Stiffen the sinews, summon up the blood, 
Disguise fair nature with hard-favored rage : 
Now set the teeth, and stretch the nostrils wide ; 
Hold hard the breath, and bend up every spirit 
To his full height ! On, on, you noble English, 
Whose blood is fet from fathers of war-proof — 
Fathers that, like so many Alexanders, 
Have in these parts from morn till even fought, 
And sheathed their swords for lack of argument. 
I see you stand like greyhounds in the slips, 
Straining upon the start : the game's afoot ; 
Follow your spirit ; and upon this charge 
Cry, God tor Harry, England, and St. George!" 

Shakspeare. 
{Calling.) "How yet resolves the governor of the town ? 
This is the latest parle we will admit. 
Therefore to our best mercy give yourselves ; 



158 MANUAL OF BEADING. 

Or, like to men proud of destruction, 

Defy us to our worst ; for, as I am a soldier 

(A name that in my thoughts hecomes me best), 

If I begin the battery once again, 

I will not leave the half-achieved Harfleur 

Till in her ashes she he buried. 

The gates of mercy shall be all shut up ; 

And the flushed soldier, rough and hard of heart, 

In liberty of bloody hand shall range, 

Mowing like grass your fresh, fair virgins 

And your flowering infants. 

Therefore, you men of Harfleur, 
Take pity of your town and of your people 
While yet my soldiers are in my command. " 

Shakspeare, Henry V. 
(Shouting.) " ' Jump, far out, boy, into the wave ! 
Jump, or I fire !' he said ; 
' This chance alone your life can save. 
Jump ! JUMP ! ' The boy obeyed. "—Geo. P. More is. 
(Rage.) "Mind and charge home, 

Or, by the fires of heaven, I'll leave the foe, 
And make my wars on you: look to't! come on!" 

{Fear, intense Whisper.) "Hark ! I hear the bugles of the 
enemy ! They are on their march along the bank of the riv- 
er. We must retreat instantly, or be cut off from our boats. 
I see the head of their column already rising over the height. 
Our only safety is in the screen of this hedge. Keep close 
to it ; be silent ; and stoop as you run. Foe the boats ! 
Foewaed !" 

Additional force may be given to a sound, syllable, word, 
phrase, or sentence. 

It receives the name stress when applied to a sound, ac- 
cent when applied to a syllable, and emphasis when applied 
to a word, phrase, or sentence. 

Accent produces rhythm, stress expresses more or less 
of the emotional condition of the speaker, while emphasis 
makes plain the meaning of the author. 

STEESS. 

Stress is the special application of force to some part of 
an accented sound or syllable.* The degrees of stress are 
* See Accent, p. 162. 



FOKCE. 159 

three— effusive, expulsive, and explosive (i. e., moderate, full, 
and abrupt). 

1. Effusive stress is a moderate use of breath or voice ma- 
terial while producing sounds, and indicates a placid emo- 
tional condition, an unruffled temper; as, 

" Where, where will be the birds that sing 
A hundred years to come ? 
The flowers that now in beauty spring 
A hundred years to come ?" 

2. Expulsive stress is produced by forcibly expelling the 
breath while speaking or producing sounds, and indicates a 
more positive emotional condition or earnestness of pur- 
pose; as, 

"There ! there is the liquor which God, the eternal, brews 
for all his children ! Not in the simmering still, over smok- 
ing fires, choked with poisonous gases, and surrounded with 
the stench of sickening odors and rank corruption, doth 
your Father in heaven prepare the precious essence of life, 
pure cold water; but in the green glade and glassy dell, 
where the wild deer wanders, and the child loves to play, 
there God himself brews it !" — Paul Denton". 

3. Explosive stress is a degree of force produced by pro- 
jecting the breath abruptly or violently, and indicates an 
intense emotional condition ; as, 

" See, Boy Briton, see, boy, see ! 
They strike ! hurrah ! the fort has surrendered ! 

Shout ! shout, my warrior boy ! 
And wave your cap, and clap your hands with joy ! 
Cheer answer cheer, and bear the cheer about — 
Hurrah ! hurrah !" — Wilson. 

Kinds of Stress. 

Every sound or syllable must have a beginning, a middle, 
and an end, and force applied to these divisions in various 
ways produces six kinds of stress; viz., radical, final,. me- 
dian, compound, thorough, and intermittent (or tremor). It 
is called, 

1. Radical when the force gradually diminishes from the 
beginning to the end of the sound or syllable. When in- 
tense, it expresses command, anger, defiance (a, e, i, o, u). 



160 MANUAL OP BEADING. 

{Effusive.) " Can storied urn or animated bust 

Back to its mansion call the fleeting breath? 
Can honor's voice provoke the silent dust, 

Or flattery soothe the dull, cold ear of death ?" — Gray. 
{Expulsive.) "Then shook the hills with thunder riven, 
Then rushed the steed to battle driven ; 
And 15uder than the bolts of heaven, 
Far flashed the red artillery." 

{Explosive.) "The combat deepens. On, ye brave, 
Who Fash to glory or the grave. 
Wave, Munich, all thy banners wave, 
And charge with all thy chivalry!" — Campbell. 

2. Final, when the force gradually increases to the end 
of the sound or syllable, and closes abruptly. It express- 
es contempt, scorn, impatience, determination, or revenge 

(a, e, 1, o, u). 

{Effusive.) "Click, click, click! how the needles go." 
{Expulsive.) "Comeback! comeback! he cried, in grief. " 
{Explosive.) "Speak! speak! thou fearful guest, 

Who, with thy hollow breast still in rude armor dress 'd, 

Com'st to haunt me !" 

3. Median, or middle stress, when the force is greatest at 
the middle of the sound or syllable. It is smooth-flowing, 
and expresses reverence, patriotism, and affection (^ "e^ 

{Effusive.)' "There's a land far away, 'mid the stars, we are told, 
Where they know not the sorrows of time ; 
Where the pure waters wander through valleys of gold, 
And life is a treasure sublime." — Clark. 
{Expulsive.) " Now glory to the Lord of Hosts, from whom all glories are, 
And glory to our sovereign liege, King Henry of Navarre ! 
Now let there be the merry sound of music and of dance, 
Through thy corn-fields green and sunny vines, O pleasant 
land of France." — Macaulat. 

{Explosive.) "' CEarge, Chester, charge ! on, Stanley ,"on!' 
Were the last words of Marmion." — Scott. 

4. Compound, when the force is least in the middle of 
the sound or syllable, i. e., the force gradually decreases to 



FORCE. 161 

the middle and then increases to the end. It is the radical 
and final stress united on one syllable or sound (a, e, 
i, o, u ). It expresses sarcasm, irony, extreme surprise, 
petulance, and provocation. 

"Gone to be married! gone to swear a peace! 
False blood to false blood joined ! gone to be friends ! 
Shall Louis have Blanche, and Blanche these provinces ?" 

Shakspeare. 

5. Thorough, when the successive syllables have little 
apparent increase or diminution of force. It is often pro- 
duced with beating regularity, like staccato in music, and 
expresses command or hilarity, and is used in calling, warn- 

□■'□D.D □ 

ing, and threatening (a, e, i, o, u). 

(Effusive.} "Good-by, proud world! I'm going home. 

Thou'rt not my friend, and I'm not thine." 

Emerson. 
(Expulsive.) " If men, when Wrong beats down the Right, 
Would strike together and restore it ; 
If Right made Might in every fight, 
The world would be the better for it." — Clark. 
(Explosive.) "Flashed all their sabres bare, 
Flashed as they turned in air, 
Sab 'ring the gunners there ; 
Charging an army, while 

All the world wondered : 
Plunged in the battery smoke, 
Right through the line they broke ; 
Cossack and Russian 
Reeled from the sabre-stroke 

Shattered and sundered. 
Then they rode back, but not, 
Not the Six Hundred." — Tennyson. 

6. Tremor, when the voice moves unevenly or trembles 
on the syllables. It is an intermittent stress, and expresses 
feebleness, tenderness, admiration, and subdued grief or joy 

(™ e, i, o, u). 

(Effusive.) Grief. 

" 'And shall I never see thee more, 
Mine own delightful home ! 
Nor fetterless as the free winds 
Among thy green fields roam ? 



1G2 MANUAL OF BEADING. 

Those singing brooks ! and shall their tones 
Be never in mine ear ? 

And those dear voices, I could die 
But only once to hear. 

O mother, mother !' " — Mrs. Case, Joan of Arc in Prison. 

(Expulsive.} Age. 

"If they should fire on Pickens, let the colonel in command 
Place me upon the ramparts with the flag-staff in my hand. 
No odds how hot the cannon smoke, or how the shells may fly, 
I'll hold the stars and stripes aloft, and hold them till I die." 

Bayard Taylor. 

(Explosive.) Intense Grief and Supplication. 

" ' O spare my child ! my joy, my pride! 
O give me back my boy!' she cried. 

' My child, my child ! ' with sobs and tears, 

She shrieked upon his calloused ears. " — Mackay. 

Accent* 
Accent is superior force applied to one or more syllables 
of a word, to distinguish them from others in the same 
word, as ?^'sic al, con ver'ti bil'i ty. It is primary and sec- 
ondary. 

1. Primary when, the force is greater upon one syllable 
than upon any other in the word, as cir' cum stances. 

2. Secondary accent is force upon one or more syllables 
of long words, less strongly marked .than the primary, as 
cir'cum stan' ces. The first syllable receives the primary 
and the third the secondary accent. 

The position of accent often decides the meaning of a 
word, as in perfume, per fume'. This belongs to a class of 
words that are used as nouns and as verbs. The nouns 
take the accent on the first, and the verbs on the last sylla- 
ble. 

HJmphasis. 

Emphasis is force upon one or more words, to distinguish 
them from other words in the same sentence. 

Emphasis is of sense, absolute or antithetic ; and of 
emotion, single or cumulative. 

* See Stress, page 158. 



FORCE. 163 

Emphasis of sense brings out the meaning, and emphasis 
of emotion the feeling of the author. 

1. It is absolute when used to express sense; as, Go now! 
"In all ages Love is the truth of life." — Robertson. 

2. Antithetic when used on words in contrast and com- 
parison ; " I said an elder soldier, not a better" You may 
ride, but I shall icalk. 

3. Single emphasis of emotion is force upon single words 
to express strong feeling ; as, 

" Kise, fellow-men, our country yet remains !" 

4. Cumulative emotional emphasis is superior force on a 
succession of words ; as, 

"Heaven for Harry, England, and St. George !" 
"The Union: it must and shall be preserved." 
Force upon an entire phrase or sentence should be con- 
sidered separately with regard to its increase or diminution, 
called climax and anticlimax.* The conditions are more or 
less in accordance with the following statements. 

1. Force may be unchanged throughout an entire period. 

2. It may increase to the end of a clause or sentence. 

3. It may decrease to the end of a clause or sentence. 

4. It may increase to the middle, and decrease to the end. 

5. It may decrease to the middle, and increase to the end. 

6. It may vary irregularly throughout the sentence. 

(Slow, with\ 1. "When Ajax strives some rock's vast weight to throw, 
even force.}*) The line too labors, and the words move slow."' — Pope. 

( < ) 2. " In a clamorous appealing to the mercy of the fire, 

In a mad expostulation with the deaf and frantic fire." — Poe. 
( >) 3. " The loud wind dwindled to a whisper Jow, 

And sighed for pity as it answered ' No.' " — Mackat. 
( x ) 4. " How the danger sinks | and swells, 

( x ) By the sinking or | the swelling 

In the anger of the bells." — Poe. 
(o). 5. " If I were an American, while a foreign troop were landed in 
my country, I never would lay down my arms — NEVER, never, never." — 
Lord Chatham. 

(Irregular.} 6. "Keep yourself from opportunities, and God will keep 
you from sin. Idleness is the sepulchre of a living man." 

* Volume is force and quantity combined. Full volume is made of 
much force, and long time or quantity. 



164 



MANUAL OF BEADING. 









TABLE NO. 32. TIME. 








r Sound (discrete 
notes or syl- < 
lables) 


'Long 1 JMutab,e {~ie. 

L Short J (jtamutable. 








r s ■ 


Silence (rests 
or pauses) 


(Sentential. 
"Vocal or oratorical -(Emotional. 
(Rhythmical. 

. Grammatical. 








1 




r Names — Semi. Minim. Crotchet. Quaver. 


Semi- Demi-seml« 
quaver. Quaver. 








O f m 

Notes h 


1 


% 


K 




Sounds and 
..rests compared 


----- r 7 

Rests ' 


1 


V 

1 


1" 






. B e e S t0 }4 2 1 i 

(Quick, 
r Relative distinctions ^Moderate. 
(Slow. 


i 


X 
8 




, 


'Rate, its 


//-. A„„t /Increase (accelerando). 
Ch n^es J \Decrease (diminuendo) 
(Sudden. 












TVfusical sounds. 












Poetry or words. 










-Rhythm of 




r Dancing. 
Fencing. 

^Motion 1 cahsthefics. 
Trotting. 
^Cantering, etc 







TIME. 165 



TIME. 

Time is a measured portion of duration. In elocution, 
time is a measure of the speed of utterance. As a measure 
of speed of utterance, the duration or quantity of single 
sounds and rests, and the movement of successive sounds 
and rests, must be considered. 

QUANTITY. 

Quantity is the duration or length of single sounds and 
rests. Some sounds are naturally and necessarily longer 
than others ; and while a few, both long and short, can be 
prolonged, others can not : hence they may be classed as 
immutable (those that can not be prolonged) and mutable 
(those that can be prolonged.) The latter, being capable 
of definite or of indefinite prolongation, have received the 
names " definite" and " indefinite''' mutable elements. 

1. The immutable elements of our language are the ab- 
rupts (see Table No. V), p, t, k, b, d, g, which can not be 
prolonged. 

2. The mutable elements are most strongly represented in 
the long vowel sounds, because they are capable of agreea- 
ble prolongation — (see Table No. 6) — e, a, a, a, 6, o, T, u. 

3. The definite mutable elements are the" short vowels (see 
Table No. 6), i, e, a, 6, u, u, and continuants (Table No. 7), 
r, 1, m, n, ng, w, y, h, wh, because, though capable of slight 
prolongation, it is seldom in good taste or agreeable to the 
ear to add to their usual length. 

Examples. 
{Immutable.) " Would you make men trustworthy ? Trust 
them. Would you make them true? Believe them. We 
win by tenderness ; we conquer by forgiveness.'''' — Rob- 
eetson. 



166 MANUAL OF BEADING. 

(Mutable.) 

1 ' Hail, holy Light ! Offspring of heaven first-bora, 
Or of the eternal co-eternal beam, 
May I express thee unblamed ? Since God is light, 
And never but in unapproached light 
Dwelt from eternity, dwelt then in thee, 
Bright effulgence of bright essence increate." — Milton. 

(Definite Mutable.) 

" Up ! comrades, up ! in Rokeby's halls 
Ne'er be it said our courage falls !" — Scott. 

Pests or Pauses. 

A pause is a suspension. In spoken or written language, 
pauses are signs of the divisions of discourse, and may be 
classed as vocal or oratorical, and as grammatical. 

A vocal or oratorical pause is a suspension of voice for 
the purpose of obtaining breath, or to convey to the audi- 
tors the emotion or meaning of the speaker. They may, but 
often do not, coincide with grammatical pauses. Those vo- 
cal pauses that make plain the meaning of the author' or 
speaker are called sentential ; those that express his feelings 
are called emotional ; and those necessary to metrical com- 
position or verse are called rhythmical pauses. 

Rules for the Use of Sentential and Emotional Pauses. 

A sentential or emotional pause should be made — 
1. Before infinitive phrases. 

prepositional phrases. 

relative pronouns. 

adjectives following their nouns. 

the conclusion or closing half of a sentence. 

an ellipsis, or in place of the omitted word. 

a word or phrase of concentrated emphasis. 

Examples. 

1. (Infinitive Phrase.) It is noble | to say little and per- 
form much. 

2. (Prepositional Phrase.) Never measure other people's 
corn | by your own bushel. 

3. (Relative Pronoun?) He laughs best | who laughs last. 



2. 


a 


3. 


a 


4. 


a 


5. 


a 


6. 


a 


7. 


a 



TIME. 167 

4. yp^rpTative.) Dim miniature of greatness | absolute ! 

5. (Conclusion.) The man who spares vice | wrongs virtue. 

6. (Ellipsis.) I fondly dream had I been thou — but what 
could that have done? 

7. (Emphasis) The Union | must be preserved. 

A sentential or emotional pause should be made — 
1. After the nominative or subject phrase. 



the objective phrase in inverted sentences. 

each member of a series. 

and between words in apposition. 

and before a word or phrase in parenthesis. 

and before a quotation. 

the completion of sense. 

emphatic words or subjects. 

each member of a sentence. 



Examples. 

1. (Nominative Phrase) "All high poetry | is infinite." — 
Shelley. 

2. ( Objective Phrase.) "A icord once spoJcen | a coach and 
six horses can not bring it back." — Confucius. 

3. (Members of a Series.) " Here is your unadulterated ale 
of Father Adam ; better than Cognac, \ Hollands, \ Jamai- 
ca, | strong beer, | or wine of any price ; here it is by the 
hogshead or the single glass, and not a cent to pay." — Haw- 
thorne. 

4. (Apposition.) John Chrysostom Wolfgang Gottlieb Mo- 
zart', | the great German composer', was born in Salzburg, 
January 27, 1756. 

5. (Parenthesis) God is thanked | (perhaps unconscious- 
ly) | for the brightness of earth on summer evenings, when 
a brother and sister, who have long been parted, pour out 
their heart -stores to each other, and feel their course of 
thoughts brightening as it runs. 

6. (Quotation) Longfellow says: | "Silently, one by one, 
in the infinite meadows of heaven, blossom the lovely stars, 
the forget-me-nots of the angels y" | and who can forget it? 



168 MANUAL OF READING. 

7. {Complete Sense.) 

" Count that day lost whose low-descending sun 
Views from thy hand no worthy action done. " j 

8. (JUmphasis.) 

1 ' Strike | till the last armed foe expires ! 
Strike | for your altars and your fires ! 
Strike | for the green graves of your sires! 
God and your native land !" — Halleck. 

EHYTHMICAL PAUSES. 

Rhythm is regularly recurring accent in motion or sound, 
as in music, poetry, dancing, fencing, calisthenics, marching, 
and the like.* 

Rhythmical pauses are those cessations of sound necessary 
to metrical composition. 

They are termed final^ ccesural, and demi-ccesural. Final 
pauses occur at the close of lines of poetry, the caesural in 
the middle of the lines, and the demi-csesural subdivide the 
csesural divisions. 

The final Rhythmical Pause : 
" How dear to my heart are the scenes of my childhood, | 
When fond recollection presents them to view ! | 
The orchard, the meadow, the deep-tangled wildwood, | 
And every loved spot which my infancy knew!"| 

Wordsworth. 
The Co? sural Pause : 
" When the humid shadows gather | over all the starry spheres, 
And the melancholy darkness | gently weeps in rainy tears, 
'Tis a joy to press the pillow | of a cottage-chamber bed, 
And listen to the patter | of the soft rain overhead." 

Coates Kinney. 
The Demi-ccesural Pause : 
" There's a land | far away, 'mid the stars, I we are told, 
Where they know not the sorrows of time — 
Where the pure | waters wander through val|leys of gold, 

And life is a treasure sublime." — J. G. Clark. 
The Final, Ccesural, and Demi-ca=sural Pause : 
ii Knowledge comes, | but wisdom lingers, | and he bears | a laden breast, | 
Full of sad experience moving | toward the stillness | of his rest." | 

Tennyson. 

* Notice the distinction between rhythm and metre. Metre is applied to 
words only, while rhythm is applied to motion and to sound, which includes 
words. 



TIME. 169 



Rule for the final Rhythmical Pause. 
If the final pause be necessary to the sense, it may be a 
breathing pause ; if not, it should be a suspension of voice 
without taking breath.* 

Final Breathing Pause : 

"Launch thy bark, mariner! 
Christian, God speed thee ; | 
Let loose the rudder-bands, 

Good angels lead thee ! | 
Set thy sails warily ; 

Tempests may come. 
Steer thy course steadily ; 

Christian, steer home. "|— Mrs. Sodthet. 

Final Pause of Suspension : 

"Yet not to thine eternal resting-place | 
Shalt thou retire alone, nor couldst thou wish | 
Couch more magnificent. Thou shalt lie down | 
"With patriarchs of the infant world, with kings, 
The powerful of the earth — the wise, the good — 
Fair forms, and hoary seers of ages past, | 
All in one mighty sepulchre." — W. C.Bryant. 

GRAMMATICAL PAUSES, OR PUNCTUATION MARKS. 

Grammatical pauses, or marks of punctuation, are visible 
signs made in written or printed composition to indicate 
more plainly the meaning of the author's words. 

The principal signs are the 

(,) Comma. 

(;) Semicolon. 

(:) Colon. 

(.) Period, denoting a full stop, and abbreviations; as, 
H. for Henry, Mr. for Mister. 

(?) Interrogation Point, showing that a question is 
asked. ^ 

* In reading poetry there are two common errors. First, that of running 
one line into another without pause ; the second, that of taking breath at 
the end of each line. The true artist heeds neither the presence nor ab- 
sence of grammatical pauses or punctuation, particularly in reading blank 
verse. The voice should poise, as it were, upon the last word of the line, 
but, unless the sense requires it, not long enough to take breath. 

H 



170 MANUAL OF READING. 

(!) Exclamation Point, which follows expressions of 
strong emotion. 

The remaining signs in common use include the 

(-) Hyphen, used to connect compound words and to 
separate the syllables of a word ; as, wild - wood, con- 
stancy. 

( — ) Dash, denoting a sudden pause, or change of sub- 
ject, and sometimes for a parenthesis. 

( ) ( * * * ) Ellipsis, showing the omission of letters 

in a word, or words in a sentence ; as, M y for Mary, 

I go to * * * to-morrow. 

[ ( ) ] Parenthesis, inclosing an explanatory phrase or 
sentence. 

( [ ] ) Brackets, or crotchets. 

("") Quotation Marks, showing that the exact words 
of another are used. 

(') Apostrophe, denoting the possessive case, or that 
,one or more letters in a word have been omitted; as, 'pon, 
sigh'd, man's life. 

(A) Caret, showing that by mistake one or more letters 

n is 

have been omitted ; as, boded, God love. 

A A 

( } ) Brace, used to connect several words with a com- 
mon term. 

( " ) Dleresis, placed over the latter of two vowels to 
indicate a division of syllables between them; as, aerial 
(a-e-rial). 

( IdlF 3 ) Index, referring to an important statement. 

( % ) Paragraph, indicating the commencement of a new 
subject: 

(§) Section, used to divide a chapter or a book into 
parts. 

(*) Asterisk, 



( f ) Obelisk, or Dagger, 
(I) Double Dagger, 
( § ) Section, 
( || ) Parallels, 
(*j[) Paragraph, 
Letters and figures, 



refer to notes in the margin, 
or at the bottom of the 
page. 



TIME. 171 



MOVEMENT. 

Movement, in this connection, means the motion or pro- 
gression in time, and includes rate and rhythm. The rate 
or speed of movement is classed as quick, moderate, and 
slow. 

Quick or rapid movement is used to express haste, alarm, 
confusion, terror, joy, mirth, humor, and animation; as, 

"Away! away! our fires stream bright 
Along the frozen river, 
And their arrowy sparkles of brilliant light 
On the forest branches quiver." — Bryant. • 

Moderate movement is the speed used in simple narra- 
tion, description, or didactic thought ; as, 
" Oh, Maggie Bell, sweet Maggie Bell, 
'Twere better for me had thy funeral knell 
Been tolled ere we parted, upon the old bell ; 
'Twere better for me, and better for thee, 
Had I been content with a simple lot, 
With honest toil and a humble cot ; 
Had I but made thee my honor and fame, 
My world and my fortune, ambition and aim, 
Thy lore would have been all these to me." 

Slow movement expresses emotions of sublimity, grief, 
pathos, melancholy, reverence, deep repose, grandeur, maj- 
esty, vastness, power, splendor, adoration, and horror ; as, 
"When Ajax strives some rock's vast weight to throw, 
The line too labors, and the words move slow." — Pope. 

1 ' He is gone on the mountain, he is lost to the forest, 
Like some summer-dried fountain when our need was the sorest ; 
The fount reappearing from the rain-drops shall borrow, 
But to us comes no cheering, to Duncan no morrow. 
The hand of the reaper takes the ears that are hoary, 
But the voice of the weeper wails manhood in glory ; 
The autumn winds rushing waft the leaves that are serest, 
But our flower was in flushing when blighting was nearest. 
Like the dew on the mountain, like the foam on the river, 
Like the bubble on the fountain, thou art gone and forever." 

Scott. 



SELECTIONS 
FOR THE LITTLE FOLKS. 



The simplest matter is often hardest to read. Let the 
best reader try his skill upon lessons prepared for chil- 
dren, or any simple narration, and he will discover the 
difficulties which the young reader encounters. First, the 
words must mean something ; and if a long word occurs 
now and then, do not wait for the child to study it out 
until he has forgotten the story, but help him by speaking 
the word, or even the entire phrase, if necessary. He will 
then keep the meaning in mind, and become interested in 
learning. It is no wonder a child reads stupidly such un- 
satisfactory and unmeaning phrases as " I go up," " You 
go down," when what he goes irpjbr, or how, or when, or 
where, is wholly unknown. 

In order to obtain a variety of new selections suited to 
a natural style of reading, special permission has been ob- 
tained to copy from three monthly magazines, viz., " The 
Nursery" and " Our Young Folks," published in Boston, 
and " The Little Corporal," published in Chicago. Many 
of the selections found in this volume can not be copied 
without permission from the owners of the copyrights. 

The selections for " little folks" are simple enough for 
any child that can recognize common monosyllables at 
sight. Hard words, particularly proper names, will soon 
be learned as sight- words. 

Those who expect to instruct children will do well to 
practice these selections. 



174 MANUAL OF READING. 



JOHNNY'S FIRST SNOW-STORM.— From the Nursery. 

Johnny Reed was a lit/tie boy who nev'er saw a snow'- 
storm till he was six years old. Before this, he had lived in 
a warm coun'try, where the sun shines down on beau'tiful 
or'ange-groves, and fields al'ways sweet with flow'ers. In 
the win'ter, there, rain falls in'stead of snow. 

But now he had come to vis'it his grand-moth'er, who 
lived where the snow falls in win'ter. And Johnny was 
standing at the win'dow when the snow came down. 

"Oh mamma!" he cried, joy'fully, "do come quick, and 
see all these lit'tle white birds fly'ing down from heaven !" 

" They are not birds, Johnny," said mamma, smiling. 

" Then maybe the lit'tle an 'gels are dancing, and los'ing 
their feath'ers ! Oh ! do tell me what it is : is it sug'ar ? 
Let me taste it," said Johnny. 

But, when he tasted it, he gave a lit'tle jump, it was so 
cold. 

"It is snow, Johnny," said his mother. 

"And what is snow, mother?" 

" The snow-flakes, Johnny, are little drops of wa'ter that 
fall from the clouds. But the air through which they pass 
is so cold, it freez'es them, and they come down turned to 
snow. In the sum'mer, here, it is too warm for snow, but 
the win'ter is very cold." 

As she said this, she brought out an old black hat from 
the closet. 

" See, Johnny, I have caught a snow-flake on this hat. 
Look quick through this glass, and you will see how beau'- 
tiful it is." 

Johnny looked through the glass. There lay the snow- 
flake like a lovely lit'tle star. 

" Twin'kle, twin'kle, little star," he cried, in delight. " Oh ! 
please show me more." 

So his mamma caught sev'eral more. They were all beau'- 
tiful, yet no one was shaped like another. 

The next day Johnny had a fine play in the snow, and, 
when he came in, he said, " I love snow ; and I think snow- 
balls are a great deal pret'tier than or'anges." 



SELECTIONS FOR THE LITTLE FOLKS. 175 



THE SNOW MAN.— From the Little Corporal 
In the blinding, whirling snow, 

Jolly snow-birds now are we ! 
Roll his body while we go ; 

Plant him up against a tree ! 

Fix him up a pair of hands ; 

Then a pair of funny legs ; 
Count how many feet he stands — 

Ain't he shaky on his pegs ! 

Nimble fingers, how they fly ! 

Laughing cheeks are cherry red ! 
Punch him here and there an eye — 

What a precious pumpkin head ! 

Ringing shouts are in the air — 
Now he's done, except the nose ! 

Pop him here and pop him there — 
One, two, three, and down he goes ! 



JINGLE, JINGLE I— From the Nursery. 
Jingle, jingle ! up and down, 
Sleighs are flying through the town 
Jingle, jingle ! don't you hear 
Merry sleigh-bells far and near ? 

Get a sleigh that's large and wide ; 
Let the children have a ride — 
Henry, Ellen, Tom, and Ann, 
George and Jane, and little Fan. 

Yes, there's room enough for all : 
Bring another blanket-shawl ; 
Tuck them in. Away we go, 
Jingle, jingle! through the snow. 

Jingle, jingle ! now we meet 
Faces gay and horses fleet ; 
And we laugh, and shout, and sing, 
While the merry sleigh-bells ring. 



176 MANUAL OF READING. 



LEARNING TO FLY.— From the Nursery. 

When the little chicks were three weeks old, their mother 
thought they were strong enough to learn to fly. So she 
flew up on a bush. Then she looked, and called for the lit- 
tle ones to come. One bold little chick flew up a short way, 
and then fell to the ground. 

The sun was going down, and it was time for all little 
chicks to go to bed. Their mother flew up on the roost and 
waited for them. 

Then the little chicks all began to cry, and kept looking 
up to their mother, as if to say, " We can not fly up so high. 
Oh dear ! what shall we do ? Do help us up." 

But their mother kept cheering them by little soft sounds, 
which meant " Come up, my darlings ! Come up, my dear 
little chicks ! It is not so hard as you think it is. Just try." 

By-and-by they had all flown up to the roost — all but one 
poor little chick. This one was smaller than the rest, and 
its wings were not so much grown. So it just ran off alone 
in the corner, and seemed very sad. Then Lucy took it in 
her hands, and put it up on the roost. 

One little chick flew up on its mother's back. Then they 
all shut up their eyes and went to sleep. 



MIND YOUR STEPS.— From the Nursery. 

George caught sight of a big brown but'terfly. "I will 
have that fellow !" said George. So off he dashed after the 
but'terfly, hat in hand. Down in the hol'low, up on the hill, 
over the lawn — away he went at full speed. "Now I've 
got him !" said George, making a swoop with his hat. 

Well, George did not get the but'terfly, but he got a fall. 
I wonder if the but'terfly laughed to see him sprawl'ing on 
the ground ? 

If but'terflies can laugh, I think this one did, for he look- 
ed on very sau'cily while George was pick'ing him'self up, 
and then whisked away over the fields, as much as to say, 
" Would you like to try another race with me, my young 
friend ? Good-by ! I must leave you." 



SELECTIONS FOE THE LITTLE FOLKS. 177 



HANG UP THE BABY'S STOCKING. 

Hang up the baby's stocking ; 

Be sure that you don't forget 
The dear little dimpled darling — 

He never saw Christmas yet. 
But I have told him all about it, 

And he opened his big black eyes, 
And I am sure he understood me, 

He looked so funny and wise. 

Dear, dear, what a tiny stocking ! 

It doesn't take much to hold 
Such little pink toes as baby's 

Away from the frost and cold. 
But then, for the baby's Christmas, 

It never will do at all : 
Why, Santa Claus won't be looking 

For any thing half so small. 

I know what we'll do for the baby — 

I have thought of the very best plan — 
We will borrow a stocking of grandma, 

The longest that ever we can, 
And you will hang it by mine, dear mother, 

Right here in the corner — so — 
And write a letter to Santa, 

And fasten it on the toe. 

Write, " This is the baby's stocking, 

That hangs in the corner here ; 
You never have seen him, Santa, 

For he only came this year ; 
But he is just the blessedest baby ! 

And now, before you go, 
Just cram his stocking with goodies 

From the top clear down to the toe." 
H2 



MANUAL OF READING. 



FRETTING JENNIE. 
Little Jennie, fretful, 

Sitting in a tree, 
Worried at the buzzing 

Of a humble-bee. 

Said she had a headache, 
Wished it would be still ; 

Knew it buzzed on purpose 
To defy her will. 

Buzzing bee was happy, 

Busy at its work, 
Gathering stores of honey — 

Never thought to shirk ; 

Never thought of Jennie, 

Fretting in the tree, 
It was such a happy, 

Busy little bee. 

Jennie grew more fretful 
When it answered not, 

Said 'twas really hateful — 
That was what she thought. 

Still the bee kept buzzing, 
Glad its sphere to fill ; 

Discontented Jennie 
May be fretting still. 

Are there not some Jennies, 
Boys and girls, you know, 

Who to fret at others 
Are not slack or slow ? 

Forth to duty, children ! 

Like the busy bee, 
Minding not cross Jennie, 

On her fretting tree. 



SELECTIONS FOR THE LITTLE FOLKS. 179 

OLD HERO.— From the Nursery. 

Ann and her little sister Mary went out to the pasture 
one bright summer day to see the old horse. The horse 
stood in the shade of the great elm-tree, and, as the two 
girls came up, he put his head over the fence, as though he 
was glad to see them. 

" Let me feed him," said Mary ; and she plucked a bunch 
of clover to give to the horse. 

But when she held it to his mouth, he reached out for it 
with his upper lip, and gave a slight snort that startled the 
little girl. She drew back timidly. 

" Don't be afraid," said Ann. " He will not hurt you. 
Good old horse ! See me pat him on the head." Then little 
Mary took courage, and let the old horse eat the clover from 
her hand. 

Now I must tell you something about this old horse. 
Mary's father, who was a doctor, bought him when he was 
a colt, and named him Hero. For many and many a year 
he carried the doctor on his rounds, and served the whole 
family faithfully. 

He was older than the oldest of the doctor's children, and 
was such a gentle, steady, useful creature that they all be- 
came much attached to him. 

By-and-by Hero grew so old that he was not able to do 
his usual work. One day a man said to the doctor, " That 
horse is of no use to you now. Sell him to me. I will give 
you twelve dollars for him. I want him to work in my 
tread-mill." 

Wasn't there an outcry in the house when the folks heard 
this ! The idea of selling old Hero to be worked in a tread- 
mill ! That was too bad. But the doctor's answer to the 
man settled the matter very soon. 

" My friend," said he, " there is not money enough in your 
town to buy this horse for a tread-mill." 

Soon after this old Hero got so lame that he was not fit 
to work at all. Then somebody said, "That horse is good 
for nothing. I would kill him if I were you." 

There was another outburst in the family when the doc- 



180 MANUAL OF HEADING. 

» 

tor told this. " Papa," said Mary, with her lip quivering, 
" if you let old Hero be killed, you will be a cruel man." 

"That's just what I think," said the doctor. "No, old 
fellow," said he, patting Hero, " you shall not be killed. 
You shall have no more* work to do. You shall take your 
ease. You shall have the best stall in the stable, and we 
will take care of you as long as you live." 

So, after that, Hero was one of the family pets. 

In the summer his shoes were taken off, and he was put in 
the richest pasture to roam at will. 

He lived upon the fat of the land, and grew so strong and 
hearty, that, when I last saw him, the old, broken-down horse 
was frisking about like a young colt. 

I wish that all horses could have such a- happy old age. 



THE FIRST SNOW.— From the Nursery. 
Drop, pretty snow-flakes, one by one ; 
Don't be afraid of the noon-day sun. 
Build up your palaces crystal white, 
Aladdin-like, in a single night. 

Hide the old fences under your veil ; 
Cover the dimples of hill and of dale ; 
Don't let the trees go naked, but place 
On their shivering limbs a web of your lace. 

Visit the martin-house if you will, 
Or lodge all night on my window-sill ; 
Call on the well-sweep, and wreathe it about 
With fringes, as well as the water-spout. 

Give to the door-bell a fleecy cap ; 
Lend the salt hay-cocks an ermine wrap ; 
And drift just enough to make the world look 
As if it had stepped from a fairy brook. 



THE MOTHER-BIRD.— From the Nursery. 
" Peep, peep, peep !" says she ; 
" One, two, three, one, two, three 
Little birds who wait for me ! 



SELECTIONS FOR THE LITTLE FOLKS. 181 

" One is yellow, two are brown, 

And their throats are soft with down ; 

On each head a scarlet crown. 

" Mother-bird is flying fast ; 
Soon your hunger will be past : 
Here is mother, come at last. 

" Peep, peep, peep !" says she : 
" And can it be ? — ah ! can it be ? 
No little ones are here for me." 

In vain her cry, in vain her quest. 

A thoughtless boy has robbed her nest : 

She looks around with aching breast. 

In reviewing a piece of this kind, there is an opportunity for the teacher 
to impress the mind of the pupil with a desire to protect and care for ani- 
mals, and to abhor cruelty. 



WHAT THE FLOWERS WISHED.— From the Nursery. 

A FABLE. 

On the edge of a stream grew a Lily, a Rose, a Daisy, and 
a Violet. 

" I would like," said the Lily, " to bloom in the pal'-ace of 
the king ; to be. seen by the lords and ladies in their fine 
dress'-es of vel'-vet, silk, and gold." 

" As for me," said the Rose, " I would like to be taken by 
some learn 'ed flor'-ist, who would look at me through his 
eye-glass, and then have me dried, and placed where I would 
be seen and known to fame." 

" I do not care for kings and learn'ed men," said the Daisy. 
" What I would like would be to be put among the flowers 
of a wreath for the gold'en locks of some fair young girl." 

And what said the Violet when it was her turn to speak? 
She said, "Let the good God do with me as he will!" 

The son of the king gathered the Lily. 

An old flor'-ist plucked the Rose. 

A young girl with gold'en locks took the Daisy. 

Then along the bor'der of the stream came a poor child, 
thin, sick'ly, and burnt by the sun. Her feet were bare, and 



182 MANUAL OP READING. 

her dress was patched and rag'-ged. She gath'-ered the 
Violet. 

On the even'-ing of that day the Lily was put on a table 
in the palace of the king. Great lords and ladies praised 
the Lily's beauty, and the queen stooped to breathe its 
per'-fume. 

The Rose was put by the flor'-ist between two leaves of 
gray paper; and then some heav'-y books, which crushed it 
by their weight, were put on it ; and thus it had the fame it 
had longed for. 

The Daisy shone like a star on the brow of the young girl 
with golden locks as she led the dance in a light'-ed hall. 

Mean'-while, on some straw in a barn, where she had been 
told to lie down, the poor child who had plucked the Violet 
pressed it to her lips, and said in her heart, " How good is 
God to scatter his flowers on the earth, where we all can 
pluck them." 

And if they had told the Violet that she might change 
her lot for that of the Daisy, the Rose, or the Lily, the Vio- 
let would have said, " I prefer to stay where I am." 



WHO KILLED TOM ROPER ?— From the Temperance Speaker. 

Who killed Tom Roper ? 
" Not I," said New Cider: 
" I couldn't kill a spider — 
I didn't kill Tom Roper." 

" Not I," said Strong Ale : 
"I make men tough. and hale — 
I didn't kill Tom Roper." 

" Not I," said Lager Bier : 
" I don't intoxicate. D'ye hear? 
I didn't kill Tom Roper." 

" Not I," said Bourbon "Whisky : 
" I make sick folks spry and frisky ; 
The doctors say so — don't they know 
What quickens blood that runs so slow ? 
I didn't kill Tom Roper." 



SELECTIONS FOR THE LITTLE FOLKS. 183 

" Not I," said sparkling old Champagne : 
" No poor man e'er by me was slain ; 
I cheer the rich in lordly halls, 
And scorn the place where the drunkard falls — 
I didn't kill Tom Roper." 

" Not we," said various other wines : 
"What! juice of grapes, product of vines 
Kill a man ! The Bible tells 
That wine all other drink excels — 
We didn't kill Tom Roper." 

" Not I," said Holland Gin : 
" To charge such a crime to me is sin — 
I didn't kill Tom Roper." 

" Not I," spoke up the Brandy strong : 
" He grew too poor to buy me long — 
I didn't kill Tom Roper." 

" Not I," said Medford Rum : 
" He was almost gone before I come — 
I didn't kill Tom Roper." 

" Ha ! ha !" laughed old Prince Alcohol : 
" Each struck the blow that made him fall ; 
And all that helped to make him toper, 
My agents were to kill Tom Roper." 



PLAYING SCHOOL.— From the Nursery. 

" Oh ! I am tired of run'ning about !" said Ruth May to 
her little cousins, who had come to spend a day with her. 
'-' Suppose we find a shady place and play school ?" 

" Oh yes !" they all cried. " That will be nice fun." 

" And, Ruthie," said George, " you must be the teacher, 
because you are the oldest." 

" Well, so I will," said Ruth. " But, when I am teacher, 
you must not call me Ruthie ; you must all say Miss May 
very politely." 

" Oh yes ! we had better begin right off," said Dora, a 
bright little girl of five years. "Miss May, will you please 
show us where the school-room is ?" 



184 MANUAL OF READING. 

" Yes, dear," said Ruth. " On the bench under the old 
apple-tree at the end of the orchard: that will be just the 
place. I will run in for some books, and then we will all go 
there." 

So here they are under the tree; Miss May with a long 
rod, " to keep roguish children in order," as she says. 

Bessie, a little girl of three years, when she sees this, says, 
" You wouldn't really hurt us with it, would you, Cousin 
Ruth?" 

" Oh no, darling !" replied Ruth. " I shall only tingle 
your fingers a little bit, just for fun." 

I think she will have to try it on George's fingers first, for 
he is slyly pulling Dora's hair as she slips down from the 
seat, and holds up her hand to know if she may speak. 

" What is it, Dora ?" says the teacher. 

" Please, Miss May, I know my lesson," answers Dora. 

"Very well, dear. Now I will hear you spell. George 
may begin. Spell bird, George." 

" B-w-r-d," says George. " Halloa ! there's one on the 
end of that branch. Wouldn't I like to catch him !" 

"For shame, sir!" says Ruth. "Go to the foot of the 
class. Now, Dora, let me hear you spell it." 

" B-i-r-d, bird," Dora says, very promptly. 

Then Ruth gives little Bessie the word " cat" to spell. 
She thinks a minute, and then says, 

" C-a-t, pussy," which makes them all laugh. 

" You mean cat, darling," Ruth says ; " but that is very 
well for such a little girl." 

Then they read and count, and so go on playing, till by- 
and-by a voice from the other side of the fence says sud- 
denly, 

" Please, ma'am, may I come to school too ? I'll be good." 

All turn to see whose voice it is, when who should ap- 
pear but Ruth's father, who is coming to see where they all 
are. 

" Oh, Uncle John !" the three little ones call out, " how 
you did startle us !" 

" And how funny it would be for a big man to come to 
school !" says little Bessie, with a merry laugh. 



SELECTIONS FOR THE LITTLE FOLKS. 185 

"Do you think I am too big, Bess?" Uncle John says. 
" Well, then, come here, and you shall ride to the house 
on my shoulder, for I hear the dinner-bell ringing." 

" Who would have thought it was so late !" says Ruth. 
" School is dismissed. Pick up your doll, Dora ; and, George, 
bring the books. Haven't we had a nice time ?" 

"Yes, indeed!" says Dora; "and we've really learned 
something too." 



LITTLE BOY'S POCKET ; OR THE YOUNG PHILOSOPHER. 

From Hearth and Home. 

Do you know what's in my pottet ? 

Such a lot of treasure's in it ! 

Listen, now, while I bedin it. 

Such a lot of sings it hold, 

And all there is, you sail be told 
Every sin dat's in my pottet, 
And when, and where, and how I dot it* 

First of all, here's in my pottet 

A beauty shell : I picked it up ; 

And here's the handle of a tup 

That somebody has broke at tea ; 

The shell's a hole in it, you see ; 
Nobody knows that I have dot it — 
I keep it safe here in my pottet. 

And here's my ball, too, in my pottet, 
And here's my pennies, one, two, fre, 
That Aunty Mary gave to me ; 
To-morrow-day I'll buy a spade, 
When I'm out walking with the maid ; 

I can't put dat here in my pottet, 

But I can use it when I've dot it. 

Here's some more sins in my pottet ! 

Here's my lead, and here's my string, 

And once I had an iron ring, 

But through a hole it lost one day ; 

And this is what I always say — 
A hole's the worst sin in a pottet — 
Have it mended when you've dot it. 



186 : MANUAL OF READING. 



AUNT MARY'S BULLFINCH.— From the Nursery. 

Edith has been to see her aunt Mary's new bird. Aunt 
Mary brought it from Ger'many. It is a bullfinch. 

Aunt Mary's bird is what they call a " pip'iug bull'finch ;" 
by which we mean that it has been taught to pipe or sing 
tunes. 

Aunt Mary took Edith on her knee, and told her about 
these pip'ing bull'finches. 

" There are men," said Aunt Mary, " who spend a great 
deal of time in teach 'ing these birds to sing tunes, and then 
sell them for a high price. 

"It must be funny, must it not? to see a school of bull'- 
finches learning to sing! Shall I tell you how they are 
taught ? 

" First of all, they are tak'en when they are quite young, 
not more than ten days old ; and they have great care giv'en 
to them till they are about two months old, when they grow 
to be quite tame. 

" Soon ■ they begin to whis'tle ; and then their mas'ter 
knows it is time to begin to teach them. What does he do 
then, do you think? Does he fetch out primers and spell'- 
ing-books, and pen'cils and slates ? Oh no ! noth'ing of the 
kind. 

"He di-vides his lit'tle school into classes of about six 
birds in each, and shuts them up in a dark room, where they 
are left for some time with-out any food. The poor lit'tle 
birds won'der what it all means, and grow quite sad. 

" Then their mas'ter comes in, and begins play'ing over 
and over one tune on what is called a bird-or'gan; that is, a 
kind of ti'ny or gan, the notes of which are very like those 
of a bull'finch. 

" Soon the lit'tle birds begin to lis'ten ; and after the same 
air has been played over I am sure I can not tell you how 
many times, some of the birds try to sing the air. 

" As soon as they do this, some food is given to them as 
a reward, and the light is let in ; and so, at last, they begin 
to find out what their mas'ter wants them to do. 

" The same thing goes on day after day for a long time, 



SELECTIONS FOR THE LITTLE FOLKS. 187 

till they sing quite boldly, and then the classes are bro'ken 
up, and each bird is put under the care of a boy, who plays 
that one tune over all day long, so that the bull'finch may 
learn it well. 

" These little birds remem'ber their teach'ers a long time, 
and often seem very fond of them. m 

"In his wild state the bull'finch is quite a good sing'er, 
and it is fun'ny to watch him while he is sing'ing. He puffs 
out his feath'ers, and moves about his head, as if try'ing to 
do his best ; but, when he sees some one look'ing at him, he 
will fly off." 

This was the end of Aunt Mary's sto'ry ; and then her lit- 
tle bull'finch sang the tune of " Sweet Home." Edith was 
much pleased, and went home and told her moth'er all about 
the pip'ing bull'finch. 



LITTLE MARY'S BOUQUET.— From the Little Corporal 

" To-morrow is little Mary's birth-day," said the garden- 
er, as he examined his flowers. " She must have a nice 
bouquet." 

" To-morrow is little Mary's birth-day," whispered the 
flowers to one another. " To-morrow ! to-morrow !" 

" My buds are all ready," said the rose. 

" So are mine," said the sunflower. 

The pansies smiled at the thought, but the sunflower held 
his head so high that he did not see them. 

" I'd rather stand in this garden than be put in the queen's 
bouquet," said a tall hollyhock. 

"I've no flowers to spare for any one," said the money- 
wort, anxiously counting her buds. 

" Don't be a miser," said the ragged robin. " They may 
have all of mine." 

" I would like to go to little Mary," said the mignonette. 

" My dear child, don't think of such a thing," said a gay 
tulip, spreading her petals. " You have no beauty." 

" I know it," said the mignonette, mournfully. 

" Never mind," said the rose ; " you have perfume, and 
some think that better than beauty." 



188 MANUAL OF HEADING. 

" Ah !" said the tulip. 

" Why are you here, pray ?" said a pert little lady's-slip- 
per to a bright dandelion, as she gave her a sly kick. 

"If it comes to that, why are you here?" said the dande- 
lion. 

"Because I was planted here," said the lady's - slipper. 
"You are wild, but I came in a paper bag, with my name on 
it, and was planted by the gardener." 

" Perhaps I am a little wild," said the dandelion ; " but I 
was planted here ; and, besides, I can tell the time." 

" I never heard of a dandelion's being planted," said the 
lady's-slipper. 

" I never heard of a dandelion telling time," said a four- 
o'clock. 

" At all events, I was blown here by some one who want- 
ed to know what time it was." 

" Did they find out ?" interrupted the four-o'clock. 

" And I thought, as I was here, I might as well grow," con- 
tinued the dandelion. "I am good to eat, and I can be 
made into coffee." 

" Don't say any thing about time, whatever you do," said 
the four-o'clock; "I am the only one who knows about time." 

" Thyme ! thyme !". said the summer savory. " There are 
plenty of sweet herbs better than thyme." 

" What are you quarreling about, you foolish little 
things ?" said the sunflower. " I can tell time ; I go by the 
sun." 

" What will you do to-morrow, when the clouds come 
over and hide the sun ?" asked a poor-man's-weather-glass 
at his feet. 

" I can guess at it," said the sunflower ; " but you must 
be a very poor-man's-weather-glass to talk of clouds when 
the sky is so bright." 

" I feel it in my fibres," said the weather-glass. 

"For pity's sake, can any one tell me if it is four yet?" said 
the four-o'clock. " Here I have been gossiping, and forget- 
ting all about it." 

" I can see the clock," said a sweet pea, on tiptoe. " It is 
half past four." 



SELECTIONS FOR THE LITTLE FOLKS. 189 

"Dear me!" said the four - o'clock ; "I promised these 
buds they should be out to-day, and now they will have to 
wait till four to-morrow morning, and then there will be no 
one to see them but the early birds. It is too bad." 

" Only blame to yourself, madam," said a thistle. 

The four-o'clock made no reply, for she knew she would 
suffer if she meddled with him. The next morning, early, 
the gardener came to make a bouquet. He made it of love- 
ly pink sweet peas, purple pansies, rose-buds wet with dew, 
the modest mignonette, the spicy carnation, fragrant gera- 
nium leaves, and delicate heliotrope. 

" Every bouquet should have a bit of yellow," said the 
gardener, as he added a dandelion. "There! that finishes it, 
and it is fit for a queen ;" and he carried it away. 

" Just to think ! He took that saucy dandelion, and left 
me," said the lady's-slipper. 

" What is a bouquet without me ?" said the tulip, tossing 
her head. " No matter; I shall live the longer." 

" So shall I," said ragged robin ; but no one took any no- 
tice of him, because he Avas a ragged robin. 



CHOICE OF TRADES.— From the Festival. 

A RECITATION FOR LITTLE BOYS. 

This recitation should be accompanied with appropriate 
action. Thus the farmer should make the motion for sow- 
ing, reaping, plowing, binding, and pitching away ; the car- 
penter for planing, hammering, and sawing ; the mason for 
bricklaying and smoothing ; the smith for blows on the an- 
vil, and the shoemaker for sewing shoes, etc. 

First Boy. When I'm a man, a man, 
I'll be a farmer if I can — and I can ! 
I'll plow the ground, and the seed I'll sow ; 
I'll reap the grain, and the grass I'll mow ; 
I'll bind the sheaves, and I'll rake the hay, 
And pitch it up on the mow away, 

When I'm a man. 
Second Boy. When I'm a man, a man, 
I'll be a carpenter if I can — and I can ! 



190 MANUAL OF READING. 

I'll plane like this, and I'll hammer so, 
And this is the way my saw shall go. 
I'll make bird-houses, and sleds, and boats, 
And a ship that shall race every craft that floats, 
When I'm a man. 

Third Boy. When I'm a man, a man, 
A blacksmith I'll be if I can — and I can ! 
Clang, clang, clang shall my anvil ring, 
And this is the way the blows I'll swing. 
I'll shoe your horse, sir, neat and tight, 
Then I'll trot round the square to see if it's right, 
When I'm a man. 

Fourth Boy. When I'm a man, a man, 
A mason I'll be if I can — and I can ! 
I'll lay a brick this way, and lay one that, 
Then take my trowel and smooth them flat ; 
Great chimneys I'll make ; I think I'll be able 
To build one as high as the Tower of Babel 
When I'm a man. 

Fifth Boy. When I'm a man, a. man, 
I'll be a shoe-maker if I can — and I can ! 
I'll sit on a bench, with my last held so, 
And in and out shall my needles go. 
I'll sew so strong that my work shall wear 
Till nothing is left but my stitches there, 
When I'm a man. 

Sixth Boy. When I'm a man, a man, 
A doctor I'll be if I can — and I can ! 
My powders and pills shall be nice and sweet, 
And you shall have just what you like to* eat ; 
I'll prescribe for you riding, and sailing, and such ; 
And, 'bove all things, you must never study too much 
When I'm a man. 

Seventh Boy. When I'm a man, a man, 
I'll be a minister if I can — and I can ! 
And once in a while a sermon I'll make 
That will keep little boys and girls awake ; 



SELECTIONS FOE THE LITTLE FOLKS. 191 

For ah ! dear me ! if the ministers knew 
How glad we are when they get through ! — 
When I'm a man. 

Eighth Boy. When I'm a man, a man, 
A teacher I'll be if I can— and I can ! 
I'll sing to my scholars, fine stories I'll tell ; 
I'll show them pictures, and, well — oh ! well, 
They shall have some lessons — I s'pose they ought ; 
But oh ! I shall make them so very short, 
When I'm a man. 

Ninth JBoy. When I'm a man, a man, 
I'll be a school-committee if I can — and I can ! 
'Bout once a week I'll come into school, 
And say, " Miss Teacher, I've made a rule 
That boys and girls need a good deal of play ; 
You may give these children a holiday" — 
When I'm a man. 

Tenth Boy. When I'm a man, a man, 
I'll be a president if I can — and I can ! 
My uncles and aunts are a jolly set, 
.And I'll have them all in my cabinet , 
I shall live in the White House ; and I hope you all, 
When you hear I'm elected, will give me a call 
When I'm a man. 

(All in concert, or, if they can not be trained to speak it 
in concert so as to make every word understood, let the best 
speaker step forward, and repeat alone in a distinct voice), 

When we are men, are men, 
I hope we shall do great things ; and then, 
Whatever we do, this thing we say, 
We'll do our work in the very best way ; 
And you shall see, if you know us then, 
We'll be good, and honest, and useful men— 
When we are men. 



192 MANUAL OF READING. 

MYSTERIES.— From the Little Corporal. 

"Where are you going, dear little feet ? 

Restless, pattering things ! 
Bearing your burden, soft and sweet, 

Swift as the swallow's wings. 

What are you doing, dear little hands ? 

Busy from morn till night ! 
Counting the hours by golden sands, 

Charming with new delight. 

What are you saying, dear little tongue ? 

Chattering all day long, 
Words that the wild birds teach their young, 

Sweeter than peach or song. 

What are you seeking, wandering eyes ? 

Gazing away to the West ; 
Watching the rosy, sunset skies, 

Where the day sinks to rest. 

Ah ! little tender baby soul, 
Wonderful dreams are yours ! 

Life must be sweet when life is new, 
Long as the world endures. 



WATER. 

Water ! water ! cries the bird, 
With his singing, gentle note : 

And the liquid sound is heard 
Pouring from his little throat ; 

Water 1 water ! clear and sweet ! 
Te-weet ! te weet ! 

Water ! water ! roars the ox, 
While it rushes at his side, 

Down among the mossy rocks 
Rippling with its crystal tide ; 

Water ! water ! pure and true ! 
Moo ! moo ! 



SELECTIONS FOR THE LITTLE FOLKS. 193 

Water ! water ! said the tree, 

With its branches spreading high ; 

Water ! water ! rustled he, 

For his leaves were very dry ; 

Water ! water for the tree, 
Pure and free. 

Water ! water ! said the flower, 

Whispering with its perfumed breath ; 

Let me have it in an hour, 

Ere I, thirsting, droop in death ! 

Water ! water ! soft and still, 
Is my will. 

Water ! water ! said the grain, 

With its yellow head on high ; 
And the spreading, fertile plain, 

Ripening, joined the swelling cry ; 
Water for the grains of gold ! 
Wealth untold ! 

Water ! water ! sparkling, pure, 

Giveth Nature every where — 
If you drink it, I am sure 

It will never prove a snare. 
Water is the thing for me — 
Yes, and thee. 

Water ! water ! Young and old 

Drink it, crystal-like and sweet ; 
Never heed the tempter bold — 

Smash him underneath your feet ! 
Water ! water ! Youth, for thee — 
Thee and me. 



TOMMY'S WEEK.— From the Little Corporal. 

The first day, of course, was Sunday. Sunday always 
comes first in my weeks, though I have heard people say it 
came away down at the end, after Saturday. It came first 
in Tommy's week, but he didn't know much about it until 
he waked up one morning and found the sun shining very 

I 



194 MANUAL OF READING. 

bright, and wondered why his mamma didn't get up and 
dress him. Then he crept out of bed, and went to the win- 
dow, and stood there in his little night-gown watching an 
old robin that was feeding her babies with worms for break- 
fast. The baby robins ojDened their mouths very wide, and 
seemed to relish their breakfast, which reminded Tommy 
that he wanted his own. But when he turned around from 
the window, he saw his new red trumpet lying on the floor, 
and he picked it up and blew it very loud indeed. It waked 
up every body in the house. Bridget thought it was the 
milkman, and clattered out the door with one foot halfway 
into her shoe ; and Tommy's mamma opened her eyes very 
wide, and said, 

" Why, Tommy Bancroft ! didn't you know it was Sun- 
day morning ?" 

And that was the first Tommy ever remembered about 
Sunday. After breakfast Uncle Jim didn't go to the city, 
but sat and read with his pretty new slippers on, and Tom- 
my was dressed up in his white linen clothes and buttoned 
gaiters, and had his yellow hair curled into queer little curls 
that didn't stay in very well, and went with his mamma to 
a great house with a bell on the top of it. They called it a 
church. Tommy's mamma told him he mustn't talk in 
church. There were a great many other people there, and 
nobody talked at all except one man in a kind of a box high 
up at one end, and that man talked all the time. Tommy 
thought perhaps he didn't know any better. There was a 
little girl in the next seat with a blue and white feather in 
her hat. She looked at Tommy a good deal, and Tommy 
looked at the feather. He wondered if it was a rooster's 
feather. He thought he should like to have a rooster with 
such feathers. Then the little girl's hat began to move 
about, then there were two hats and two blue and white 
feathers — Tommy saw them; then three hats, then four, 
then the whole air was full of them, and Tommy laid his 
head down in his mother's lap, and didn't remember any 
more. 

They must have gone home after a while, for Grandma 
Bancroft was there to dinner, and she had her black velvet 



SELECTIONS FOR THE LITTLE FOLKS. 195 

bag with beads around the bottom. Tommy liked to play 
with the beads, and sometimes Grandma Bancroft used to 
open the bag and give him some caraway seeds, or red and 
white peppermint candies. This time she gave him two 
raisins, and asked him if he could tell her about the sermon. 

" They didn't have any of them fings to my church," said 
Tommy, innocently. 

He thought about it while he was eating his raisins, and 
then he said, 

"Was that what the men passed around in the boxes, 
gamma? I didn't take any of that. Wish't I had." 

Grandma tried to explain about the sermon, and told the 
little boy how the minister was trying to tell the people how 
to be good. But Tommy didn't understand. 

" He didn't speak to me 'tall," he insisted ; " kept talkin' 
to himself all the time. Course if he talked to me I should 
understood him ; ichat you s'pose ?" 

But by-and-by mamma took Tommy on her lap and told 
him all about Samuel, the little boy that talked with God ; 
and about David, the shepherd-boy that slew the great gi- 
ant ; and about Jesus, the dear Savior, who lived and died 
to save just such boys as he; and then Tommy felt very 
good and very loving, and meant to mind his mamma as 
long as he lived, and always let the baby have his red ball 
and his trumpet, and say please to Bridget, and not cry 
when his face was washed. He said his little prayer very 
earnestly and heartily, though he was sound asleep two min- 
utes afterward. And after that, Sunday always came regu- 
lar in Tommy's week. 

Monday. 

Monday was Tommy's own day, and he liked it the very 
best of all. First, because it was washing day, which was 
the very reason mamma didn't like it at all. He knew it 
was Monday the very minute he woke up, because there was 
his red plaid dress and gingham apron for him to wear. He 
always wore that dress washing days, and baking days, and 
days when mamma was too busy to look after him ; and 
Tommy's heart always gave a great jump of delight when 



196 MANUAL OF READING. 

he saw it, for he knew he could dig in the dirt with the 
fire-shovel, and nobody would say, 

" Why, Tommy Bancroft, look at your new clothes" 

When his mamma dressed him, she said, 

" I can't stop to curl your hair this morning, because it's 
washing day" and then Tommy was gladder yet. When he 
was a man he meant to have all his hair cut close to his 
head, so nobody could curl it ; it always made him so cross 
to have it pulled. 

After breakfast mamma tied his old straw hat under his 
chin, and told him to run and play like a good boy. Tom- 
my went straight out to the sink-drain in the back yard. 
There was quite a little river of soap-suds running through 
it, and Tommy fished in it a while with the handle to his 
mother's parasol that he found on the hall- table. She 
shouldn't have left it there, you know. Then he thought 
he would build a dam across the drain, and he threw down 
the parasol, and went in to get the fire-shovel to dig with. 
Bridget was cross, and said she wanted the shovel herself — 
did he think she was going to put in coal with her fingers ? 
Then he thought he would take a case-knife, and, while he 
was looking for one, he spied his mother's silver pie-knife in 
the spoon-basket ; it was broad and flat, pretty much like a 
shovel, and Tommy thought he could make it do. 

"Course she'd let me take it; won't hurt it 'tall," said 
Tommy to his conscience ; but he was very careful to keep 
it out of Bridget's sight as he trudged back to the drain. 
He found a nice, soft place to dig dirt in the middle of one 
of mamma's flower-beds; it was full of little sticks to show 
where the seeds were planted a few days before, but they 
had not come up, and Tommy thought it must be because 
there was too much dirt. He pulled off his hat for a cart, 
and it was splendid fun to load it up with the pie-knife, and 
drag it to the drain by the ribbons. Pie-knives are not 
made to dig in the dirt with, and pretty soon it began to 
curl up at the point, and then the handle doubled down side- 
ways, and Tommy threw it down with the parasol, saying to 
himself, "I guess Uncle Jim can fix it." 

While he was squatted up in the very middle of the 



SELECTIONS FOR THE LITTLE FOLKS. 197 

drain, somebody emptied another tub full of suds, and it 
came swashing along, and washed Tommy and the dam away 
together. He gave one little squeal of astonishment ; but, 
though he was very wet and muddy, he only put on his dirty 
little hat and started after the gray kitten that was watch- 
ing a bird under the raspberry bushes. He chased her three 
times around the garden and twice under the fence, but he 
couldn't catch her, though he tore the brim half off from his 
hat, and did something to the skirt of his plaid dress that 
made it hang down around his feet. Then he went into the 
coal-cellar, and climbed up and down the great mountain of 
coal, and played he was a traveler climbing up some icy 
mountains, like some men Uncle Jim read about. WJien he 
was tired of this he thought it must be dinner-time, he was 
so hungry ; so he started for the house. There was an ele- 
gant carriage at the gate, and he wondered if his Aunt Sue 
hadn't come to bring him the velocipede she promised him. 
He went to look for his mamma, but she wasn't in her room, 
or the dining-room, or the nursery. So he walked straight 
into the parlor, and there was his pretty mamma, in her 
nice ruffled morning dress, and there were two strange la- 
dies and the minister ] s wife ! 

Dear ! dear ! how his mamma looked ! She felt as if she 
should faint away ; and the strange ladies said, "Is this your 
youngest, Mrs. Bancroft ?" and tried not to laugh ; but the 
minister's wife said, "Come here, Tommy" and then she gave 
right up and laughed till the tears ran down her cheeks. 
Tommy's mamma laughed too, though she looked at first as 
if she was going to cry ; and Tommy stood there with his 
old torn skirt hanging down over his muddy little trowsers 
and stockings, his old torn hat-brim flopping about his shoul- 
ders, and his hands, and face, and long yellow hair all black 
and grimy with coal-dust, and wasn't one bit ashamed ! 

Tuesday. 
If it had not rained that day it never would have hap- 
pened ; but before Tommy had half finished his breakfast, 
Uncle Jim got up and walked to the front window, and re- 
marked that "it was raining cats and dosfs." 



198 MANUAL OP BEADING. 

Tommy looked up, with his mouth full of bread aud but- 
ter, to see if Uncle Jim was really in earnest ; but as he 
looked perfectly sober, he immediately scrambled down 
from his chair and rushed to the window, expecting to see 
a shower of black and white kittens, with a smart sprin- 
kling of curly dogs. What he really saw was a very mud- 
dy river rushing along through the gutter ; two men, with 
tin pails and short pipes, tramping down the street ; and a 
miserable-looking dog, with a bone in his mouth, picking his 
way through the mud. He looked as if he might have rained 
down ; but Tommy knew he didn't, because he knew where 
he lived up the alley, and he had often seen him sneaking 
around the back door after bits which Tommy threw away 
when he took his lunch out of doors. Just at that instant 
Uncle Jim came in from the back hall, and said, in a very 
dreadful voice, 

" Now, then, Tommy Trotter, where are my rubbers ?" 

When any thing was lost in that house, they always asked 
Tommy about it. It was a habit they had of supposing that 
Tommy had had it, especially if it was something he never 
ought to touch. 

Tommy forgot all about the cats and dogs, and looked at 
Uncle Jim, and said quickly, "I d'n know." 

That was a habit Tommy had, and he always said "7 d\n 
k?iow" before he stopped to think. But he did know very 
well, and so he said, 

" Oh yes, Uncle Jim. They're over to Billy's house, in 
the big troft where the horse drinks. Me and Billy sailed 
'em for boats, all full wid oats, and they sinked down to the 
floor of the water." 

"Why, Tommy Bancroft," said his mamma, looking great- 
ly troubled, " what shall I do with you ?" 

Uncle Jim looked at him very soberly, and said, 

"Well, young man, here I am, two miles from my office, 
and no rubbers. I should like to know what you mean to 
do about it. You ought to buy me some more. I shall 
catch my death of cold, and then how'll you feel, sir?" 

Tommy's face brightened in a minute. 

"Oh, I'll buy you some more," said he, and trotted away 



SELECTIONS FOR THE LITTLE FOLKS. 199 

to get his bank, which had a loose floor, so that whatever 
you put in at the top could be easily shaken out at the bot- 
tom, an arrangement Tommy found very satisfactory. The 
first thing that came out was a quarter, very new and crisp ; 
but Tommy's heart never faltered. 

" There," said he, " you can buy you some more rubbers, 
and I won't never sail 'em in the troft." 

"Very well," said Uncle Jim, putting the money in his 
pocket, and going into the hall. 

" Uncle Jim," called Tommy, " if there's any change left, 
you buy me some pea-nuts, will you ?" 

Uncle Jim nodded and said, " I shouldn't wonder," as he 
strode out into the rain. 

Tommy's mamma gave the baby her breakfast, talked a 
while with Bridget about supper, dusted the parlor, and 
watered the ivy in the bay-window, and then she put the 
baby on the floor in the dining-room,, and gave her some 
clothes-pins and a tin pan to play with. Tommy had his 
Noah's ark, but he had to keep it on the table, because the 
baby put the camels and elephants into her mouth when- 
ever she got a chance, and Once she sucked all the paint off 
from Shem, Ham, and Japheth, and made herself quite sick. 
Ellen was ironing in the kitchen, and Mrs. Bancroft said, 

"Now, Ellen, it is such a rainy day nobody will be in, and 
I am going up to look over the winter clothing, and put it 
away. The children will do very well in here, but you must 
keep your door open, and look in once in a while." 

" Yes'm," said Ellen ; " Tommy's gettin' right handy to 
mind the baby, when he* tries." 

" Oh, I'll tend to her," said Tommy, who was trying to 
stand Mrs. Noah on the ridge-pole of the ark; "Ellen 
needn't mind about us at all." 

So Tommy's mamma went away up stairs, and Ellen hur- 
ried with her ironing, looking out once in a while through 
the rain to see if the grocer's young man was not coming 
for his orders. When he did come she shut the dining-room 
door, because the baby was always frightened at the grocer's 
young man, though Ellen herself did not seem at all afraid 
of him. It was just at this moment that Tommy spied a 



200 MANUAL OF HEADING. 

bottle of mucilage on the clock-shelf over the table, and it 
struck him instantly what a fine thing it would be to fasten 
on the elephant's trunk and Noah's head again. It was 
quite easy to reach it and pull out the cork ; but there did 
not happen to be any brush, so Tommy was forced to use 
one of his fingers, which answered very well, only he had to 
wipe it frequently upon his apron. Noah's head refused to 
stick, and so did the elejDhant's trunk, though he tried it on 
most all the animals. 

Then he concluded he would paste up hand-bills, as he 
had seen men do on the street. So he got baby's little, 
soft, white hair-brush, and poured out some of the mucilage 
in the seat of Uncle Jim's table-chair. Then he dipped the 
brush, and stuck pieces of the morning paper on the walls, 
on the doors, on the stove, and, last of all, he happened to 
remember how he had seen a funny man walking through 
the streets with hand-bills on his hat and his back; so he 
pasted some papers on the baby's back, and on the top of 
her poor little bald head. Baby had no hair to speak of, 
but she did not at all fancy this way of dressing it, so she 
set up a loud scream of anger, and at that very moment 
came a ring at the door-bell. 

"Dear! dear!" said Tommy's mamma, peeping out at her 
chamber window, " if there isn't Miss Dilly Dean, come to 
spend the day." 

Mamma hurried down to the door to receive Miss Dilly, 
who stood in the hall, with the inky water running off from 
her umbrella, and making a little black river on the oil- 
cloth. 

"You didn't look forme to-day, I'm sure," said Miss Dilly, 
" but I thought I should be sure of a good long visit all to 
myself, because it rained so." 

Ellen went back to try to hush the baby, and Tommy 
stood in the door with the hair-brush in his hand, while 
mamma said, 

" Well, come right into the dining-room, Miss Dilly, and 
dry your feet ; we keep a fire there on account of the 
baby." 

And Tommy kept on staring at Miss Dilly's funny little 



SELECTIONS FOE THE LITTLE FOLKS. 201 

curls, until mamma pushed Uncle Jim's chair to the grate, 
and said, 

"Sit right down here, Miss Dilly;" and Miss Dilly sat 
down. 

Mamma began to pick up things about the room, and by- 
and-by she found the empty mucilage bottle, and she said, 

" Why, Tommy Bancroft ! where's my mucilage ?" 

Then Tommy put his finger in his mouth, and looked at 
Miss Dilly harder than ever, and said, "She's sitim? on UP 

Miss Dilly jumped up as spry as a kitten, and the chair 
jumped too; and Miss Dilly's best alpaca dress was just 
about ruined. 

I don't know just what Tommy's mamma said to him, 
but, whatever it was, she put him to bed afterward to think 
about it. And that was what happened on Tuesday. 

Wednesday. 

The next day must have been Wednesday, but Tommy 
did not remember much about it, for, long before morning, 
he began to feel very sick. He had bad dreams. First, he 
thought an elephant picked him up with his long, crooked 
finger, and tucked him away in one corner of his big mouth, 
and Tommy felt very hot and uncomfortable in there. And 
then he thought that he had swallowed the elephant, and 
found him very cold and heavy, and altogether too large for 
his quarters. And the next Tommy knew, his mamma was 
standing by his crib with a lamp in her hand, looking very 
anxious, and that set Tommy to crying. He cried so long 
and so loud that Uncle Jim came to see what was the mat- 
ter. Uncle Jim looked very sleepy ; said he guessed Tommy 
would be all right in the morning ; most likely he had eaten 
something. Now that was one of Uncle Jim's aggravating 
ways ; whenever Tommy was sick, he always insisted it was 
because he had " eaten something" as if boys were not al- 
ways eating something. When he had said this, he felt as 
if he had done his whole duty, and went back to bed con- 
tentedly; but Tommy's mamma soothed, and petted, and 
fussed over him until morning, when she told Uncle Jim 
that, in her opinion, Tommy was a very sick boy, and must 

12 



202 MANUAL OF READING. 

have the doctor at once. Uncle Jim finished his breakfast, 
and then went into the bedroom chewing his toothpick. He 
sat down by the bed and took Tommy on his knee. 

" Well, sir," said he, briskly, " are you going to the city 
with me to-day ?" 

Tommy tried to smile, but he only sneezed five times in 
succession. 

" My dear child, where's your handkerchief?" exclaimed 
Uncle Jim, groping about in a bewildered fashion, as if he 
supposed little boys had half a dozen pockets in their 
night-gowns, and carried handkerchiefs in them all. Mam- 
ma rushed to the rescue, but by that time Uncle Jim had 
solved the difficulty by wiping Tommy's nose with the cor- 
ner of the white counterpane. 

"It is only a cold," he said, putting him back in bed^ 
"but, if it will be any satisfaction to you, I'll have the doc- 
tor come around and look at him. I wouldn't worry about 
him, though." 

As if the dear little woman could help it. 

Doctor Smith was out of town, so Uncle Jim sent Doctor 
Brown, a very pompous individual, but quite good-natured. 
He looked at Tommy, and Tommy's mamma watched him 
very suspiciously. He looked at his tongue, and felt of his 
pulse ; then rubbed his hands together, and asked, 

" Has he eaten any thing to disagree with him, madam ?" 

a JYot a thing" said Mrs. Bancroft, positively; "I'm very 
particular about his diet." 

Then the doctor looked closely at Tommy's face, which 
was quite red and blubbery, partly with the cold and partly 
with crying so much ; he looked behind his ears and under 
his chin ; lifted the yellow hair from his neck, and said, 

"Hm — m ' has your son ever had the measles, madam?" 

" Never," said Mrs. Bancroft, faintly. 

" Then he has them now, madam," said the doctor, bland- 
ly. " A very clear case, and coming out finely." And he 
nodded his head at Tommy, as if it was a delightful thing 
to have the measles. 

Then they all went out ; but presently the doctor came 
back with a spoonful of nice red jelly, and said, 



SELECTIONS FOR THE LITTLE FOLKS. 203 

"Here, my little man, is something nice for you; let me 
see you take it." 

Tommy had never been deceived about medicine, so he 
sat up directly and took it in his mouth ; but it tasted very 
badly, and he would have spit it out, only the doctor looked 
very fierce, and said " Swallow it, quick!" in such a dreadful 
voice that Tommy dared not do any thing else. 

Then the doctor went away laughing, as if it was a good 
joke to cheat a little boy ; but Tommy lay down on his pil- 
low with his honest little heart full of indignation. By-and- 
by he said, 

" Mamma, don't doctors have to tell the troof like other 
folks?" 

Tommy's mamma wished him to respect the doctor, but 
she thought it a great deal more important that he should 
respect the truth, so she told him that every body was bound 
to speak the truth, and that it was not right to deceive sick 
people or cheat little boys. 

Tommy grew worse instead of better. There were the 
little red spots on his neck, but no more measles came out, 
and his mamma began to grow alarmed. She wondered if 
the doctor knew so very much. He wasn't her doctor, and 
she had not a particle of confidence in the good sense of any 
other doctor in the world but her doctor. What if Tommy 
should die ? And then she remembered all his naughty lit- 
tle pranks, and wondered how she could have been so vexed 
with; him about the mucilage, and thought, if -he only got 
well, she should never be vexed with him again. About 
noon she sent Ellen for Uncle Jim, and begged him to tele- 
graph to New York for Tommy's papa to come straight 
home. Uncle Jim sat down by Tommy again, and began 
to question him. Uncle Jim was a very obstinate man, and 
he still believed Tommy had "eaten something" 

" Where was" he yesterday ?" he asked. 

"In the house all da,y," said mamma;. "don't you remem- 
ber how it rained ?" 

"He was over to Billy's, ma'am, about tea-time," said 
Ellen ; " you mind you said he might go and play in the 
barn " 



204 MANUAL OF READING. 

" Oh yes," said mamma, "I had forgotten ; but it was only 
half an hour or so, and he had on his rubbers." 

" Did you play in the water, Tommy ?" asked Uncle Jim. 

" N-no," said Tommy, faintly ; " only we tried to catch it 
in our moufs, where it runned down the roof, and it went 
down our backs, and felt awful funny." 

" I should think so," said Uncle Jim ; "and what else did 
you do ?" 

" Noffin ; only played." 

" Played what ? What did you eat f" persisted Uncle Jim. 

" Koffin," said Tommy, " only I was Billy's horse, and — 
oh yes, Uncle Jim, he gave me some shopped feed." 

" Chopped feed ! what on earth was that ?" asked Uncle 
Jim, glancing triumphantly at mamma. 

"Why, turnuts and oats, shopped in a pail, and water 
mixed in," said Tommy, with the pride of an inventor. 

"Raw turnips and oats f there's a delightful mixture for 
you," exclaimed Uncle Jim ; " and you ate that stuff, did 
you, Tommy?" 

" Y-e-e-s," said Tommy, faintly, as* if it was not quite pleas- 
ant to remember ; " I used to like turnuts." 

. Mamma looked perfectly horrified ; Ellen pulled the cor- 
ner of her apron and giggled as loud as she dared ; but Un- 
cle Jim leaned back in his chair and laughed a great, hearty, 
ringing laugh, until you would have thought the windows 
rattled. 

" Any thing more, Tommy ?" he said, at last ; " did you 
take any condition-powders ?" 

"No," said Tommy, "but Billy rubbed my neck with 
gogling oil, 'cause I had the — the marrow bones." 

" Gargling oil ! That accounts for the measles," said 
Uncle Jim, laughing again; and then he wiped his eyes, 
and told Ellen toHbring him a glass of warm water, with a 
teaspoonful of mustard in it. 

' " Now, Tommy," said he, " I want you to drink this all 
down — every drop." 

" Is it good ?" wailed Tommy. 

" Not very," said Uncle Jim, taking a little sip ; " it isn't 
very bad, either, and if you will drink it all before I count 
ten, I'll buy you a jack-knife." 



SELECTIONS FOR THE LITTLE FOLKS. 205 

Tommy drank very fast, and Uncle Jim had only counted 
eight when the last drop was swallowed, and Tommy asked, 
with a shudder, when he should have the knife. 

" To-night," said Uncle Jim, watching Tommy curiously. 

Perhaps you have taken warm water with mustard in it. 
If you have, you know just what happened, and why Tom- 
my lay upon his pillow, about ten minutes afterward, look- 
ing red about the eyes and white about the mouth, but feel- 
ing a great deal better. 

" Now, youngster," said Uncle Jim, " I'm going straight 
after that knife, but I sha'n't get back till tea-time ; so, if 
you go to sleep, the time will pass before you know it." 

Tommy did go to sleep, and slept so long his mamma be- 
gan to worry again, but, by the time Uncle Jim came home, 
a sturdy little voice shouted from the bedroom, 

" Uncle Jim ! w^here's my knife ?" 

" Ah !" said Uncle Jim, " I believe I have mistaken my 
profession. I should have been a doctor." 

. Thursday and Friday. 

Yes, and a good long night between them. We must 
take them all together, on account of what happened. It 
would never do to make two stories out of Tommy's visit to 
his grandmother. You see, there was something else be- 
sides the visiting, and it came right in the middle, between 
Thursday and Friday. That was when he was in the old — 
But wait till I tell you the beginning of it. 

Tommy was standing on a cricket by the west window, 
flattening his nose against the pane, and making snail-tracks 
all over the glass with his tongue, when grandma drove up, 
with Dolly and the red wagon. Dolly was the horse ; and 
she and grandma had come to take Tommy out to the farm 
in Pearfield, you know, where his grandparents lived, to stay 
two whole days. And he wasn't going as a baby, with some- 
body to take care of him, but as a young gentleman who 
could look out for himself. 

" Nobody ain't goin' wiv me," said he to Ellen, triumph- 
antly. "I'm jes goin' all myself, alone ; me 'n gamma." 

It was the grandest thing that ever was heard of to go 



206 MANUAL OF HEADING. 

off as his father did, kissing them all good-by, and, perhaps, 
seeing his mother cry a little. 

If she felt ever so much like crying, she could only cry 
with laughter when Tommy came down from the garret, 
covered with cobwebs and dust, and presented himself in 
the parlor, dragging an old blue umbrella and a carpet-bag 
bigger than himself. 

" There, my fings are all ready," said he. 

Grandma laughed heartily too ; yet she made no objec- 
tion to the outfit of the young traveler, but stowed the bag 
and umbrella into the wagon, while Tommy was lifted into 
the seat, and Dolly's head was turned toward Pearfield. 

The journey was not a long one, and only one thing worth 
mentioning happened on the way. They were passing a 
great clover-field, just by the edge of the pine woods, when 
Tommy cried out, 

" Oh ! gamma, gamma, I see a bear, a sittin' right up on 
the end of his tail." 

Grandma looked where Tommy pointed, and Dolly stop- 
ped to look too. 

"Don't you see him?" cried Tommy. 

"No." 

" Put on your speckatles, then." 

The spectacles were put on, and, after a long while, she 
saw what the sharp young eyes had spied so quickly, an old 
woodchuck sitting at the mouth of his hole. Just as Tom- 
my was proposing to capture him in the carpet-bag, he 
whisked out of sight ; and Dolly started off at a brisk pace, 
which she kept up without stopping till she reached her own 
hitching-post at grandpa's gate. 

Grandpa himself was there to meet them, and lifted the 
funny little boy and his funny big baggage out of the red 
wagon. When he heard about the bear, he told Tommy 
that there were plenty of such bears in his fields, and that 
perhaps they would go and catch one after dinner. 

" In the carpet bag ?" asked Tommy. 

"Yes." 

" We must have the 'breller to spear him wiv." 

" Of course." 



SELECTIONS FOR THE LITTLE FOLKS. 207 

Long before grandpa was ready to go, Tommy was parad- 
ing the yard, spearing imaginary bears with his umbrella, 
and putting them into his bag. He had just caught a fine 
large one, when he heard a loud rumble, and, looking up, 
saw a man run a great yellow stage out of tbe barn on the 
other side of the street. Tommy ran to the fence, and, 
squeezing his chubby face as far as possible between the 
pickets, watched the man while he washed the coach, 
greased the wheels, one at a time, and finally lit his pipe 
and went away. When he was quite out of sight Tommy 
unlatched the gate and went over to the coach. Finding 
one of the doors open, he climbed up the iron steps, tugging 
the bag and umbrella after him, to try a short ride by stage 
— a standing-still ride, of course. He played that he was 
papa going to New York; then that the great hole under 
the seat was a den full of bears ; and then that he was the 
bear himself. He crawled into the den. It was a funny 
place, with nice straw on the floor, and a long curtain of 
leather in front. He lay very still in there, and softly growl- 
ed to his make-believe cubs to look out for that terrible hunt- 
er, Tommy. 

Now you know that bears are very sleepy fellows, and it 
is not strange that this little wild animal by-and-by fell 
asleep in his den. 

Meantime grandma had looked out of the front door, and, 
not seeing Tommy any where, thought that he had gone 
with grandpa to the field ; while grandpa himself had for- 
gotten the young bear-hunter altogether, and had gone to 
the field alone. 

After a time the stage-driver came, harnessed his four 
horses to the coach, and drove it away. He stopped at the 
store to get the mail-bag and take in several passengers. 
There was a fat woman with a baby, an Irish servant-girl, 
a one-legged little French peddler, and a stiff old gentleman 
with a gold-headed cane. With this load the yellow stage 
started for Ryetown, twelve miles away, and Tommy still 
asleep under the seat. 

When he awoke he couldn't tell where he was, and won- 
dered what made his bed rock and bounce about so. Then 



208 MANUAL OF HEADING. 

he heard the people talking right over his head. He peep- 
ed under the leather curtain, and saw several pairs of shoes. 
Too frightened to know what he did, he lifted the curtain 
and gave one desperate spring, thrusting his curly head, all 
covered with straw, right between the old gentleman's legs. 

If a real bear had jumped out he could not have made 
more confusion. The old gentleman sprang to his feet, 
smashing his hat over his eyes by striking against the top 
of the coach ; the Irish girl screamed " Murther !" and tried 
to leap out of the window ; the fat woman fainted and drop- 
ped her baby ; the little Frenchman jumped up and down on 
his one leg till he lost his balance and tumbled over ; and 
Tommy clung with both hands to the old gentleman's panta- 
loons, and screamed with all his might. 

I can not begin to describe what followed, or record the 
questions with which Tommy was assailed, in English, Irish, 
and French, to all of which he could only say that his grand- 
pa owned Dolly and kept bears, and that he was a bear him- 
self when he went to sleep. Of course there was nothing to 
do but take the little bear to Ryetown, and send him back 
by Friday's coach. So he cried himself to sleep that night 
in the Ryetown hotel, and early the next morning was lifted 
into the yellow stage again. All the way back the driver 
wondered what he should do with the boy when he got to 
Pearfield ; but there was no need of worrying about that, 
for every body in town knew that he was lost, and dozens 
of people were looking for him in every direction. You can 
guess whether any body was glad when the little runaway 
was set down at grandpa's gate, umbrella, carpet-bag, and 
all. 

Grandma's eyes looked very red, and her voice trembled 
when she said, 

" Why, Tommy, Tommy, you poor, dear child, where have 
you been ?" . 

" Oh, ever'n ever so far !" said the young adventurer, with 
a sigh ; " way, way over most to the 'lutionary war. Has 
gampa caughted my bear?" 



SELECTIONS FOR THE LITTLE FOLKS. 209 

Saturday. • 

Nothing would induce Grandma Bancroft to keep Tommy 
another night, though he begged hard to be allowed to stay 
and spear one of those bears. 

"I shouldn't be easy a minute with him in the house," 
said grandma ; " not if he was locked into the room and the 
windows nailed up ; something would be sure to happen to 
him." 

So Dolly was harnessed to the red wagon, and Tommy 
was sent home, with his big " carper bag" filled with dough- 
nuts, and caraway cakes, and great white hickory nuts, and 
a few little red apples, that were beginning to get tough 
and wrinkly in the skin. 

His mamma was delighted to see him, but she grew very 
pale, and hugged Tommy hard, when she heard how the lit- 
tle fellow had been lost a whole night. 

"And just to think that I was sleeping comfortably here 
at home, and my poor darling away among strangers," said 
she, mournfully, as if she thought it was very cruel of her. 

" Ho !" said Tommy, " I wasn't 'fraid 'tall. I cried a lit- 
tle, 'cause I fought gamma'd be a wantin' me." 

He was very well satisfied to be at home, however, and 
climbed into his crib more pleasantly than usual, for mam- 
ma had promised him that in the morning he would find 
something very nice in the chair beside it. He thought it 
would be very hard to wait so long, but it only seemed a 
minute or so before he waked up and heard the robins sing- 
ing with all their might out in the cherry-trees. Mamma 
was brushing her hair, moving about very softly, so as not 
to wake baby, and Tommy sat right up and looked about 
him, rubbing his eyes with his little fat fists. Sure enough, 
there was "something" on the chair where he had left his 
little plaid dress and ruffled panties. A new dress ? — no, 
not a dress at all, but the prettiest little suit ; jacket and 
pants of soft gray cloth, buttoned with shining pearl but- 
tons, and trimmed with braid. Tommy could hardly believe 
his eyes ; but he was on the floor in a twinkle, laughing and 
chuckling, and trying to put his pants right on over his long 



210 MANUAL OF READING. 

night-gown. Mamma was almost as much pleased as Tom- 
my was, and she helped the little fellow to dress, and swung 
the mirror back that he might see himself from head to foot. 

" Just like a man," giggled Tommy, thrusting his hands 
into his pockets; and baby lifted her precious little head 
from the pillow, and stared at him with her great blue eyes, 
as if she wondered who that boy was. 

" She don't know me," said Tommy, in still greater de- 
light. "She won't never have pants, will she ?" he added, in 
a tone that was partly pity and partly triunrph. 

When he went out to breakfast, Uncle Jim pretended not 
to know him, and said, "Good morning, sir ! very fine weath- 
er we are having." 

And then he asked mamma if she expected Tommy home 
pretty soon. 

" Why, Uncle Jim," said Tommy, showing two great dim- 
ples in his hard red cheeks, "I'm Tommy / Don't you see 
I'm got pants ?" 

" You Tommy ?" said Uncle Jim, looking very much as- 
tonished ; " I should think not ; you're a young gentleman ; 
Tommy's a little girl, and wears dresses." 

" I ain't never goin' to be a girl any more," said Tommy ; 
" pretty soon I'll have boots, and long sleeves to my shirt." 

Tommy was quite indignant because his mamma pinned 
a napkin around his neck at the table, but Uncle Jim begged 
her to pin his napkin around his neck, and informed Tommy 
that gentlemen often did so at restaurants. So Tommy was 
consoled. 

" I suppose you won't care about eating pea-nuts and can- 
dy any more," said Uncle Jim, as he went away. 

Tommy was walking about with his hands behind him, 
trying to make his shoes squeak. He stopped and looked 
at Uncle Jim to see if he was in earnest. There was a 
twinkle in his eye that reassured Tommy, so he went on 
squeaking his shoes, and wondering what Billy would say 
to him. He determined to go over immediately and see ; 
but mamma spoiled that plan by telling him not to go out- 
side the gate on any account, or do any thing to soil his new 
clothes, because his pnpa was coming home that very morn- 



SELECTIONS FOE THE LITTLE FOLKS. 211 

ing, and Tommy must look very nice. Tommy forgot Billy, 
and jumped around on one foot for joy, and wondered if his 
papa would know him in his pants and jacket. 

M Maybe he'll think it's Uncle Jim," said Tommy to him- 
self, and then he put on his uncle's rainy-day hat, and marched 
up and down the porch. When he got tired of this, he went 
into the kitchen to see Bridget, and discovered, to his'great 
delight, that it was baking day, and all manner of nice-look- 
ing and nice-smelling things, were being made. Generally, 
Bridget sent Tommy out of the kitchen quick as a wink, but 
to-day she was pleased with his new clothes, and she was 
going to ride with her cousin in the afternoon, so she said, 
"La sakes ! just to look at the fine young gintleman ! 
Would you be plazed to take a sate, sir ?" 

Tommy giggled, and sat down in the chair by the end of 
Bridget's table. He sat very still for a few minutes, watch- 
ing Bridget's bare red arms as she beat the eggs for a plum- 
pudding. 

" Oh, Bridget !" he said, suddenly, " you're got holes in 
your elabows," and then Bridget laughed till she got two 
more holes right in the middle of her round fat cheeks. 

After a while he forgot about being a gentleman, and be^ 
gan to tease Bridget for raisins, and currants, and bits of 
citron, and tastes of jelly, and lumps of sugar. He put the 
nutmeg-grater in his pocket, and at last, in leaning upon the 
table to see just how Bridget made the scallops on the pies, 
he managed to plant his elbow right in the middle of a 
cranberry pie, all ready for the oven. Tommy screamed, 
and so did Bridget; Tommy in dismay, and Bridget in an- 
ger, which only made matters worse, as anger always does, 
for when Bridget jerked Tommy up from the table with a 
shake that landed him on his feet in the chair, he staggered 
and tottered, and fell over backward plump into the great 
bread-pan, which stood there, full to the brim with a moun- 
tain of white, puffy dough. Oh dear ! but that was a fix to 
be in ! and by the time Bridget had pulled Tommy out with 
her great floury hands, rubbed his elbow with a towel, and 
scraped his pants with a big knife, you may be sure the new 
clothes were a sisrht to see. 



212 MANUAL OF READING. 

Mamma thought she should cry at first, it was such a dis- 
appointment, you see; but one look at Tommy's miserable 
face made her so sorry for her poor little man that she 
comforted him very bravely, washed his sticky hands, and 
let him keep on his pants, though they did look funny be- 
hind, especially when they came to dry, as if Tommy had 
been pasted up somewhere and just broken loose. Tommy 
went out in the yard again, and Lion, the big dog, got up 
from his rug by the door, and came smelling around him, as 
if he suspected a strange boy had come into the yard. He 
didn't seem to approve of the new clothes at all, for he went 
back to his rug with a growl of disgust, which amused Tom- 
my very much. He followed Lion, and curled himself up 
beside him, and laid his head on his shaggy side. 

"Are you tired, Tommy ?" asked his mamma, looking out 
at the window. 

" Oh no," said Tommy, ".I'm just a finkin." 

It was very warm and sunny, so Tommy's mamma let him 
keep on "finkin" and when his papa came home he found 
him there fast asleep. 

Perhaps you think that was enough for one week, but it 
wasn't, for Tommy's papa brought him a music box that 
would play three tunes, and a set of toy horsemen that rode 
up and down to the tune of Captain Jinks when you turned 
the handle to the box they stood upon, so of course he had 
to go over after dinner to show his treasures and his new 
clothes to Billy. The result was dreadfully disappointing 
so far as the new clothes were concerned, for that young 
gentleman sniffed up his nose at them in decided disap- 
proval. 

" Ho !" said Billy. " They're most like a girl ; only come 
to your knees, and no galluses. I don't have my clothes 
that way." 

Tommy stared with his big eyes, and wondered what "gal- 
luses" might be, but had not a doubt that there was but one 
proper way to make clothes, and that was just like Billy's. 
Now Billy's mamma never troubled herself about the spring 
fashions, or any other fashions. She had half a dozen boys, 
and when the older ones outgrew their clothes, she just 



SELECTIONS FOR THE LITTLE FOLKS. 213 

cut off the legs a little, patched the knees and elbows, and 
passed them on down the row. Billy's present pants hap- 
pened to be a little long, and a little baggy, but that was a 
fault time would remedy; so, after inspecting them a mo- 
ment, Tommy unbuckled his little trowsers at the knee, and 
stre'tched and smoothed them down over his scarlet stock- 
ings. It was no use ; at the very best, they would not reach 
his ankles. 

" Tell ye what," said Billy, "if ye had some galluses, them 
pants would reach down." 

11 Y-e-s," said Tommy, in bewilderment. 

The inventive Billy went directly to work, and manufac- 
tured a pair of suspenders out of some old red reins. The 
short trowsers were .unbuttoned from the jacket, and let 
down to a desirable length, the " galluses" fastened on with 
pins and twine, and then Billy surveyed his work with tri- 
umph. 

To be sure there was a noticeable gap between the top of 
the trowsers and the bottom of the jacket, but the red sus- 
penders bridged it over, and Billy remembered to have seen 
the same lack upon Jake, the hostler ; so both boys were 
satisfied. 

" There, now !" said Billy ; " now you look something 
like." 

He didn't say like what, and Tommy didn't ask, but they 
played with the soldiers till Ellen rung the bell for tea. 
Then papa and mamma, looking out at the parlor window, 
saw a funny little figure coming across the yard, with gray 
trowsers dragging over its feet, red suspenders stretching 
down in front across a puff of plaid flannel shirt, and a gay 
little plaid banner streaming bravely out in the rear. Tom- 
my's papa laughed and shouted, and felt like rolling on the 
floor, and he called Uncle Jim, and he laughed too; but, 
though Tommy went to the window the minute he got in, 
to see what the fun was, he couldn't see any thing at all. 



214 • MANUAL OF READING. 



HEEDLESSNESS, OR THE CONCEITED LITTLE GRASS- 
HOPPER. 

There was a little grasshopper 

Forever on the jump ; 
And, as he never looked ahead, 

He often got a bump. 

His mother said to him one day, 

As they were in the stubble, 
"If you don't look before you leap, 

You'll get yourself in trouble." 

This silly little grasshopper 

Depised his wise old mother, 
And said he knew what best to do, 

And bade her not to bother. 

He hurried off across the fields — 

An unknown path he took — 
When, oh ! he gave a heedless jump, 

And landed in a brook. 

He struggled hard to reach the bank — ■ 

A floating straw he seizes — 
When quick a hungry trout darts out, 

And tears him all to pieces. 

MORAL. 

Good little boys and girls, heed well 

Your mothers' wise advice : 
Before you move, look carefully ; 

Before you speak, think twice. 



SELECTIONS 
FOR THE YOUNG FOLKS. 



COLUMBIA'S UNION PARTY.— From the School Festival 

characters : 
Columbia. Brother Jonathan. 

Uncle Sam. District op Columbia. 

The Thirty-seven States. 

[Columbia dressed in national colors ; Uncle Sam in Conti- 
nental uniform ; Brother Jonathan as an old-time Yan- 
kee/ each State wears a circlet, with the initials of her 
name. State characteristics shoidd be represented as far 
as possible in the dress of each state; thus, Michigan shoidd 
have copper chains and other ornaments; Nevada, of sil- 
ver; California, of gold ; Delaware may be in Swedish 
dress. The stage should be adorned with flags, stars, and 
shields. Columbia must have a raised central seat, and 
there should be a table for receiving the gifts. District 
of Columbia should receive and arrange them.'] 

Enter Uncle Sam. 
Columbia. Uncle Sam ! welcome to my Union party. 
Uncle Sam. Thanks, fair Columbia ; hope you're well and 

hearty. 
Col. Quite well, good uncle ; I'm rejoiced you're here — 
It will be such support to have you near. 

Miter Brother Jonathan. 
And Brother Jonathan I hope to see — 

Brother Jonathan. Wal, neow, Columby, shake hands ; 
here I be. 
How big a party will ye have, d'ye s'pose ? 
And will the young folks poke fun at my clothes ? 



216 MANUAL OF READING. 

Col. No, no, dear brother — not one bit of danger ; 
You will not meet to-day a single stranger. 
Only the children, coming home once more 
To see their mother, now she's ninety-four. 
Almost a hundred ! Jonathan, alas ! 
Our days are as the grass — like sands they pass ! 

Bro. J. Oh sho ! Columby, now don't cry no more — 
Somebody's knockin' ; I'll go 'tend the door. 

Enter District of Columbia. 

Col. Oh ! 'tis my little District ; she's so near, 
She is the very first one to appear. 

Enter JVeio England States ; Uncle Sam receives them, and 

presents them to Columbia; each salutes her, kisses her 

hand, and then is placed on one side of Columbia. 

Maine. I touch this sacred hand with loving lips. 
Receive from me a model of my ships. 

New Hampshire. I bring a sceptre that a king might 
own, 
Made from free pines from our Mount .Washington. 

Vermont. And I a crown-wreath fit to deck a queen, 
Made by Green Mountain girls, of laurels green. 

Massachusetts. I bring you fabrics rich, of varied stock, 
From hills and vales that end at Plymouth Rock. 

Bro. J. {aside). Old Massachusetts never went out yet 
But what she bragged on Plymouth Rock, you bet. 

Connecticut. I bring my fair, pure laws to show to you ; 
Mother Columbia, see, they are not "Blue /" 

Rhode Island. I'm little Rhody, and I bring you this : 
Mother Columbia, bend and take — a kiss. 

Col. By-and-by, daughters, we will talk some more. 
Hark ! Jonathan, pray don't neglect the door. 

Bro. J. Yes, yes, Columby, I'll 'tend ; don't you worry. 
I'll see who's thumpin' out there, in a hurry. 

Enter New York: Uncle Sam presents her. 
Uncle S. This is New York, the grand, proud Empire State. 
JVeio York. I came alone, because I have no mate ! 



SELECTIONS FOR THE YOUNG FOLKS. 217 

Bro. J. You jest hold on, and give the West fair chance, 
And Illinois will jine ye in the dance. 

Uncle S. " Hold on" New York ne'er does, but Illinois 
May catch up, if she can — she has her choice. 

Bro. J. Wal, here's New Jersey, fit to stand beside her, 
With, sure's you live, a jug of Newark cider ! 

Pennsylvania. And I, Penn's Keystone State, with loyal 
soul, 
Offer Columbia samples of my coal. 

Col. Jonathan, the door. 

Bro. J. Wal, neow, I dew declare, 
Ef here don't come eour little Delaware ! 
And she's got on the same old Swedish dress 
She wore in sixteen thirty-seven, I guess ! 

Col. My eldest daughter, and my little pet, 
Say, do you love your dear old mother yet ? 

Delaware. Yes, true and dear, Columbia, as when 
I was thine only child, and loved thee then. . 

Maryland. I bring a heavy offering in my hand : 
'Tis useful iron ore, from Maryland. 

Bro. J. Neow, ra'ally, Columby, that ain't bad — 
No knowin' how soon you'll need an iron-clad. 

East and West Virginia. We went where sad Mount Ver- 
non's willow weeps, 
To bring thee flowers from where thy hero sleeps. 

Col. It is an omen good that thus ye came — 
One memory, one love, almost one name. 

Uncle S. See, for thy blessing three now bend and wait : 
Georgia, " Palmetto," and the " Old North State." 

Georgia. I've sweet potatoes, best the South can yield. 

North and South Caroli?ia. We've rice and cotton from 
sea-isle and field. 

Mississippi and Alabama. More cotton from the Gulf's 
rich shores we bring ; 
Thine is the cotton, though the cotton's king. 

Florida. I offer garlands from the land of flowers, 
Culled in my lowland swamps and live-oak bowers. 

Bro. J. Wal, I remember when them beowers was holes 
To hide awav the skulkin' Seminoles ; 

K 



218 MANUAL OF READIX(?. 

And when the harnsome flowers you had were fewer'n 
Creek Injins in them swampy lands o' yourn. 

Louisiana. Wrought in fit forms Columbia's lips to greet, 
We bring bright samples of our. sugars sweet. 

Bro. J. (in a whisper). Neow, Rhody, since you're standin' 
in there handy, 
You jest neow, on the sly, pass reound that candy ! 
Knock, knock ; I'm comin' ; wonder who you be ? 

Col. I welcome Texas ! my " Lone Star" I see. 

California. O'er the Pacific Railroad vast I came. 

Bro. J. Wal, you're a shiner ! Tell us what's your name ? 

Col. I know my darling from Pacific shore. 

Cal. Receive these chains of gold; this golden ore. 

Arkansas and Missouri. Within your courts are gifts that 
we bestow, 
Our flocks and herds that loudly bleat and low. 

Bro. J. Neow, Uncle Sam, you've got to help 'tend door, 
Here's Western gals comin', half a score. 
To laugh at me they'll to each other beckon — 
But 'taint no wuss to guess than 'tis to reckon; 
An' e/'they hint at soup of codfish-tails, 
I'll jest hand out to them 'bout£>rame ichales. 

Uncle S. Oh, Jonathan, don't be so sensitive ; 
Our family motto should be, live — let live. 

Col. And, Jonathan, I'm sure it is small loss 
Whether they ride a horrse, or you a hoss. 
Just let them reckon, or, perhaps, allow ; 
You calculate and guess — now that you know. 
Since we're in sections, why, of course, we're sectional ; 
But, seems to me, we all may be affectional. 

Bro. J. Here's Tennessee, with old Kentuck to back her. 

Tennessee and Kentucky. Take, if perchance you choose, 
some fine tobacco. [brook it ? 

Col (angrily). What! if I chew/ What insult ! Shall I 

Bro. J. Wal, no ; I'd " put it in my pipe and smoke it." 

Uncle S. They only meant, Columbiaj did you choose 
To see their product men will have and use. 

Col. My children, your old mother made mistake ; 
Give me your hand — receive a cordial shake. 



SELECTIONS FOR THE YOUNG FOLKS. 219 

Ohio. Fair mother, see my wealth of golden corn. 

Indiana and Illinois. And ripened grains from our broad 
prairies shorn. 

Michigan. See, I from Lake Superior's distant shore 
Bring, green and shining, precious copper ore. 

Iowa and Wisconsin. We, from ou»r mines, bring wedges 
of our lead, 
For bullets that we pray you ne'er may need. 

Minnesota, Oregon, and Kansas. We bring not here our 
gift your halls to cumber, 
But send to us for lots of grain and lumber. 

Nevada and Nebraska. We are your youngest ; open wide 
your hands, 
We'll fill them with our shining silver sands. 

Col. A stranger comes ; pray, Jonathan, go meet her. 

Bro. J. Wal, neow, I guess that she's a curi's creetur, 
Rigged out in snow-shoes, seal-skin, furs — I'll ask her 
To give her name. She says she's Miss Alaska. 

Col. Uncle Sam, bring her in ; although you bought her, 
She shall be welcome here as any daughter. 

Alaska. Thanks, dear Columbia ; and I'll guard your gates 
When hostile hordes pour down — through Behring's Straits ! 

Bro. J. Hallo, there ! what's that thumpin' now ag'in ? 

Col. I know ! my boys in the last Western train. 
They come to swell my Union Party's glories 
By bringing news from my rich territories. 

Enter boys from Washington, Idaho, Montana, Dakotah, 
Utah, Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, Indian Terri- 
tories. These should be hi backiooods dress, and with 
rifles. They sing: 

Tune: "When Johnny comes marching home." 

The boys they come marching from the West ; 

Hurra ! hurra ! 

Montana, Dakotah, and the rest ; 

Hurra ! hurra ! 

With Washington, Colorado, 

New Mexico and Idaho ; 

And we all feel gay to visit Columbia. 



220 MANUAL OF HEADING. 

The boys they come marching from the West ; 

Hurra ! hurra ! 

From Utah and Indian, and the rest ; 

Hurra ! hurra ! 

Through grand primeval .wilds we come, 

Arizona our farthest home, 

And we all feel gay to visit Columbia. 

Uncle S. {addressing the States). Now, my fair nieces, hear 
a word from me : 
I'd call, if you were boys, for three times three; 
But gentle maidens' voices lovelier sound 
When sweetly sending music-strains around. 
So let's alt sing, while gay we gathered are, 
The grand old song of "Hail Columbia." 

[All sing "Hail Columbia." 

Columbia's address: 
Thanks, children — love is strong and words are weak; 
My love, your loyalty, no words can speak. 
And do you love me so, and I so old ? 

Bro. J. Of course they dew ; must you ag'in be 
told? 

Uncle S. Hush, Jonathan; don't interrupt the address. 

Bro. J. You're right — Columby's got the floor, I guess. 

Col. Well-nigh a hundred am I. I rejoice 
To see each daughter's face, and hear her voice ; 
And I rejoice, too, at the manly strain 
That sounds from Western mount, and shore, and plain. 
I'll happier grow as on my swift years run — 
Each daughter fair, and brave and strong each son. 
Continue true and loyal unto me, 
And kind and loving to each other be ; 
Sound welcome o'er the earth, that all may come, 
And find in your broad lands an ample home. 
Bid all men hasten from oppression's ban, 
And don't be shy of poor John Chinaman; 
Don't have him brought as merchandise, but then 
Welcome him as you do all fellow-men. 



SELECTIONS FOR THE YOUNG FOLKS. 221 

Love virtue, truth, and honor, and fair Fame 
Shall wreathe bright garlands for each shining name. 
There, introduce, shake hands, acquainted be, 
And then we'll all sit down to Union tea. 

Pantomime. — Let there be a general introducing one to an- 
other, but only with motions, keeping perfect silence. Then, 
when Uncle Sam offers his arm to Columbia, Brother 
Jonathan to New York, let all choose partners, and 
march around and off the stage, to the tune of "Yankee 
Doodle." 



THE TEA-KETTLE'S PARTY.— From Our Young Folks. 

The Tea-kettle danced and sang, and sang and danced, 
until Mary, the cook, thought it would dance itself off the 
range; but she didn't know that it felt awfully jolly, and 
was telling its neighbor, the Saucepan (who was boiling po- 
tatoes for the dinner), that it intended to give a party. 

''Why shouldn't we have a party?" sang the Kettle. 
""We've worked hard enough, goodness knows, for some 
weeks past. What with Thanksgiving, Christmas, and New- 
year's-day, we're nearly worn out. Let's rest a day or two, 
and then have a party ourselves." 

The Saucepan rattled its lid in hearty applause, and held 
out its handle in token of ready acquiescence. 

The Poker and Shovel, who had been listening, cried, 
"That's an excellent idea !" and so the matter was settled. 

That evening, after the servants had gone" to bed, the 
Tongs, who was the best walker, on account of the length 
of his legs, went round with the invitations. Of course none 
of the China family were invited, because they lived in the 
dining-room, and very rarely associated with the inhabit- 
ants of the kitchen. The Tins glowed with delight when 
they heard of the party, and the young Pans and small Pip- 
kins raised such a clatter that the Rolling-pin gave them sev- 
eral round raps to silence them. 

At last the long-looked-for evening arrived. All the fam- 
ily had retired, and the kitchen was put in perfect order. 
The Broom had swept the floor until not a grain of dust 



222 MANUAL OF READING. 

could be 'found on it, and the Tins had polished themselves 
until they shone again. 

The Kettle was so excited that, although it was a winter 
evening, she was in a state of profuse perspiration, and the 
Saucepan had her round hat placed on one side of her head 
in the most knowing manner. 

The first arrivals were the Tins. They lived up town, 
and were obliged to slide down the walls, but this did not 
dim their lustre in the least. 

" You all look as though you were brand-new out of the 
store," said the good-natured Kettle to them. 

Then came the guests who resided in the closets. First 
the Frying-pan and the Griddle stepped out, their broad faces 
shining with good-humor, and looking as though they fed 
on the fat of the land. 

Next came the Coffee-pot, with the Quart-measure lean- 
ing gracefully on his arm, accompanied by her daughter, 
Miss Pint. Then came the Gridiron and the Dish-pan, the 
latter wearing an elegant waterfall made out of the dish- 
cloth. The next couple were the Hash-chopper (oh ! such a 
sharp fellow) and the Fluting-iron, who wore her hair in the 
fashionable style, waving down her back ; and they were 
followed by the two large wooden Spoons. Some Earthen 
Dishes and a number of Pipkins arrived soon after, and the 
party commenced. 

The Kettle proposed a waltz, and although, on several oc- 
casions, the Dinner-pot had called her black, she kindly for- 
gave him, and, taking his arm, prepared to lead off the dance. 
An old Guitar in the corner struck up a merry tune, and a 
small Waiter behind the stove played upon the tambourine. 

The Poker grasped the Shovel round the waist and hop- 
ped into the middle of the room, the Broom slid off with the 
Window-brush, the Coffee-pot danced with the Quart-meas- 
ure, and the Griddle pulled the Dish-pan about so rudely 
that her waterfall fell off, and was found by the cook on the 
hearth in the morning. The Tins jingled and tinkled, and 
even the Nutmeg-grater, a rough old fellow, could not re- 
sist the music, but seized the Apple-corer, and danced away 
as merrily as the rest. 



SELECTIONS FOR THE YOUNG FOLKS. 223 

'After the waltz they had a polka, then a quadrille ; then 
the Tongs danced the Sailor's Hornpipe in a manner wonder- 
ful to behold. When he ceased every one applauded ; even 
the Covers on the range rattled as loudly as possible to 
show how pleased they were. 

After the hornpipe the Kettle made a steaming bowl of 
punch, and the Broom proposed the health of the hostess. 
The hostess said she was strictly temperate, never drank 
any thing but water, but never refused to assist in making 
punch for those who liked it. In water, therefore, she re- 
turned the toast, and hoped they might all meet again soon 
and spend another pleasant evening ; she loved and esteem- 
ed her friends, and would like to see them often. 

" I'm most steamed," whispered the Iron-stand, " for I 
hanor from the mantel ri^ht over the ran^e." 

"Joke !" cried one of the little Pipkins, and laughed until 
he cracked his sides. 

The company then dispersed; and the girls, coming in 
next morning, never dreamed that the Tea-kettle had been 
having a party. 

THE WHITE GIANT.— From Our Young Folks. 

One afternoon, about a hundred years ago, a boy was sit- 
ting in his grandmother's kitchen, apparently doing nothing 
in particular, but really holding a very remarkable conver- 
sation with — whom do you think ? — a white giant ! 

Now on the face of it, nothing would seem more unlikely 
than that a giant should be found in a plain little Scotch 
kitchen not more than eight feet high from the bare floor to 
the unplaned rafters ; all the more so when a horse-shoe 
hung by the chimney-side, and the old lady's Bible, with 
her silver-bowed spectacles on the top of it, lay on the shelf. 
Nevertheless, there was the giant ; and there, gazing intent- 
ly on the place of his imprisonment, were the only two eyes 
in all Scotland that were able to find him out. 

Indeed, I must tell you that the giant, in his proper state, 
was quite invisible ; but, when he did appear in plain view," 
it was in the shape of a very old man w T ith long white hair 
and beard, which seemed to encircle him like a garment, un- 



224 MANUAL OF READING. 

less, indeed, they flowed down and mingled with his gar- 
ment ; and all — hair, beard, and robe — were whiter than 
snow. Therefore he is called the white giant. 

And this is the way in which he made himself known to 
the boy. 

Sitting by the fire, James had noticed that the lid of the 
tea-kettle was in a singular state of agitation. It would 
rise and fall, and flutter up and down in a very excited man- 
ner ^ and, coming as he did of a race that had believed for 
centuries in witches and goblins, and many supernatural 
creatures, the boy naturally began to suspect that some im- 
prisoned force or other was beneath it, struggling to get 
free. 

" Who are you ?" said he, very quietly ; " and what do 
you want, that you are so restless and excited ?" 

" Space, freedom, and something to do !" cried the captive 
giant from within. 

" Softly ! you have not told me yet who you are," said 
James. 

" No matter who I am. I'm pressed down here into noth- 
ing at all, and I am a great strong giant that wants room to 
work and be free." 

" Well, well ! there's work enough to be done," said 
James. " Never was a race that wanted more done for it. 
But what can you do ?" 

"Try me and see. No one can do more. I will carry 
your ships, draw your carriages, and lift all your weights. 
I will plow your fields, sow the grain, and reap and thresh 
the harvests. I will hew away mountains and build roads. 
I will turn all the wheels in all your factories. I will weave 
your cloths, and print your books, and carry them to the 
ends of the earth. In short, I will do every thing that 
strength can do, and you shall be the brain that directs. 
I will be the faithful servant to fulfill all your commands." 

"Here's a singular treasure-trove to be found in an old 
copper tea-kettle !" cried James, rubbing his eyes to be sure 
he was not dreaming. 

" Only shows the use of having your eyes open," replied 
his strange companion. " I am one of the forces that were 



SELECTIONS FOR THE YOUNG FOLKS. 225 

created to work for you ; but you have a fancy for drudg- 
ery, it seems, and prefer to dig and weave for yourselves." 

" Indeed, we prefer no such thing," said James, laughing. 
"We are told that it is one of our great vices to. require oth- 
er people to work for us while we sit idle." 

" That is very true when it is your brethren that you are 
enslaving," replied the giant ; " but you have not found out 
half the servants that were ordained to work for you since 
the foundation of the world, or else you would not be delv- 
ing in the ditches and drudging with your hands, instead of 
letting your brains grow, that you may direct us. What do 
you mean by letting little children toil in your miserable 
factories, and become dwarfed in body and soul, when here 
am I, and a hundred other giants like myself, any one of 
whom could do the work of ten thousand of those babies, 
and never feel it — and you give us no work to do ?" 

"You are a kind-hearted old genie, I am sure," said the 
boy ; " and, if I live, my work shall be to introduce you to 
the acquaintance of men. But tell me something of your 
history. Where have you been all these years, that no one 
has found you out ?" 

" Where I am now, and in similar places, though not al- 
ways so tightly pressed. And, indeed, I have not been idle, 
though my appetite for work has never been half supplied. 
I am one of the elder children of the flood, and began my 
work in the world before your race appeared upon it. Be- 
fore the rain began her ministry, I arose from my hidden re- 
treats in the earth, and watered the earliest of gardens. 
Ever since then I have been carrying on a great system of 
irrigation; rising from the ocean into the sky, sailing in 
great fleets laden with treasure toward the mountain-sides 
where my bounties have been bestowed ; sinking then, in a 
slightly altered form, into the earth, and visiting the roots 
of all the trees with supplies of food — creeping up through 
all their veins and into their broad green leaves, whence I 
escape into the air again. You see I have had something to 
do. But all this quiet work is only half enough for me. 
Work is my nature ; so do not be afraid of overtasking me. 
I can not have too much." 

K2 



226 MANUAL OF HEADING. 

" Indeed you are a grand old fellow, and I am proud of 
your acquaintance," cried James. " Now I seem to remem- 
ber having seen you in April days, or sometimes in August 
or September, floating in the sky, but I never thought to be- 
come so much better acquainted with you in my grand- 
mother's kitchen." 

"James, James ! what are ye doing?" cried the old lady 
from her straight-backed chair. " Here ye've done naething 
a' the day but tilt the cover of the kettle, like a lazy lout 
that ye be. Gae to your tasks noo, like a mon, and be of 
some use in the warld." 

" Ah ! grandam," said James, " I have been doing a thou- 
sand days' work, sitting here by the ingleside." 

"Dinna be fooling, bairn! Dinna be fooling, ye idle 
dreamer ! Wark and ye'll thrive ; be lazy and ye'll come 
to naught." 

Nevertheless, James's dreams came to more use than 
many another man's work, because he had the faculty of 
thinking to a purpose; and, in the many talks he held with 
the friendly old giant, he learned, one after another, the se- 
crets of his power. When lessons were over, the giant told 
wonderful storias to his young disciple ; and perhaps I can 
repeat one of them in a few words : 

44 In old times there was a long-continued contest between 
the land and the sea. At first the sea had been the mon- 
arch, and ruled over the whole surface of the globe. At 
length the land appeared, claiming a large part of his do- 
main, and this enraged the sea, who beat wrathfully with 
whole armies of billows upon her shore, and threatened to 
conquer back all that he had lost. 

"Presently came the children of the land: first, the little 
grasses, that, tenderly embracing their mother, protected 
her from being quite carried away by the rude invading sea ; 
and at length the taller trees, the great pines and oaks, that 
added greatly to her beauty and glory. 

" Then a new thought occurred to the land, and she sent 
out these her greater children to subdue the sea on his own 
domains. They rode triumphantly over the billows, and, 
aided by the friendly winds, plied diligently from place to 



SELECTIONS FOR THE YOUNG FOLKS. 227 

place, increasing every where the wealth and glory of their 
mother. 'But the sea arose in his wrath, and often ingulfed 
these faithful children of the land, or broke their bones, and 
cast them up upon her lap in bitter scorn and defiance. 

" Then the land resolved to take a more exquisite revenge 
than ever before. And she called forth a mighty spirit from 
the bosom of the sea himself— a weird, white, gigantic genie, 
who had been the eldest child of the flood. She gave him 
an armor of iron scales which the sea could not break, and 
upon him she laid her spells, and he went obediently to and 
fro at her bidding. Thus the land was at last triumphant, 
as organized brain always will be over brute natural force ; 
and the children of men passed over land and sea in safety 
toward their goal of perfect knowledge. 

" But part of that is prophecy," said the white giant, 
when he had finished the story. 

" It shall be fact before many years," said James. " And 
you, my good giant, are the genie who shall finish the tale." 

Soon swift cars were running to and fro the whole length 
of the kingdom, propelled by the giant's arms. Soon, too, 
the tasks of the little children at the factories were done by 
the same old worker, who could drive a million spindles at 
a stroke quite as easily as a child could move one ; and if 
the children were still employed, it was only to keep the gi- 
ant supplied with work enough, which indeed was no easy 
task. 

His good-nature was equal to all the tasks which could be 
imposed upon him. If you have ever seen his white beard 
rising above the chimney of some factory on a winter morn- 
ing, or puffing out of the escape-valve of some little tug, 
you may almost have mistaken him, in the wavy, graceful 
lines of his white drapery, for a sunny cloud — which, indeed, 
would not be the greatest of mistakes. 

Before long the great ocean-going ships had the giant es- 
tablished in their holds, and their ponderous wheels moved 
by his iron arms, so that, independently of wind or tide, 
they could hold their course night and day, and, like swiftly- 
moving shuttles, weave the continents together with bands 
of neighborly good-will, 



228 MANUAL OF READING. 

IN SCHOOL DAYS.— From Our Young Folks., 

J. G. Whittier. 
Still sits the school-house by the road, 

A ragged beggar sunning ; 
Around it still the sumachs grow, 
And blackberry vines are running. 

Within, the master's desk is seen, 
Deep scarred by raps official ; 

The warping floor, the battered seats, 
The jack-knife's carved initial ; 

The charcoal frescoes on its wall ; 

Its door's worn sill, betraying 
The feet that, creeping slow to school, 

Went storming out to playing. 

Long years ago a winter sun 

Shone over it at setting, 
Lit up its western window-panes, 

And low eaves's icy fretting. 

It touched the tangled golden curls, 
And brown eyes full of grieving, 

Of one who still her steps delayed 
When all the school were leaving. 

For near her stood the little boy 

Her childish favor singled, 
His cap pulled low upon a face 

Where pride and shame were mingled. 

Pushing with restless feet the snow 
To right and left, he lingered ; 

As restlessly her tiny hands 

The blue-checked apron fingered. 

He saw her lift her eyes ; he felt 
The soft hands light caressing, 

And heard the tremble of her voice, 
As if a fault confessing. 

"I'm sorry that I spelt the word : 
I hate to go above you. 



SELECTIONS FOE THE YOUNG FOLKS. 229 

Because" — the brown eyes lower fell — 
" Because, you see, I love you !" 

Still memory to a gray-haired man 

That sweet child-face is showing. 
Dear girl ! the grasses on her grave 

Have forty years been growing. 

He lives to learn, in life's hard school, 

How few who pass above him 
Lament their triumph and his loss, 

Like her — because they love him. 



NEW GOWNS.— Fro m Our Young Folks. 

Once upon a time there lived a beautiful lady, who had 
the loveliest dresses — such as never were seen before. First, 
she had a long robe of rich green velvet, embroidered all 
over with flowers of every color ; its train was decked with 
silver spangles, and sparkling ribbons of silver flowed from 
the wide and flashing silver girdle at her waist down to 
her feet, and here and there masses of feather trimming, of 
the richest green, decorated the seams and hems, and green 
plumes waved around her snowy tresses ; for she was old as 
she was beautiful, showing age alone in these glittering coils 
of blanched hair. Whenever she moved, the silver girdle, 
wide as a breastplate, swayed and shimmered about her, and 
the green plumes bent slowly and gracefully. Nothing, 
men thought, could be more beautiful than her garment ; 
but she was a woman, and got very tired of it. Now the 
lady had two old uncles — Uncle Jack and Uncle Sol ; they 
did not agree at all, and, when one refused what she wanted, 
the other was sure to give it to her. So, when she got wea- 
ry of her green robe, she told Uncle Sol she wanted a 
change of raiment. 

" Fy ! fy !" said the portly old gentleman, who wore a 
yellow coat, somewhat spotted, and had fire-red hair ; " how 
long have you worn that gown, my dear? I know very 
well, for I gave it to you ; no, indeed. Do you see me get- 
ting new coats ? The idea is absurd !" 

He turned his face away from her, and she was so angry 
she ran straight off to find Uncle Jack. 



230 MANUAL OF READING. 

Uncle Jack was a funny old man with keen gray eyes, 
and his long hair and wavy beard were like drifted snow. 
All his clothes were white, and trimmed with crystal but- 
tons, and in his hand he carried a tiny slender spear of crys- 
tal, on whose tip glittered a diamond point, clear and cold 
as a star; it was an enchanted spear that never broke or 
wore out, and he could work wonders with it. 

" Oh, Uncle Jack !" said the lady, " do give me something 
new to wear; I am so tired of green and silver!" 

" Why, my ! I think your dress is very fresh and rich yet." 

"That's what Uncle Sol says." 

" Oho ! the gruff old rascal has been denying you what 
you wanted, has he ? I'll see to your dress, my dear !" 

With that, Uncle Jack took up his magic wand, and light- 
ly touched the feather trimming and the plumes, and all at 
once they flashed into the most gorgeous colors — scarlet 
glowing like coals, yellow as fierce as July sunshine, mass- 
es of deep gleaming garnet, and spots of dusky purple and 
light vivid crimson on the trimming, while the plumes 
waved with here and there a golden spire, or a feather of 
flame, interspersed with dark velvety green, pallid yellow, 
or shining brown. 

" There !" said Uncle Jack, " are you satisfied ?" 

The lady looked at her face in one of the broad burnished 
silver ribbons, and smiled, for she was lovely as a dream ; 
all the air about her seemed steeped in sunshine, and in her 
girdle and her sashes the splendid colors floated and flowed 
like jewels poured out. Uncle Jack laughed to see her so 
pleased. 

But after a while the velvet gown began to fade and grow 
threadbare ; its folds and edges showed dull brown ; the 
embroidery of blossoms, and leaves, and berries, that had 
strewed it with many a gay wreath and graceful tendril, or 
starred it with tiny flowers, was all frayed away and fallen 
off. The silver ribbon still shone, but the robe itself had 
become a dead brownish-yellow, and the glorious plumes 
had dropped one little featherling after the other, till of 
them and of the trimming there was nothing left but bare 
gray stems and tracery. 



SELECTIONS EOE, THE YOUNG FOLKS. 231 

The lady wept bitterly. Uncle Sol had turned the cold 
shoulder toward her, and she was half afraid of Uncle Jack, 
he had so lately clothed her in magnificent robes. 

There was, however, no one else to help her, so she called 
loudly for him, and he came. 

There was a sly smile in his keen gray eye as he looked 
at the lady. " Rags and tags, hey, madam ? Well for you 
that Uncle Jack lives within hearing." 

So saying, he passed his wand across her again, and about 
her shoulders and waist hung trails of exquisite lace of the 
most delicate tracery and purest whiteness, and a white tis- 
sue robe fell softly over the worn velvet, and hid it with a 
sheeny mist. The plumes were covered and tipped with 
lacework too, and the beautiful lady smiled again to see 
how delicately fair her robes showed in the morning light. 
But hardly had she enjoyed their grace and purity for an 
hour or two when along came the other old uncle. 

" Ho ! ho !" laughed Uncle Sol ; " here you are in another 
new gown ! In white lace, like a young girl at her wed- 
ding ! This is too absurd for a woman of your age. I can't 
allow it !" 

Now Uncle Sol's magic was in his face ; if he once looked 
ha?d and long at any thing it ran away, and now he stared 
fixedly at the lovely lace raiment. Horrible to relate, it 
ran away as he looked in streams of gray shreds, and even 
drops like tears, till the beautiful lady stood weeping bitter- 
ly in her old brown gown, and the gray sticks of her feath- 
ers looking worse for the silver ribbons. 

Now she began to sob and wail ; the plumes, featherless 
as they were, rustled in her hair like a storm of pitiful whis- 
pers and sighs, and the silver girdle and breastplate heaved 
up and down till it grated on her brown robe heavily, and 
frayed it still more. 

" Oh, Jack ! dear Uncle Jack !" she cried ; " come ! do 
come !" 

In he bustled and hustled with a great crackling and 
whistling, for he was very busy and hard at work. Up went 
both his withered hands in surprise. 

" What a sight to behold ! all that lace gone ! My dear, 



232 MANUAL OP READING. 

you cost too much ; you are so tall and large, one needs 
stores as broad and deep as the sky to clothe you !" 

The lady drew herself up and looked at Uncle Jack. 
Now, indeed, she was a piteous sight ; all her fair face and 
dingy robe marred with tears and shreds, her beauty worn 
with grief and rage, and her broad shoulders wearing no 
trace of their late filmy covering. 

" Look at me, Uncle Jack !" 

That was enough. 

" Poor child ! poor child V' said he, pitifully. " I will give 
you a garment that Uncle Sol may stare at as much as he 
likes, but it will take a long while to make it." 

So off went Uncle Jack into upper air, and borrowed of 
the sprites, who prepare wool and crystal in those high 
dwellings, their most spotless and heavy fleeces. These he 
floated softly down upon the beautiful lady till they rested 
upon her brown mantle and covered it completely, hiding 
even the holes about her sides and elbows ; then he waved 
his wand till the stainless wool grew into a lovely robe, so 
white and sparkling that, if one but looked upon it, the wa- 
ter would stand in his eyes. Another touch of the diamond- 
tipped spear, and the silver ribbons turned to polished steel; 
steel bound the girdle and breastplate with a broad bright 
edge. The lady was more splendid than ever ; one thing 
alone was wanting — a new set of plumes. 

"Whew! whew!" said Uncle Jack; "must I travel up 
stairs again ?" and off he went to borrow dew-crystal of the 
sprites who had already lent him wool ; they were kindly 
sprites indeed, for they showered the bright, clear drops he 
wanted all over the feather trimming, and the plumes also, 
and, as they clung to the delicate stems and tendrils, Uncle 
Jack pointed his spear-tip at them, and they changed to dia- 
monds. How they sparkled, and danced, and shone ! how 
every sigh that fluttered about made the myriad rainbows 
thrill and quiver ! how blinding was the blaze of their splen- 
dor ! how glorious the lady in her jewels and her brilliant 
robe ! She looked as a queen might, adorned for her bridal, 
and from her clear bright girdle and ribbons shone back all 
the stars of heaven. 



SELECTIONS FOE THE YOUNG FOLKS. 233 

" There !" said Uncle Jack ; " I think I have done well for 
you ; you can defy Uncle Sol now as to the gown. I won't 
answer for the diamonds — he hates jewelry ; but don't come 
screaming after me again for a long time, my lady ! I have 
business on hand ;" and off he went. 

The beautiful lady smiled, and all the wonderful brilliants 
about her rustled, and flashed, and blazed for joy. Poor 
lady ! it was but the very next morning Uncle Sol looked 
at her over his shoulder. " Ridiculous old creature !" growl- 
ed he. "Zknow when she was born, if nobody else does ; and 
for a person whose years are more than she likes to make 
known to be wearing jewelry, and such jewelry, is enough 
to make one laugh. No, never can I allow it !" 

So saying, he stared at the diamonds with all his might 
and main. How they burned under his gaze ! how every 
tiny speck shot out a blaze of anger and splendor ! Their 
glory was blinding, but it was brief. Presently they began 
to drop from the plumy stems — tinkle, tinkle, tinkle ! faster 
and faster, with a sweet and bright sound like the ring of 
fairy sleigh-bells, or the laugh of fairy babies, down they 
showered, tumbling on the beautiful lady's shoulders, over 
her steel ribbons, and on her beaming girdle and breast- 
plate — tinkle, tinkle, tinkle ! ringing their tiny peals of deli- 
cate music, and glittering where they fell. Alas ! in a mo- 
ment more they were but tears. 

Uncle Jack no longer listened to the lady's calls; her 
jewels were gone, and who could replace them ? She wore 
the stainless robe without ornaments save the steel and 
steel-bound silver of her ribbons and girdle ; and, being 
careless, in a few months the white garments gathered stains 
and grew threadbare, and was no longer fair to see. 

Then she bethought herself of Uncle Sol, who had ceased 
turning his face away from her, and made friends with him 
once more, so that he again clothed her with soft and fresh 
green garments, with newer and even more exquisite trailing 
embroideries and misty green trimmings ; he renewed her 
graceful plumes, and changed ribbons and girdle to shin- 
ing silver once more. So it came to pass that the beautiful 
lady was never at a loss for robes between the two old 



234 MANUAL OF BEADING. 

uncles. And so it hath been, and shall be while the world 
endures. 

Ah ! if only I had an Uncle Jack and an Uncle Sol, I 
should never again say I had nothing to wear, and sigh over 
my lack of gowns. 

LECTURE ON HEAT.— From Our Young Folks. 

BY MY LORD HIGH FIDDLESTICK. 

"His name is Force," squeaked the little traveler; "but, 
for the sort of person that he is, I can not say, your royal 
highness, seeing that he is sometimes as great as a giant, 
and at others as fine as a thread ; only that he is the worst- 
used and best-natured individual in your majesty's domin- 
ions; for there is not a ship or a house, a road or a gar- 
den made, or a dinner got, or so much as a cup of water 
drawn, without his help. He is wanted to do every thing 
every minute of the day all over the earth, and he does it 
without grumbling ; and now, mark how he is paid ! Ev- 
ery time that he gives any body a neighborly lift, from saw- 
ing a stick of wood to dragging a train, he disappears. He 
is destroyed. All day long he is smashed, blown up, -choked, 
your royal highness, under your royal highness's very nose 
— under every body's nose — made away with, done for, mur- 
dered, used up, in a hundred thousand places all at once, 
by Christians and heathens all alike — which your majesty 
will see is quite improper. For if it is so very bad to choke, 
blow up, and murder a man once, how much worse to do 
all these things to a person all the time ! and if your high- 
ness would protect even a thief from such abuse, how is it 
that there is nobody to say a word for poor Force, who wags 
your very heads for you ? and whose blame is it ?" 

When the little traveler said " Whose blame is it ?" he 
looked hard at the king. The king was quite thrown out 
of countenance — for here was a very bad case, you see, made 
out against somebody — and he looked severely at the Lord 
High Fiddlestick, because it was understood that, when any 
thing happened to be right, the credit was due to the king ; 
but, when any thing was wrong, the blame fell to my Lord 
High Fiddlestick. As the king looked severe, the courtiers 



SELECTIONS FOR THE YOUNG FOLKS. 235 

looked severe also, and as if— ■ Come, now, this was really 
too bad, and a little the worst thing they had heard yet about 
my Lord High Fiddlestick. But my Lord High Fiddlestick 
only crossed his pink slippers comfortably one over the oth- 
er, and said, 

"Your majesty, there is no one to blame here. The gen- 
tleman is quite right and entirely wrong." 

The little traveler jumped up. He was wrapped from 
head to heels in a large overcoat full of pockets. Out of 
one pocket he took a bit of iron and a hammer. He laid the 
iron on the table, and pounded it with the hammer. 

" There !" he said ; " Force did that ; but now where has 
he gone, my Lord High Fiddlestick ?" Then he pulled at 
his mustache, and stamped his foot, and got out a saw and 
a piece of wood, and had off an end of the wood before you 
could wink. " Force did that too," said the little traveler ; 
"but, if he did not die in doing it, can you tell where he is 
now, my Lord High Fiddlestick ?" Thenhe drew out a pis- 
tol, and, aiming at the third leg of the king's extension ta- 
ble, sent a bullet at it as savagely as if it had been the Lord 
High Fiddlestick himself. 

"Force did that too," screamed the queer, angry little 
man, " and now where is he ? I am not to be put off with a 
riddle about being quite right and entirely wrong. If he is 
dead, as you are to blame for whatever happens in this coun- 
try, you ought to be hung at once; and if he is not dead, I 
will trouble you to show him to me." 

" Qood Mr. Traveler," answered my Lord High Fiddle- 
stick, picking up the saw, " will you feel of that ? It is cold, 
is it not ? and the wood — that is cold too. Well, now, sup- 
pose you saw us off another bit of wood. Thank you. Feel 
now of the wood. Is it cold, just as it was before? No? 
You mean to say that it is warmer ? Touch the saw. That 
is warmer too. Very good. Here are your iron and your 
hammer. Will your majesty touch them? You see they 
are cold enough. Now, my friend, favor us with a little 
more of that lively pounding which you say your friend 
Force died to do. How are your iron and hammer ? I de- 
clare ! — feel, your majesty — they are both warm. Now for 



236 MANUAL OP READING. 

the pistol. Here is a target— but stop ! feel the bullet. It 
is cold, of course. Fire away ! Very good ! But the bul- 
let ! feel it, Mr. Traveler. Your majesty perceives that it is 
quite hot — this bullet, which was cold a moment ago !" 

" What if it is ?" growled the traveler. 

My Lord High Fiddlestick put his hands in the pockets of 
his green satin gown and laughed. 

"Ah ! Mr. Traveler, you have not learned all the old tricks 
of your friend Force. Just now he pounded a cold bit of 
iron with a cold hammer. Then he was gone, nowhere to 
be seen — dead, you said ; but you found heat in the iron and 
the hammer. You sawed a cold piece of wood with a cold 
saw. That done — whisk ! Force was lost ; but there was 
heat in the wood and saw. You fired your cold bullet at a 
cold target. Off went force, but there was heat again in 
the bullet. Whenever you lose force you find heat. What 
does that mean ? You say that Force is sometimes a giant. 
Did it ever occur to you that he may be a giant with two 
heads under his hood ? Let us follow this giant a little far- 
ther. He is pulling a train at the rate of thirty miles an 
hour. You put on the brakes, the train stops. Force is 
gone from the engine, but what do you find at the wheels, 
where the brake rubbed on them ? Why, so much heat that 
you see fire and sparks ; and the engine-driver sends a man 
to rub grease on the wheels of the train. Why ? Because, 
if the wheels turn around with difficulty, the engine can not 
pull the train so fast ; Force, who should give all his atten- 
tion to urge the engine, must give a part of his strength to 
the wheels; and just as much as he gives to the wheels, just 
so much is lost to the engine." 

" As if every school-boy did not know that !" growled the 
little traveler. 

" Wait a minute," said my Lord High Fiddlestick. "You 
say every school-boy knows that ; but, when Force goes to 
the wheels, what shape does he take ? He is there turning 
the wheels in spite of themselves, and the engine is missing 
him, and these ungreased wheels show that he is there. 
How? By their heat. You miss Force from the engine. 
The last time he was seen he was going to the ungreased 



SELECTIONS FOR THE YOUNG FOLKS. 237 

wheels. You go to the wheels. You see no Force there, 
but a stranger ; but if it is the giant Force that you have 
lost from the engine, this stranger will be a giant ; if Force 
is at his pigmy tricks, the stranger will be a dwarf; and, in 
either case, he will tell you his name is Heat. While you 
are staring at him, you observe something familiar about 
him, and you say, ' Pray, Mr. Heat, have I not seen you be- 
fore somewhere about the engine? You are the fireman, per- 
haps !' ' Exactly,' answers Heat. ' I was in the fire under 
the boiler.' Under the boiler ! Why, that is where our lost 
Force came from. Put it all together. You put heat under 
the boiler, and force comes out and pulls the train. You 
miss Force, and, when you go to look for him, you find Heat 
in his place. Is it not reasonable, good Mr. Traveler, to 
think that, as Heat can turn into Force, Force can turn back 
into Heat again ?" 

"Your royal highness," cried the little traveler, jumping 
up in a great rage, " I hope your royal highness won't listen 
to such stuff as this. Heat a person, indeed ! Heat is a 
fluid, and it is called caloric. I see my Lord High Fiddle- 
stick is laughing, but he won't laugh long. Here is the 
dictionary, and the word in it to prove what I say; and 
the ungreased wheels were hot because they turned so 
hard that some of their caloric was squeezed out of them ; 
and when the hammer came down hard on the iron, some 
of the caloric was squeezed out of that, and all the old phi- 
losophers say so ; and, if you want us to believe that force 
is not burned in the fire, and blown off from the engine, and 
crushed under the wheels, but is turned into heat, you must 
make us swallow the dictionary and the old philosophers 
first." 

" I see I must tell you a little story," answered my Lord 
High Fiddlestick,' gently. "As my friend Count Rumford 
and your friend Force were one day boring a cannon, Count 
Rumford tried to. pick up some of the brass chips that Force 
had just cut off, and discovered that they were hotter than 
boiling water. Brass is not generally hotter than boiling 
water. Before we go farther, perhaps you will tell us, Mr. 
Traveler, what had happened to these chips." 



238 MANUAL OF READING. 

" Why, the boring had squeezed so much caloric fluid into 
these chips," answered the traveler. 

"Then, of course," said my Lord High Fiddlestick, "if 
the brass chips held so much more heat-fluid than they ever 
held before, they must be altered in some way. If you were 
going to put say a quart of heat-fluid in chips that only 
held a pint before, you must alter your chips. But Count 
Rumford found that the chips were not altered ; that is, if 
you are right, Mr. Traveler, a pint could hold a quart ; and 
he thought that was tougher to swallow than the old phi- 
losophers. So he took a hollow tube of brass called a cylin- 
der. In it he put a flat piece of hard steel. The steel was 
almost as large as the cylinder, so that it could just turn 
around the steel. He put the cylinder in a box filled with 
water. A horse was made to turn the cylinder round and 
round. The piece of steel rubbed hard all the time on the 
bottom of the brass cylinder. The brass grew warm and 
the water grew warm. Count Rumford and a great many 
people stood watching it curiously. The cylinder turned 
and turned, all the time growing hotter. The water all the 
time grew hotter too ; and, at the end of two hours and a 
half, the water was so hot that it boiled. Now, Mr. Travel- 
er, what makes water boil ?" 

"Heat," answered the little man, sulkily. 

" Well, there was no heat here," cried my Lord High Fid- 
dlestick — " only force ; and force made the water boil. 
Own up, Mr. Traveler. It begins to look as if Heat and 
Force were the same person." 

"I shall not own any thing of the sort," answered the lit- 
tle man. "Pray, my Lord High Fiddlestick," catching up 
the hammer and bringing it down hard on the iron, " how 
did force turn into heat then ?" 

"This iron," said my lord, "is made of what we call 
atoms — tiny particles too small to be seen separately." 

" Bosh !" snorted the traveler. 

" These atoms," said the Lord High Fiddlestick, " are held 
fast together by a liking they have for each other — an at- 
traction that we call cohesion. Force strikes this iron with 
the weight of the hammer. He jars the iron ; he jars, he 



SELECTIONS FOR THE YOUNG FOLKS. 239 1 

stirs the atoms ; they can stir, although their band of cohe- 
sion holds them so close that they look as if they were stuck 
tight together. The hammer is down. You would say 
Force is dead. I say he has gone in among those atoms ; he 
is carrying on the stir and jar from one atom to the other. 
* Stop !' says Cohesion, trying to hold them fast. ' Go on !' 
cries Force. The atoms of iron can not get away from one 
another, but they can move. Force makes them move and 
struggle. When you struggle you get warm. When the 
atoms of iron struggle, they make what my friend, Lord Ba- 
con, calls the fire and fury of heat. They actually get far- 
ther away from each other; and this is why philosophers 
will tell you that heat makes a body larger. 

" This hard, solid iron is actually a little larger than when 
it was cool, because the atoms have succeeded in getting far- 
ther from each other. Now all the king's horses, and all the 
king's men, if you could set them to tug on each side of this 
little bit of iron, have not strength to do that. It required a 
great force, stronger than all the king's horses and men. But 
who did pull the atoms ? Heat. Then heat is force, or per- 
haps I should say motion ; for, when we struck this iron with 
the hammer, and it became warmer, what had happened re- 
ally ? Why, the motion of the arm and hammer that struck 
it went in among the atoms of iron, and they moved and 
pulled a little way from each other. What we call Heat was 
really their motion ; and so — " 

"Stuff!" interrupted the traveler. "When a man comes 
down to atoms, he must be hard up for proofs." 

" Comes down to atoms !" exclaimed my Lord High Fid- 
dlestick, opening a window. Outside, the sill was covered 
with fresh-fallen snow, which my Lord High Fiddlestick 
scraped up in his hands. "Can any thing be softer than 
this, snow?" he asked. "Well, the pull and strain that 
brought the water-atoms together to make such snow as I 
hold here, would pitch a ton of stone over a precipice two 
thousand feet deep. Come down to atoms, indeed ! Pray, 
let me show you a few of the things that atoms can do." 

"My lord," interrupted the king, in a hurry, "I observe 
that dinner is ready, and the beefsteak on the table. If the 



240 MANUAL OF READING. 

steak gets cold, according to your philosophy, it will grow 
smaller, and then, perhaps, there will not be enough to go 
round. Let us go to dinner, and hear what, the atoms can 
do another time, my Lord High Fiddlestick." 



BIRDS AND THEIR WAYS.— From the Little Corporal 

About the second week of March, here in Northern Illi- 
nois, I hear somebody singing up in the air, " Ka-wet ! ka- 
wet !" His back is as blue as the violets, and his breast looks 
as red and warm as a little red cloud at sunrise. 

The trees are bare, the grass is dry, and Bluebird's voice 
is a little sad at first, but by the middle of April he is all 
over it, for he takes him a mate ; then he is very busy try- 
ing to find a place for the nest that is to hold the wee ones. 

One day I saw a pair of bluebirds sitting on the stakes of 
a rail fence. Bluebird flew down to a hole in one of the 
rails ; he went in, examined its sides with his black bill, 
turned around in it, then, flying up to the top of a stake, 
warbled " Ka-wet ! que-we-o-it !" — my dear, come look at 
it. Mrs. Bluebird answered " Ka-wet !" — yes, dear. They 
examined and consulted a long time, but it would not do to 
put their nest there ; the room w T as too small, and the roof 
very poor. I saw them there no more. The mates some- 
times choose a hole in a tree, where a busy woodpecker once 
made his nest. They carry in grass, wool, and feathers, and 
arrange a soft, warm nest. The female lays from four to six 
pale blue eggs. Two broods a year are raised. Bluebirds 
live upon worms, beetles, and other insects that would de- 
stroy our fruit and gardens. 

Generally, within two weeks from the time I first hear the 
plaintive salutation of the bluebird, a chorus of spring voices 
are in my ear. The red-winged blackbirds are chatting in 
the tree-tops; the crow blackbird throws in an occasional 
note of reproof; the meadow-lark sings " E-chee-a-chirp-pa" 
in the richest of voices ; the snowbird trills in the hazel 
bush ; the wild ducks are quacking on the streams ; the soft 
piping of the nuthatch sounds from the woods ; the belted 
kingfisher darts chattering by, and the plover flies over, cry- 
ing sharply " Kill-deer ! kill-deer !" 



SELECTIONS FOR THE YOUNG FOLKS. 241 

But whose voice is this I hear a few clays before the com- 
ing of April ? He calls from the trees, just at evening, 
" Quit ! quit ! quit !" The night is cold and frosty, but with 
the early morning light a rich bugle-voice breaks out in 
" Ka-i-a ka-e-ore quit ! cho-wo que-we que-wit ! tka-a-ru ka- 
we-wa ka-we-wa tkeep !" Robin knows how to sing. I once 
heard four singing in one bur-oak at a time. 

Look at Robin when he is on the ground. He gives a 
hop or two, then runs a few feet straight forward in a very 
careless way. He stops, turning one eye up as if he needed 
to keep watch of the weather, while with the other he looks 
sharply at the ground. Now he finds a bug or grub, now 
a May-beetle, and a little farther on he pulls up a cut-worm. 
He is very useful, for he eats up some of the worst enemies 
of the fruit and grain. 

The first day of last May, as I passed a thorn-tree, a bright 
eye peered from behind a branch. A moment after, two 
brown wings were spread, and away went Mrs. Robin. 
Robin himself sat near by, on a crab-apple-tree, jerking his 
tail, and eying me anxiously. Here was a nest with four 
blue eggs. 

Soon the bluejays became too inquisitive, and I often saw 
Robin dart out bravely and drive them off. After a few 
days I found the nest deserted, one egg gone, and the rest 
cold. I am afraid Bluejay took that egg. 

But the robins were not discouraged. They built another 
nest on the branch of a bur-oak a short distance from the 
first nest. They left this one also, and without using it 
at all. 

A third nest was made in a black oak, whose boughs 
touch our house. Mrs. Robin constructed it chiefly of dried 
grass, and plastered the inside with mud. When the mud 
was dry, she lined it smoothly with fine soft grass, and the 
nest was ready for use. 

The eggs were laid, and for about two weeks patient Mrs. 
Robin kept them warm under her red breast. The sweet 
June days came, and the wild roses showed their bright 
buds. Robin, meantime, sang his richest songs on the 
boughs near by. He became almost as tame as a ck' ' 

L 



242 MANUAL OF BEADING. 

hopping around us when we were out of doors, and singing, 
with his bill just apart, quaint little strains that could hard- 
ly be heard. The robin does not open his bill so widely as 
some little birds, if he sings ever so loud and clear. 

One day I saw Mrs. Robin standing on the side of the 
nest. She peered into it, and put her bill down one, two, 
three times. Just then her mate alighted near by, with his 
beak full of worms and soft insects. The young birds were 
out of the shells, and the mother was feeding them. What 
funny babies they were, with only a small number of curious 
feathers, looking just like the little plumes you have seen 
on some seeds floating about in the air. At the least sound 
their hungry bills would fly open, as if they expected that 
it was going to rain worms. Robin did not get much time 
to sing then, for they kept him as busy as a bee. In less 
than two weeks they were pretty well feathered out, and 
their tails an inch and a half long. 

Then there was a time of wild excitement in the oak. The 
old birds called loudly, and the young ones answered "Pe- 
ip ?" — I fly ! The little robins found out then what their 
wings were made for. For a day or two they staid quietly 
in the trees, and their parents carried them food. Then they 
hopped on the ground after Mr. and Mrs. Robin. 

About this time Mrs. Robin left her husband to provide 
for all three youngsters, and went off somewhere. Some- 
times they tried to feed themselves. One would think he 
saw a worm on the ground, and, putting down his head, 
would nearly fall over trying to get it. I saw them pick up 
little sticks, and drop them. In less than three weeks from 
the time they left the nest they looked as large as Robin, 
and he thought them big enough to get their own living. 
They were very handsome, but they did not look just like 
the old robins. Their backs had a great many little black 
and white streaks, and the red of their breasts was full of 
black spots. 

Robin still gathered worms, but he would not give them 
to these young ones. I followed him, and found Mrs. Robin, 
with another brood of little birds, in the very nest that was 
built on the branch of the bur-oak after the first one was 
broken up. 



SELECTIONS FOE THE YOUNG FOLKS. 243 



HANDY ANDY. 

Samuel, Lover. 
Scene First. The Dining-room. 

The first time Andy was admitted into the mysteries of 
the dining-room, great was his wonder. The butler took 
him in to give him some previous instructions, and Andy 
was so lost in admiration at the sight of the assembled glass 
and plate that he stood with his mouth and eyes wide open, 
and scarcely heard a word that was said to him. After the 
head man had been dinning his instructions into him for 
some time, he said he might go until his attendance was re- 
quired. But Andy moved not ; he stood with his eyes fixed 
by a sort of fascination on some object, that seemed to rivet 
them with the same unaccountable influence which the rat- 
tlesnake exercises over its victim. 

" What are you looking at ?" said the butler. 

"Them things, sir," said Andy, pointing to some silver 
forks. 

" Is it the forks ?" said the butler. 

" Oh no, sir. I know what forks is very well ; but I have 
never seen them things afore." 

" What things do you mean ?" 

" These things, sir," said Andy, taking up one of the sil- 
ver forks, and turning it round and round in his hand in ut- 
ter astonishment, while the butler grinned at his ignorance, 
and enjoyed his own superior knowledge. 

" Well !" said Andy, after a long pause, " evil be from me 
if ever I seen a silver spoon split that way before." 

The butler laughed a horse-laugh, and made a standing 
joke of Andy's split spoon; but time and experience made 
Andy less impressed with wonder at the show of plate and 
glass, and the split spoons became familiar as " household 
words" to him ; yet still there were things in the duties of 
table attendance beyond Andy's comprehension: he used 
to hand cold plates for fish, and hot plates for jelly, etc. But 
"one day," as Zanga says, " one day" he was thrown off his 
centre in a remarkable degree by a bottle of soda-water. 

It was when that combustible was first introduced into 



244 MANUAL OF READING. 

Ireland as a dinner beverage that the occurrence took place, 
and Andy had the luck to be the person to whom a gentle- 
man applied for some soda-water. 

"Sir?" said Andy. 

" Soda - water," said the guest, in that subdued tone in 
which people are apt to make known their wants at a din- 
ner-table. 

Andy went to the butler. " Mr. Morgan, there's a gintle- 
man — " 

" Let me alone, will you ?" said Mr. Morgan. 

Andy manoeuvred round him a little longer, and again 
essayed to be heard. 

" Mr. Morgan!" 

" Don't you see I'm as busy as I can be ? Can't you do 
it yourself?" 

" I dunno what he wants." 

" Well, go and ax him," said Mr. Morgan. 

Andy went off as he was bidden, and came behind the 
thirsty gentleman's chair with " I beg your pardon, sir." 

" Well !" said the gentleman. 

" I beg your pardon, sir, but what's that you axed me for?" 

"Soda-water." 

"What, sir?" 

" Soda-water ; but perhaps you have not any." 

" Oh, there's plenty in the house, sir. Would you like it 
hot, sir ?" 

The gentleman laughed, and, supposing the new fashion 
was not understood in the present company, said, " Never 
mind." 

But Andy was too anxious to please to be so satisfied, and 
again applied to Mr. Morgan. 

"Sir," said he. 

"Bad luck to you ! can't you let me alone ?" 

" There's a gintleman wants some soap and wather." 

" Some what ?" 

" Soap and wather, sir." 

" Bother take you ! soda-wather, you mane. You'll get it 
under the sideboard." 

"Is it in the can, sir?" 



SELECTIONS FOB THE YOUNG FOLKS. 245 

"The curse of Crum'll on you ! in the bottles." 

" Is this it, sir ?" said Andy, producing a bottle of ale. 

" No, bad 'cess to you ! the little bottles." 

" Is it the little bottles with no bottoms, sir ?" 

" I wish you were in the bottom of the say !" said Mr. Mor- 
gan, who was fuming and puffing, and rubbing down his face 
with a napkin, as he was hurrying to all quarters of the room, 
or, as Andy said, in praising his activity, that he was " like 
bad luck, every where." 

" There they are," said Morgan at last. 

"Oh! them bottles that won't stand," said Andy; "sure 
them's what I said, with no bottoms to them. How'll I 
open it? it's tied down." 

" Cut the cord, you booby !" 

Andy did as he was desired ; and he happened at the 
same time to hold the bottle of soda-water on a level with 
the candles that shed light over the festive board from a 
large silver branch, and the moment he made the incision, 
bang went the bottle of soda, knocking out two of the lights 
with the projected cork, which, performing its parabola the 
length of the room, struck the squire himself in the eye at 
the end of the table, while the hostess at the head had a cold 
bath down her back. Andy, when he saw the soda-water 
jumping out of the bottle, held it from him at arm's length, 
every fizz it made exclaiming " Ow ! ow ! ow !" and at last, 
when the bottle was empty, he roared out, " Oh Lord ! it's 
all gone." 

Great was the commotion ; few could resist laughter ex- 
cept the ladies, who all looked at their gowns, not liking the 
mixture of satin and soda-water. The extinguished candles 
were relighted, the squire got his eye open again, and the 
next time he perceived the butler sufficiently near to speak 
to him, he said, in a low and hurried tone of deep anger, 
while he knit his brow, " Send that fellow out of the room ;" 
but within the same minute resumed the former smile, that 
beamed on all around as if nothing had happened. 



246 MANUAL OF READING. 

Scene Second. The Post-office. 

" Ride into town and see if there's a letter for me," said 
the squire one day to our hero. 

"Yis,sir." 

" You know where to go ?" 

" To the town, sir." 

" But do you know where to go in the town ?" 

"No, sir." 

"And why don't you ask, you stupid thief?" 

"Sure, I'd find out, sir." 

"Didn't I often tell you what you're to do when you 
don't know ?" 

"Yis,sir." 

" And why don't you ?" 

" I don't like to be throublesome, sir." 

" Confound you !" said the squire ; though he could not 
help laughing at Andy's excuse for remaining in ignorance. 

" Well," continued he, " go to the post-office. You know 
the post-office, I suppose ?" 

" Yis, sir ; where they sell gunpowdher." 

" You're right for once," said the squire ; for his majesty's 
post-master was the person who had the privilege of dealing 
in the aforesaid combustible. " Go, then, to the post-office, 
and ask for a letter for me. Remember, not gunpowder, but 
a letter." 

" Yis, sir," said Andy, who got astride of his hack, and 
trotted away to the post-office. On arriving at the shop of 
the post-master (for that person carried on a brisk trade in 
groceries, gimlets, broadcloth, and linen-drapery), Andy pre- 
sented himself at the counter and said, 

" I want a letther, sir, if you plaze." 

" "Who do you want it for ?" said the post-master, in a tone 
which Andy considered an aggression upon the sacredness 
of private life ; so Andy thought the coolest contempt he 
could throw upon the prying impertinence of the post-mas- 
ter was to repeat his question. 

"I want a letther, sir, if you plaze." 

" And who do you want it for?" repeated the post-master. 



SELECTIONS FOR THE YOUNG FOLKS. 247 

"What's that to you?" said Andy. 

The post-master laughed at his simplicity, and told him he 
could not tell what letter to give him unless he told him the 
direction. 

" The directions I got was to get a letther here — that's the 
directions." 

" Who gave you those directions ?" 

" The masther." 

"And who's your master?" 

"What consarn is that o' yours ?" 

" Why, you stupid rascal, if you don't tell me his name, 
how can I give you a letter ?" 

" You could give it if you liked ; but you're fond of axin' 
impident questions, bekase you think I'm simple." 

" Go along out o' this ! Your master must be as great a 
goose as yourself, to send such a messenger." 

" Bad luck to your impidence ! is it Squire Egan you clar 
to say goose to ?" 

" Oh, Squire Egan's your master, then ?" 

" Yis ; have you any thing to say agin it ?" 

" Only that I never saw you before." 

"Faith, then you'll never see me agin, if I have my own 
consint." 

" I won't give you any letter for the squire, unless I know 
you're his servant. Is there any one in the town knows 
you?" 

" Plenty," said Andy ; " it's not every one is as ignorant as 
you." 

Just at this moment a person to whom Andy was known 
entered the house, who vouched to the post-master that he 
might give Andy the squire's letter. " Have you one for 
me?" 

" Yes, sir," said the post-master, producing one ; " four- 
pence." 

The gentleman paid the fourpence postage, and left the 
shop with his letter. 

"Here's a letter for the squire," said the post-master; 
" you've to pay me elevenpence postage." 

" What 'ud I pay elevenpence for ?" 



248 MAXUAL OF EEADIXG. 

"For postage." 

" Saint Pathrick ! Didn't I see you give Mr. Durfy a let- 
ther for fourpence this minnit, and a bigger letther than 
this? and now you want me to pay elevenpence for this 
scrap of a thing ! Do you think I'm a fool?" 

"No, but I'm sure of it," said the post-master. 

"Well, you're welkini to be sure, sure; but don't be delay- 
in' me now ; here's fourpence for you, and gi' me the letther." 

" Go along, you stupid thief!" said the post-master, taking 
up the letter, and going to serve a customer with a mouse- 
trap. 

While this person and many others were served, Andy 
lounged up and down the shop, every now and then putting 
in his head in the middle of the customers, and saying, " Will 
you gi' me the letther ?" 

The squire in the mean time was getting impatient for his 
return, and, when Andy made his appearance, asked if there 
was a letter for him. 

" There is, sir," said Andy. 

" Then give it to me." 

" I haven't it, sir." 

"What do you mean?" 

"He wouldn't give it to me, sir." 

" Who wouldn't give it to you ?" 

" The owld chate beyant in the town — wanting to charge 
double for it." 

"Maybe it's a double letter. Why didn't you pay what 
he asked, sir?" 

" Arrah, sir, why would I let you be chated ? It's not a 
double letther at all; not above half the size o' one Mr. Dur- 
fy got before my face for fourpence." 

" You'll provoke me to break your neck some day, you 
vagabond. Ride back for your life, you omadhound, and 
pay whatever he asks, and get me the letter." 

" Why, sir, I tell you he was sellin' them before my face 
for fourpence a piece." 

"Go back, you scoundrel, or I'll horsewhip you; and if 
you're longer than an hour I'll have you ducked in the horse- 
pond." 



SELECTIONS FOR THE YOUNG FOLKS. 249 

Andy vanished, and made a second visit to the post-office. 
When he arrived two other persons were getting letters, and 
the post-master w T as selecting the epistles for each from a 
large parcel that lay before him on the counter ; at the same 
time many shop-customers were waiting to be served. 

" I'm come for that letther," said Andy. 

" I'll attend to you by-and-by." 

" The masther's in a hurry." 

" Let him wait till his hurry's over." 

"He'll murther me if I'm not back soon. 

" I'm glad to hear it." 

While the post-master went on with such provoking an- 
swers to these appeals for dispatch, Andy's eye caught the 
heap of letters which lay on the counter ; so, while certain 
weighing of soap and tobacco w T as going forward, he con- 
trived to become possessed of two letters from the heap ; 
having effected that, he waited patiently enough till it was 
the great man's pleasure to give him the missive directed to 
his master. 

Then did Andy bestride his hack, and, in triumph at his 
trick on the post-master, rattle along the road homeward as 
fast as the beast could carry him. 

He came into the squire's presence, his face beaming with 
delight, and an air of self-satisfied superiority in his manner 
quite unaccountable to his master until he pulled forth his 
hand, which had been grubbing up his prizes from the bot- 
tom of his pocket, and, holding three letters over his head, 
while he said, " Look at that !" he next slapped them down 
under his broad fist on the table before the squire, saying, 

" Well, if he did make me pay elevenpence, by gor, I 
brought your honor the worth o' your money, any how !" 



SCHOOL. — From Merry s Museum. 

BEFORE SCHOOL. 

" Quarter of nine ! Boys and girls, do you hear ?" 
" One more buckwheat, then ; be quick, mother dear." 
" Where is my luncheon-box ?" " Under the shelf, 
Just in the place where you left it yourself." 

L2 



250 MANUAL OF READING. 

" I can't say my table !" " Oh, find me my cap !" 

" One kiss for mamma, and sweet sis in her lap." 

" Be good, dear." "I'll try." " Nine times nine's eighty-one." 

" Take your mittens !" "All right." " Hurry up, Bill ; let's 

run." 
With a slam of the door, they are off, girls and boys, 
And the mother draws breath in the lull of the noise. 

AFTER SCHOOL. 

"Don't wake up the baby ! Come gently, my dear." 
" Oh, mother ! I've torn my new dress ; just look here ! 
I'm sorry ; I only was climbing the wall." 
" Oh, mother ! my map was the nicest of all !" 
"And Nelly, in spelling, went up to the head !" 
" Oh, say ! can I go on the hill with my sled ?" 
" I've got such a toothache !" " The teacher's unfair !" 
" Is dinner most ready ? I'm just like a bear !" 

Be patient, worn mother, they're growing up fast ; 
These nursery whirlwinds, not long do they last ; 
A still, lonely house would be far worse than noise — 
Rejoice and be glad in your brave girls and boys. 



. SECOND LECTURE ON HEAT. 

BY JIT LORD HIGH FIDDLESTICK. 

The king, the court, and the little traveler were assembled 
to hear w T hat atoms can do. The king looked very serious : 
he was thinking that atoms were a bore, but that it was his 
duty to encourage them. The courtiers looked very serious 
too: they were thinking, each one, that, if he was king, he 
would have any body hung that dared to talk about atoms. 
A table stood before the Lord High Fiddlestick; on the ta- 
ble stood a copper basin filled with pounded ice and salt, 
and two strong bottles of iron, each closed by a screw firmly 
fixed in the neck. 

"Your majesty," said my Lord High Fiddlestick, taking 
up one of them, " these iron bottles are half an inch thick, 
and, as you see, they are firmly fastened at the top. They 
are filled with water, and I am going to place them in this 



SELECTIONS FOE THE YOUNG FOLKS. 251 

pounded ice and salt, and freeze the water, to show you what 
atoms can do. But I should like first to explain, as well as 
I can, how water freezes. The water is made up of atoms, 
or tiny particles of vapor, which are held together, like the 
atoms of iron, by cohesion. But water is always much 
warmer than iron, and, you remember, we found out that 
heat is motion ; so, when I say that, I mean that the atoms 
of water have much more motion than the atoms of iron. 
The iron has so little heat-motion that cohesion can hold its 
atoms tight and firm, and we call the iron hard and solid. 
The water-atoms have so much heat-motion that cohesion 
can hardly hold them in its grip, and the atoms roll over 
each other so loosely that we call water a liquid. I place 
these bottles in this ice and salt. The water- atoms are 
chilled, and begin to huddle together. The motion of heat 
will keep the atoms apart as long as it can, but as the atoms 
grow colder — that is, as they lose their heat — they lose their 
motion, and press closer together, till you may say the heat- 
motion is gone entirely ; the dancing water-atoms cling to- 
gether hard and stiff, and the water now takes up less room 
in the bottles than it did at first. Almost every thing, when 
freezing, becomes smaller, and stays smaller till it is warmed 
again ; but this is not the case with water, luckily for the 
fishes — for, if the ice remained smaller, it would sink to the 
bottom, warm water would rise, be frozen, and sink in its 
turn, till the lake or river was frozen solid. But ' No,' say 
the water-atoms, c we know better ; we draw together, close 
and hard, till we freeze, and then, crack ! we stretch out on 
every side — we grow larger and lighter, and make a warm 
roof for every thing below.' Now, your majesty, while I 
have been talking, the ice-atoms in the bottle have been 
stretching and pressing out. 'We will have more room,' 
say they. 'You can't have it,' answer the rigid iron-atoms, 
piled on each other half an inch thick. Which is the stron- 
gest ? There go the bottles, broken from top to bottom ! 
And now, Mr. Traveler, what do you think of the soft water- 
atoms, that can break iron ?" 

The traveler said nothing. "Very curious," observed his 
majesty. 



252 MANUAL OF READING. 

"Your royal highness," cried my Lord High Fiddlestick, 
much delighted, " do you remember how just two weeks ago 
the Pink Page forgot to turn off the water ? Just what has 
happened now in these bottles happened then in the pipes : 
the water froze, the ice-atoms tried to stretch themselves, 
the pipes would not stretch, and were broken as the bottles 
are. When a thaw came, it was nothing but dribble and. 
leak all over the palace ; and your majesty will recollect 
that the queen's pink satin gown, which the Dame of the 
Slippers had carelessly left in the powder closet, was quite 
ruined." 

"The Pink Page deserves to be hung, and you too, since 
you knew all about it," growled the king. 

"Your majesty, I should like to show you some more 
atom-work," said the Lord High Fiddlestick, in a flurry. 

" If flooding the palace is atom-work, I should say I had 
seen enough," grumbled the king ; but the Lord High Fid- 
dlestick pretended not to hear, and took out from a refriger- 
ator a large block of ice. 

" Your majesty," he said, " here, as you see, is a block of 
ice. In front of it I place a glass, and before the glass a 
white screen. Here I have what is called an electric lamp. 
I am going to send a warm beam from this lamp through 
the ice, as I have not a sunbeam handy. If any thing hap- 
pens in the ice, it will be reflected in this glass ; but this is 
a peculiar glass : whatever is reflected in it will be made 
larger, and its image cast on the screen, so that you can all 
see it." 

"Likely story!" growled the traveler; "as if any thing 
worth seeing could happen in that piece of ice." 

" We know," continued the Lord High Fiddlestick, " that 
the ice-atoms came close together, but we do not know 
whether they scrambled together, and are now lying head 
and shoulders, or came in order ; but we can take down the 
block of ice, and find of what it is built, as we could take 
down a house. I send a beam through the ice — the light 
passes through. But there was Heat in the beam; he has 
found work to do, and he stays among the ice-atoms. He 
is going from atom to atom, and urging them apart ; they 



SELECTIONS FOE THE YOUNG FOLKS. 253 

are all in motion, and the solid block is coming down in 
water — melting, as you would say. We are taking down 
the ice now ; look on the screen." 

The king and the courtiers looked. " Oh la !" scream- 
ed every body. The sour little traveler had determined 
not to look ; but he was so curious to know why every body 
cried " oh la !" that he could not help turning his head, and 
seeing the stars and sprays of the ice-atoms. 

"Very fine," remarked the king; "but handsome is that 
handsome does ! I should think better of these stars and 
sprays if they ha'd not flooded my palace." 

My Lord High Fiddlestick knew better than to remind 
the king that, if the Pink Page had been as orderly as the 
ice -atoms, the palace would not have been flooded. In- 
stead, he brought out a little furnace filled with live coals, 
on which stood a tea-kettle filled with boiling water. 

" Your majesty has seen," he said, " that water-atoms can 
break iron, and are, in fact, ' giants in disguise.' We have 
seen, also, that they are orderly giants, and, at the word of 
command, fall into stars and sprays, as the soldiers of your 
majesty's regiments fall into line. Now we have the water- 
atoms and our old friend Heat here in this furnace. He is 
at his usual work, fighting with Cohesion, and pushing the 
water-atoms apart. Cohesion presses down with all its 
w T eight, but Heat is quite strong enough to lift it. Then 
the water-atoms spring apart in fine steam particles. The 
water needs now much more room than it did in the begin- 
ning. The water-atoms are greatly heated — that is, they are 
in furious motion, and are stretching and pushing for more 
room ; and once more we see here that Heat is Force. This 
water, which would yield to the finger when cold, is now 
strong. It whirls, and spins, and presses so hard that, if 
there were no spout through which it could escape, and the 
cover of the kettle were fitted tight, it would burst the ket- 
tle. These atoms, your majesty, will push and drag tons. 
They will saw, and grind, and punch, and plane stone and 
iron. They—" 

"Yes," cut in the traveler; "but what could your won- 
derful atoms do without the fire ?" 



254 MANUAL OP READING. 

" Just so," answered my Lord High Fiddlestick, with a 
benevolent smile. "Just what I am coming at. We can 
hear the roaring of the wheels and hammers in his majesty's 
iron-mill near by. What is making that noise ? Force, you 
say. He is twisting, and turning, and rolling, and pound- 
ing iron ; and every time he turns a wheel, or brings down a 
hammer, he dies, l poor fellow !' So we go there to mourn 
over him, and we find, as I said before, Heat in the wheels, 
and in the instruments with which Force worked, and in all 
the places where he has been. You know that Force can 
take more shapes than one, and you begin to suspect that 
Heat always comes where Force disappears — that Heat is 
only one of his shapes. You ask, * Why, where did Force 
come from ?' ' From the steam,' says somebody. But what 
is steam ? Why, water-atoms pulled apart from each other, 
and set in violent motion. But why does this water not 
keep still, like other water ? Because it is heated. Getting 
heat is getting motion. 

" But all this motion and strength of the wheels comes 
from the motion of the water, and all this strength and mo- 
tion of the water comes from the heat of the fire ! Yes. 
Why, then, all this force comes from Heat; and, Mr. Travel- 
er, your friend Force only gave you one of his names. His 
proper name is Heat, Motion, Heat ; and, when he has done 
his work, he does not die, but only slips back into his old 
shape of Heat again." 

" My lord," exclaimed the king, " I am delighted ! I have 
learned a great deal ; but it is always necessary to think of 
what we learn, or our ideas will be jumbled in our brains 
like fruit in a pudding." 

So the king and the courtiers went away, stretching and 
yawning, to think over what they had learned from the Lord 
High Fiddlestick. 

LIFE. — Fi-om January and June. 

Benjamin F. Taylor. 
The pulses of great Nature never beat more audibly and 
musically than just about "the leafy month of June;" life, 
every where life, in field and flood, in earth, and air, and sky. 



SELECTIONS FOR THE YOUNG FOLKS. 255 

Life in all forms ; life with a sweet breath in it, life with a 
song in it, life with a light in it. Life tied up in little bags 
of most Quakerish-looking silk by that sly spinner, the spi- 
der; life done up in gray bundles, and hung upon apple- 
trees ; deposited in little brown paper cups, or packed away 
in little clay cells by gentry in yellow jackets, and gentry 
with delicate waists, whose only foible consists in their not 
being always and altogether like Job and Moses ; life hidden 
in the hearts of ripening plums and reddening cherries — find 
a sweeter cradle any where, if you can ; life rocked in shells, 
put up in mother-of-pearl, set in ivory, chased with gold, 
consigned to little graves every where ; laid away in " pat- 
ent burial-cases" — just where Fisk got the idea — and fasten- 
ed to rails and fence-posts; life that,by-and-by, shall spread 
wings damp with the imprint of this great stereotyping es- 
tablishment of the Almighty; life standing "on end" in lit- 
tle boats, and rising into the air, taking to bugling as soon 
as it is born, and evincing, by the presentation of " bills" at 
most unseasonable and unreasonable hours, a decided talent 
for ledger literature; life sheltering itself beneath the leath- 
ern umbrella of the mushroom, reveling in the rose's red 
heart, drilled into the solid rock, domiciled in mud hovels, 
along rafters and beneath eaves, " playing in the plighted 
clouds," " laid" in a manger, peeping from holes, floating in 
the air, swinging in the wind, skulking under the chips, bur- 
rowing in the earth, darting along rail fences, opening nan- 
keen throats from little baskets of twigs, floating in tatters 
of green baize on the ponds, advocating Solomon on birch, 
" poor Will" talking Greek, " brekekeh hoax, hoax" and prac- 
ticing hydropathy, "tfchug /" life in bags and boxes, bun- 
dles and blankets ; in silks, satins, and shells ; in " tights," 
and flounces, and feathers, and flannels; life full dressed 
and in dishabille ; life knocking from the centre of fallen 
logs ; knocking from the other side of shells white and blue, 
and mottled and dappled ; and June is 

" The delegated voice of God" 

to bid them " come in, come up, come down, come out," and 
be, and do, and suffer; conjugating and inflecting the great 
active verb — " Live." 



256 MANUAL OF HEADING. 

Turn over the loam in the fields, and you turn out turtle's 
eggs by the score. Go " across lots" to the neighbors', and 
you find the pearly treasures of the whistling quail by the 
dozen. Tap a sand-hill lightly with the toe of your boot, 
and you will see the ladies to whom Solomon referred slug- 
gards by the myriad. Shake a bush, and you shake out a 
bird, or a peep, or a bug, or a bud, or something that's " all 
alive." Pluck a leaf, and you may find in it a crystal drop 
such as one might dream Queen Mab would shed if " in the 
melting mood ;" but the sun shall " set" on it a few days, 
and out will come a thing all legs, or wings, or stings — 
something to hum or drum — to fly, or creep, or crawl ; some- 
thing to be something and somebody, and count just as many 
in the great census of creation as he who called the shades 
of Ashland his, or she who journeyed of old to see Solo- 
mon — count just as many, "in words and figures following," 
to wit, (1) one. 



THE GUARD OX THE RHINE. — Translated from the German. 

There swells a cry as thunders crash, 
As clash of swords and breakers dash — 
To Rhine, to Rhine, to the German Rhine. 
Who will protect thee, river mine ? 
Dear fatherland, let peace be thine — 
Brave hearts and true defend the Rhine. 

To millions swiftly came the cry, 
And lightnings flashed from every eye : 
Our youth, so good and brave, will stand 
And guard thee, holy border land. 
Dear fatherland, let peace be thine — 
Brave hearts and true defend the Rhine ! 

And though my heart should beat no more, 
No foreign foe will hold thy shore ; 
s Rich, as in water is thy flood, 
Is Germany in hero-blood. 
Dear fatherland, let peace be thine — 
Brave hearts and true defend the Rhine ! 



SELECTIONS FOR THE YOUNG FOLKS. 257 

Up looked he to the heavens blue, 
Where hero-dead our actions view ; 
He swore, and proudly sought the strife, 
" The Rhine is German as my life." 
Dear fatherland, let peace be thine — 
Brave hearts and true defend the Rhine ! 

While yet one drop of blood throbs warm, 
To wield the sword remains one arm, 
To hold the rifle yet one hand, 
No foeman steps upon the strand. 
Loved fatherland, let peace be thine — 
Brave hearts and true defend the Rhine ! 

The oath resounds, the billows run, 

Our colors flutter in the sun ; 

To Rhine, to Rhine, to the German Rhine, 

We will protect thee, river mine. 

Dear fatherland, let peace be thine — 

Brave hearts and true defend the Rhine ! 



A SINGING LESSON. 

Jean Ingelow. 
A nightingale made a mistake — 

She sang a few notes out of tune — 
Her heart was ready to break, 

And she hid from the moon. 
She wrung her claws, poor thing, 

But was far too proud to weep ; 
She tuck'd her head under her wing, 

And pretended to be asleep. 

A lark, arm-in-arm with a thrush, 

Came sauntering up to the place ; 
The nightingale felt herself blush, 

Though feathers hid her face. 
She knew they had heard her song, 

She felt them snicker and sneer ; 
She thought that this life was too long, 

And wished she could skip a year. 



258 MANUAL OF HEADING. 

" Oh, nightingale," cooed a dove, 

" Oh, nightingale, what's the use ? 
You, a bird of beauty and love, 

Why behave like a goose ? 
Don't skulk away from our sight 

Like a common, contemptible fowl ; 
You bird of joy and delight, 

Why behave like an owl ? 
" Only think of all you have done — 

Only think of all you can do ; 
A false note is really fun 

From such a bird as you ! 
Lift up your proud little crest ; 

Open your musical beak ; 
Other birds have to do their best, 

But you need only speak" 
The nightingale shyly took 

Her head from under her wing, 
And, giving the dove a look, 

Straightway began to sing. 
There was never a bird could pass — 

The night was divinely calm — 
And the people stood on the grass 

To hear that wonderful psalm. 

The nightingale did not care — 

She only sang to the skies ; 
Her song ascended there, 

And there she fixed her eyes. 
The people who listened below 

She knew but little about — 
And this tale has a moral, I know, 

If you'll try to find it out. 



THE SOLDIER'S REPRIEVE.* 
" I thought, Mr. Allan, when I gave my Bennie to his coun- 
try, that not a father in all this broad land made so precious 
a gift — no, not one. The dear boy only slept a minute — -just 
* Arranged by C. W. Sanders. 



SELECTIONS FOR THE YOUNG FOLKS. 259 

one little minute, at bis post ; I know that was all, for Ben- 
nie never dozed over a duty. How prompt and reliable he 
was ! I know be only fell asleep one little second — he was 
so young, and not strong, that boy of mine ! Why, be was 
as tall as I, and only eighteen ! and now they shoot him be- 
cause he was found asleep when doing sentinel duty! Twen- 
ty-four hours, the telegram said — only twenty-four hours ! 
Where is Bennie now ?" 

" We will hope with his heavenly Father," said Mr. Allan, 
soothingly. 

" Yes, yes, let us hope ; God is very merciful !" 
" ' I should be ashamed, father !' Bennie said, ' when I am a 
man, to think I never used this great right arm' — and he held 
it out so proudly before me — ' for my country when it need- 
ed it ! Palsy it rather than keep it at the plow !' 

"'Go, then — go, my boy,' I said, 'and God keep you!' 
God has kept him, I think, Mr. Allan !" and the fanner re- 
peated these last words slowly, as if, in spite of his reason, 
his heart doubted them. 

" Like the apple of his eye, Mr. Owen ; doubt it not." 
Blossom sat near them, listening with blanched cheek. She 
had not shed a tear. Her anxiety had been so concealed 
that no one noticed it. She had occupied herself mechanic- 
ally in the household cares. Now she answered a gentle 
tap at the kitchen door, opening it to receive from a neigh- 
bor's hand a letter. " It is from him," was all she said. 

It was like a message from the dead. Mr. Owen took the 
letter, but could not break the envelope on account of his 
trembling fingers, and held it toward Mr. Allan with the 
helplessness of a child. 

The minister opened it and read as follows : 
"Deae Father, — When this reaches you I shall be in 
eternity. At first it seemed awful to me ; but I have thought 
about it so much now that it has no terror. They say they 
will not bind me nor blind me, but that I may meet my 
death like a man. I thought, father, it might have been on 
the field of battle, for my country, and that, when I fell, it 
would be fighting gloriously; but to be shot down like a 
dog for nearly betraying it — to die for neglect of duty ! Oh, 



200 MANUAL OP EEADIXG. 

father, I wonder the very thought does not kill me ! But I 
shall not disgrace you. I am going to write you all about 
it, and when I am gone you may tell my comrades. -I can 
not now. 

" You know I promised Jemmie Carr's mother I would 
look after her boy, and when he fell sick I did all I could for 
him. He was not strong when he was ordered back into the 
ranks, and the day before that night I carried all his luggage, 
besides my own, on our march. Toward night we went on 
double-quick, and though the luggage began to feel very 
heavy, every body else was tired too ; and as for Jemmie, if 
I had not lent him an arm now and then, he would have drop- 
ped by the way. I was all tired when we came into camp, 
and then it was Jemmie's turn to be sentry, and I would take 
his place ; but I was too tired, father. I could not have kept 
awake if a gun had been pointed at my head ; but I did not 
know it until — well, until it was too late." 

" God be thanked !" interrupted Mr. Owen, reverently. " I 
knew Bennie was not the boy to sleep carelessly at his post." 

" They tell me to-day that I have a short reprieve — given 
to me by circumstances — ' time to write to you,' our good 
colonel says. Forgive him, father, he only does his duty ; 
he would gladly save me if he could ; and do not lay my 
death up against Jemmie. The poor boy is broken-hearted, 
and does nothing but beg and entreat them to let him die 
in my stead. 

" I can't bear to think of mother and Blossom. Comfort 
them, father ! Tell them that I die as a brave boy should, 
and that, when the war is over, they will not be ashamed of 
me, as they must be now. God help me ; it is very hard to 
bear ! Good-by, father ! God seems near and dear to me ; 
not at all as if He wished me to perish forever, but as if He 
felt sorry for his poor, sinful, broken-hearted child, and would 
take me to be with Him and my Savior in a better — better 
life." 

A deep sigh burst from Mr. Owen's heart. "Amen !" he 
said, solemnly ; "Amen !" 

" To-night, in the early twilight, I shall see the cows all 
coming home from pasture, and precious little Blossom stand- 



SELECTIONS FOR THE YOUNG FOLKS. 261 

ing on the back stoop, waiting for me ; but I shall never, nev- 
er come ! God bless you all ! Forgive your poor Bennie." 

Late that night the door of the " back stoop" opened soft- 
ly, and a little figure glided out, and down the footpath that 
led to the road by the mill. She seemed rather flying than 
walking, turning her head neither to the right nor the left, 
looking only now and then to heaven, and folding her hands 
as if in prayer. Two hours later, the same young girl stood 
at the Mill Depot watching the coming of the night-train ; 
and the conductor, as he reached down to lift her into the 
car, wondered at the tear-stained face that was upturned to- 
ward the dim lantern he held in his hand. A few questions 
and ready answers told him all ; and no father could have 
cared more tenderly for his only child than he for our little 
Blossom. She was on her way to Washington, to ask Presi- 
dent Lincoln for her brother's life. She had stolen away, 
leaving only a note to tell her father where and why she had 
gone. She had brought Bennie's letter with her : no good, 
kind heart, like the President's, could refuse to be melted by 
it. The next morning they reached New York, and the con- 
ductor hurried her on to Washington. Every minute, now, 
might be the means of saving her brother's life. And so, in 
an incredibly short time, Blossom reached the capital, and 
hastened immediately to the White House. 

The President had but just seated himself to his morning's 
task of overlooking and signing important papers, when, 
without one word of announcement, the door softly opened, 
and Blossom, with downcast eyes and folded hands, stood be- 
fore him. " Well, my child," he said, in his pleasant, cheer- 
ful tones, " what do you want so bright and early in the 
morning ?" 

" Bennie's life, please, sir," faltered Blossom. 

" Bennie ? Who is Bennie ?" 

" My brother, sir. They are going to shoot him for sleep- 
ing at his post." 

" Oh yes," and Mr. Lincoln ran his eye over the papers be- 
fore him. "I remember. It was a fatal sleep. You see, 
child, it was at a time of special danger. Thousands of lives 
might have been lost for his culpable negligence." 



262 MAXUAL OF KEADIXG. 

" So my father said," replied Blossom, gravely ; "but poor 
Bennie was so tired, sir, and Jemmie so weak. He did the 
work of two, sir, and it was Jemmie's night, not his ; but 
Jemmie was too tired, and Bennie never thought about him- 
self, that he was tired too." 

" What is this you say, child ? Come here ; I do not un- 
derstand;" and the kind man caught eagerly, as ever, at 
what seemed to be a justification of an offense. 

Blossom went to him ; he put his hand tenderly on her 
shoulder, and turned up the pale, anxious face toward his. 
How tall he seemed, and he was President of the United 
States too ! A dim thought of this kind passed through 
Blossom's mind, but she told her simple and straightforward 
story, and handed Mr. Lincoln Bennie's letter to read. 

He read it carefully ; then, taking up his pen, wrote a few 
hasty lines, and rang his bell. 

Blossom heard this order ...given : "Sexd this dispatch 

AT OXCE." 

The President then turned to the girl and said, " Go home, 
my. child, and tell that father of yours, who could approve 
his country's sentence, even when it took the life of a child 
like that, that Abraham Lincoln thinks the life far too pre- 
cious to be lost. Go. back; or — wait until to-morrow ; Ben- 
nie will need a change after he has so bravely faced death ; 
he shall go with you." 

" God bless you, sir !" said Blossom ; and who shall doubt 
that God heard and registered the request ? 

Two days after this interview the young soldier came to 
the White House with his sister. He was called into the 
President's private room, and a strap fastened " upon the 
shoulder." Mr. Lincoln then said : " The soldier that could 
carry a sick comrade's baggage, and die for the act so un- 
complainingly, deserves well of his country." Then Bennie 
and Blossom took their way to their Green Mountain home. 
A crowd gathered at the Mill Depot to welcome them back; 
and, as Farmer Owen's hand grasped that of his boy, tears 
flowed down his cheeks, and he was heard to say fervently, 
" The Lord be praised !" 



SELECTIONS FOR THE YOUNG EOLKS. 263 



THE SMACK IN SCHOOL. 

J. W. Palmer. 
A district school, not far away, 
'Mid Berkshire Hills, one winter's day, 
Was humming with its wonted noise 
Of threescore mingled girls and boys ; 
Some few upon their tasks intent, 
But more on furtive mischief bent. 
The while the master's downward look 
Was fastened on a copy-book ; 
When suddenly, behind his back, 
Rose sharp and clear a rousing smack, 
As 'twere a battery of bliss 
Let off in one tremendous kiss. 
" What's that ?" the startled master cries ; 
" That, thir," a little imp replies, 
" Wath William Willith, if you pleathe ; 
I thaw him kith Thuthanna Peathe." 
With frown to make a statue thrill, 
The master thundered, " Hither,Will !" - 
Like wretch o'ertaken in his track, 
With stolen chattels on his back, 
Will hung his head in fear and shame, 
And to the awful presence came — 
A great, green, bashful simpleton, 
The butt of all good-natured fun. 
With smile suppressed, and birch upraised 5 
The threatener faltered : " I'm amazed 
That you, my biggest pupil, should 
Be guilty of an act so rude ; 
Before the whole set school to boot — 
What evil genius set you to 't ?" 
" 'Twas she herself, sir," sobbed the lad ; 
" I did not mean to be so bad ; 
But when Susannah shook her curls, 
And whispered I was 'fraid of girls, 
And dursn't kiss a baby's doll, 
I couldn't stand it, sir, at all, 



264 MANUAL OF BEADING. 

But up and kissed her on the spot. 
I know — boo-hoo — I ought to not, 
But, somehow, from her looks — boo-hoo — 



I thought she kind o' wished me to !' 



THE BRIDAL WINE-CUP. 

"Pledge with wine — pledge with wine," cried the young 
and thoughtless Harvey Wood; "pledge with wine," ran 
through the bridal party. 

The beautiful bride grew pale — the decisive hour had 
come. She pressed her white hands together, and the leaves 
of the bridal wreath trembled on her brow; her breath came 
quicker, and her heart beat wilder. 

"Yes, Marion, lay aside your scruples for this once," said 
the judge, in alow tone, going toward his daughter; "the 
company expect it. Do not so seriously infringe upon the 
rules of etiquette; in your own home, do as you please; but 
in mine, for this once, please me." 

Every eye was turned toward the bridal pair. Marion's 
principles were well known. Harvey had been a convivial- 
ist, but of late his friends noticed the change in his manners, 
the difference in his habits; and to-night they watched him 
to see, as they sneeringly said, if he was tied down to a wom- 
an's opinion so soon. 

Pouring a brimming cup, they held it with tempting smiles 
toward Marion. She was very pale, though more composed; 
and her hand shook not, as, smiling back, she gracefully ac- 
cepted the crystal tempter, and raised it to her lips. But 
scarcely had she done so, w T hen every hand was arrested by 
her piercing exclamation of" Oh, how terrible!" 

"What is it ?" cried one and all, thronging together, for she 
had slowly carried the glass at arm's length, and was fixedly 
regarding it as though it were some hideous object. 

" Wait," she answered, while a light, which seemed in- 
spired, shone from her dark eyes ; " wait, and I will tell you. 
I see," she added, slowly, pointing one jeweled finger at the 
sparkling ruby liquid, " a sight that beggars all description ; 
and yet listen : I will paint it for you if I can. It is a love- 



SELECTIONS FOR THE YOUNG FOLKS. 265 

ly spot ; tall mountains, crowned with verdure, rise in awful 
sublimity around ; a river runs through, and bright flowers 
grow to the water's edge. There is a thick, warm mist, that 
the sun seeks vainly to pierce. Trees, lofty and beautiful, 
wave to the airy motion of the birds ; but there — a group 
of Indians gather ; they flit to and fro with something like 
sorrow upon their dark brows. And in their midst lies a 
manly form — but his cheek, how deathly ; his eye wild with 
the fitful fire of fever. One friend stands behind him — nay, 
I should say kneels ; for, see, he is pillowing that poor head 
upon his breast. 

" Genius in ruins — oh the high, holy looking brow ! why 
should death mark it, and he so young? Look how he 
throws back the damp curls ! See him clasp his hands ! 
Hear his thrilling shrieks for life ! Mark how he clutches 
at the form of his companion, imploring to be saved. Oh, 
hear him call piteously his father's name — see him twine his 
fingers together as he shrieks for his sister — his only sister 
— the twin of his soul — weeping for him in his distant native 
land. 

" See !" she exclaimed, while the bridal party shrank back, 
the untasted wine trembling in their faltering grasp, and the 
judge fell, overpowered, upon his seat — "see! his arms are 
lifted to heaven — he prays, how wildly, for mercy ! hot fever 
rushes through his veins. The friend beside him is weeping; 
awe-stricken, the dark men move silently away, and leave the 
living and the dying together." 

There was a hush in that princely parlor, broken only by 
what seemed a smothered sob from some manly bosom. The 
bride stood yet upright, with quivering lip, and tears steal- 
ing to the outward edge of her lashes. Her beautiful arm 
had lost its tension, and the glass, with its little troubled red 
waves, came slowly toward the range of her vision. She 
spoke again ; every lip was mute. Her voice was low, faint, 
yet awfully distinct ! She still fixed her sorrowful glance 
upon the wine-cup. 

" It is evening now ; the great white moon is coming up, 
and her beams lie gently on his forehead. He moves not ; 
his eyes are set in their sockets; dim are their piercing 

M ■ 



266 MANUAL OF BEADING. 

glances ; in vain his friend whispers the name of father and 
sister — death is there. Death — and no soft hand, no gentle 
voice to bless and soothe him. His head sinks back; one 
convulsive shudder — he is dead." 

A groan ran through the assembly. So vivid was her de- 
scription, so unearthly her look, so inspired her manner, that 
what she described seemed actually to have taken place then 
and there. They noticed, also, that the bridegroom hid his 
face in his hands, and was weeping. 

" Dead !" she repeated again, her lips quivering faster and 
faster, and her voice more and more broken ; " and there 
they scoop him a grave, and there, without a shroud, they 
lay him down in that damp, reeking earth — the only son of 
a proud father, the only idolized brother of a fond sister. 
And he sleeps to-day in that distant country, with no stone 
to mark the spot. There he lies — my father's son — my own 
twin brother ! a victim to this deadly poison. Father," she 
exclaimed, turning suddenly, while the tears rained down her 
beautiful cheeks, " father, shall I drink it now ?" 

The form of the old judge was convulsed with agony. He 
raised not his head, but in a smothered voice he faltered, 
" No, no, my child — no !" 

She lifted the glittering goblet, and, letting it suddenly 
fall to the floor, it was dashed in a thousand pieces. Man j a 
tearful eye watched her movement, and instantaneously ev- 
ery wine-glass was transferred to the marble table on which 
it had been prepared. Then, as she looked at the fragments 
of crystal, she turned to the company, saying, " Let no friend 
hereafter, who loves me, tempt me to peril my soul for wine. 
Not firmer are the everlasting hills than my resolve, God 
helping me, never to touch or taste the poison-cup. And he 
to whom I have given my hand, who watched over my 
brother's dying form in that last solemn hour, and buried 
the dear wanderer there by the river, in that land of gold, 
will, I trust, sustain me in that resolve. Will you not, my 
husband ?" 

His glistening eyes, his sad, sweet smile, was her answer. 
The judge left the room ; and when, an hour after, he return- 
ed, and with a more subdued manner took part in the enter- 



SELECTIONS FOR THE YOUNG FOLKS. 267 

tainment of the bridal guests, no one could fail to read that 
he, too, had determined to banish the enemy at once and for- 
ever from his princely home. 

Those who were present at that wedding can never for- 
get the impressions so solemnly made. Many from that hour 
renounced forever the social glass. 



THE CHRISTMAS-TREE.— Carrier's Address, Philadelphia Post. 
Hurra ! hurra ! for the Christmas-tree, 
May it flourish for aye in its greenery. 
When the winter comes with its whitening snow, 
How proudly the Christmas-tree doth grow ! 
It spreadeth its boughs so broad and so fair, 
And jollly and gay are the fruits they bear. 

Then hurra ! hurra ! for the Christmas-tree ; 

Hurra ! hurra ! for its mirth and glee ; 

When forests of oak have passed from the land, 

The jolly old Christmas-tree shall stand. 

There are wonderful plants far over the sea, 
But what are they all to the Christmas-tree ? 
Does the oak bear candies, the palm-tree skates ? 
But sugar-plums, trumpets, doll-babies, slates, 
Picture-books, elephants, soldiers, cows, 
All grow at once on the Christmas-tree boughs. 

Then hurra ! hurra ! for the Christmas-tree ; 

Hurra ! hurra ! for its mirth and glee ; 

When forests of oak have passed from the land, 

The jolly old Christmas-tree shall stand. 
Oh, many the homes it hath happy made, 
When the little ones under its leaves have played ; 
Oh, sweet are the pleasures around it that spring, 
And dear are the thoughts of the past they bring. 
Then long may it flourish, and green may it be, 
The merry, mighty old Christmas-tree. 

Hurra ! hurra ! for the Christmas-tree ; 

Long shall it flourish, green shall it be ; 

When forests have passed away from the land, 

The jolly old Christmas-tree shall stand. 



268 MANUAL OF READING. 



BARBARA FRIETCHIE. 

John Greenleaf "Whittier. 
Up from the meadows rich with corn, 
Clear in the cool September morn, 
The clustered spires of Frederick stand, 
Green-walled by the hills of Maryland. 

Round about them orchards sweep, 
Apple and peach tree fruited deep, 
Fair as a garden of the Lord 
To the eyes of the famished rebel horde, 
On that pleasant morn of the early fall, 
When Lee marched over the mountain-wall — 
Over the mountains, winding down, 
Horse and foot, into Frederick town. 

Forty flags with their silver stars, 
Forty flags with their crimson bars, 
Flapped in the morning wind ; the sun 
Of noon looked down, and saw not one. 

Up rose old Barbara Frietchie then, 
Bowed with her fourscore years and ten ; 
Bravest of all in Frederick town, 
She took up the flag the men hauled down ; 
In her attic window the staff she set, 
To show that one heart was loyal yet. 
Up the street came the rebel tread, 
Stonewall Jackson riding ahead. 

Under his slouched hat, left and right, 
He glanced — the old flag met his sight : 
" Halt !" — the dust-brown ranks stood fast ; 
" Fire !"— out blazed the rifle-blast ; 
It shivered the window, pane and sash ; 
It rent the banner with seam and gash. 

Quick, as it fell, from the" broken staff 
Dame Barbara snatched the silken scarf; 



SELECTIONS FOR THE YOUNG FOLKS. 269 

She leaned far out on the window-sill, 
And shook it forth with a royal will : 

" Shoot, if you must, this old gray head, 
But spare your country's flag !" she said. 

A shade of sadness, a blush of shame, 
Over the face of the leader came ; 

The nobler nature within him stirred 
To life at that woman's deed and word : 

" Who touches a hair of yon gray head 
Dies like a dog ! March on !"*he said. 

All day long through Frederick street 
Sounded the tread of marching feet ; 

All clay long that free flag tossed 
Over the heads of the rebel host. 

Ever its torn folds rose and fell 

On the loyal winds that loved it well ; 

And through the hill-gaps sunset light 
Shone over it with a warm good-night. 

Barbara Frietchie's work is o'er, 

And the rebel rides on his raids no more. 

Honor to her ! and let a tear 

Fall, for her sake, on Stonewall's bier. 

Over Barbara Frietchie's grave, 
Flag of freedom and union, wave ! 

Peace, and order, and beauty, draw 
Round thy symbols of light and law ; 

And ever the stars above look down 
On thy stars below in Frederick town ! 



DEATH OF LITTLE NELL.— From the Old Curiosity Shop. 

Charles Dickens. 
By little and little the old man had drawn back toward 
the inner chamber while these words were spoken. He 
pointed there as he replied, with trembling lips, 



270 MANUAL OF READING. 

"You plot among you to wean my heart from her. You 
will never do that — never while I have life. I have no rel- 
ative or friend but her — I never had — I never will have. 
She is all in all to me. It is too late to part us now." 

Waving them off with his hand, and calling softly to her 
as he went, he stole into the room. They who were left be- 
hind drew close together, and, after a few whispered words 
— not unbroken by emotion or easily uttered — followed 
him. They moved so gently that their footsteps made no 
noise, but there were sobs from among the group, and sounds 
of grief and mourning. 

For she was dead. There, upon her little bed, she lay at 
rest. The solemn stillness was no marvel now. 

She was dead. No sleep so beautiful and calm, so free 
from trace of pain, so fair to look upon. She seemed a creat- 
ure fresh from the hand of God, and waiting for the breath 
of life — not one who had lived and suffered death. 

Her couch was dressed with, here and there, some winter 
berries and green leaves, gathered in a spot she had been 
used to favor. '.'When I die 5 put near me something that 
has loved the light, and had the sky above it always." 
These were her words. 

Che was dead. Dear, gentle, patient, noble Nell was 
dead. Her little bird — a poor slight thing the pressure of 
a finger would have crushed — was stirring nimbly in its 
cage, and the strong heart of its child-mistress was mute 
and motionless forever. 

Where were the traces of her early cares, her sufferings, 
and fatigues? All gone. His was the true death before 
their eyes. Sorrow was dead indeed in her, but peace and 
perfect happiness were born, imaged in her tranquil beauty 
and profound repose. 

And still her former self lay there, unaltered in this change. 
Yes ; the old fireside had smiled on that same sweet face ; it 
had passed like a dream through haunts of misery and care ; 
at the door of the poor schoolmaster on the summer even- 
ing — before the furnace-fire on the cold, wet night — at the 
still, dying boy, there had been the same mild, lovely look. 
So shall we know the angels in their majesty, after death. 



SELECTIONS FOR THE YOUNG EOLKS. 27l 

The old man held one languid arm in his, and kept the 
small hand tight folded to his breast, for warmth. It was 
the hand she had stretched out to him with her last smile — 
the hand that had led him on through all their wanderings. 
Ever and anon he pressed it to his lips, then hugged it to 
his breast again, murmuring that it was warmer now — and, 
as he said it, he looked in agony to those who stood around, 
as if imploring them to help her. 

She was dead, and past all help, or need of it. The an- 
cient rooms she had seemed to fill with life, even while her 
own was ebbing fast — the garden she had tended — the eyes 
she had gladdened — the noiseless haunts of many a thought- 
less hour — the paths she had trodden as if it were but yes- 
terday, could know her no more. 

" It is not," said the schoolmaster, as he bent down to kiss 
her on her cheek, and gave his tears free vent, " it is not in 
this world that heaven's justice ends. Think what it is 
compared with the world to which her young spirit has 
winged its early flight, and say, if one deliberate wish, ex- 
pressed in solemn terms above this bed, could call her back 
to life, which of us would utter it !" 



KATIE LEE AND WILLIE GRAY. 

Two brown heads with tossing curls, 
lied lips shutting over pearls, 
Bare feet, white, and wet with dew, 
Two eyes bkck, and two eyes blue- 
Little boy and girl were they, 
Katie Lee and Willie Gray. 

They were standing where a brook, 
Bending like a shepherd's crook, 
Flashed its silver, and thick ranks 
Of willow fringed its banks — 
Half in thought and half in play, 
Katie Lee and Willie Gray. 

They had cheeks like cherries red ; 
He was taller 'most a head ; 



272 MANUAL OF READING. 

She, with arms like wreaths of snow, 
Swung a basket to and fro 
(As they loitered, half in play), 
Chattering to Willie Gray. 

" Pretty Katie," Willie said— 
And there came a dash of red 
Through the brownness of the cheek — 
" Boys are strong, and girls are weak, 
And I'll carry, so I will, 
Katie's basket up the hill." 

Katie answered with a laugh, 
"You shall carry only half;" 
Then said, tossing back her curls, 
" Boys are weak as well as girls." 
Do you think that Katie guessed 
Half the wisdom she expressed ? 

Men are only boys grown tall ; 
Hearts don't change much, after all ; 
And when, long years from that day, 
Katie Lee and Willie Gray 
Stood again beside the brook 
Bending like a shepherd's crook, 

Is it strange that Willie said, 
While again a dash of red 
Crowned the brownness of his cheek, 
" I am strong, and you %re weak ; 
Life is but a slippery steep, 
Hung with shadows cold and deep. 

" Will you trust me, Katie dear — 
Walk beside me without fear ? 
May I carry, if I will, 
All your burdens up the hill?" 
And she answered with a laugh, 
" No, but you may carry half." 

Close beside the little brook 
Bending like a shepherd's crook, 



SELECTIONS FOR THE YOUNG FOLKS. 273 

Working with its silver hands 
Late and early at the sands, 
Stands a cottage, where to-day 
Katie lives with Willie Gray. 

In the porch she sits, and, lo ! 
Swings a basket to and fro 
Vastly different from the one 
That she swung in years agone : 
This is long, and deep, and wide, 
And has — rockers at the side ! 



SHERIDAN'S RIDE. 

Thomas Buchanan Read. 
Up from the South at break of day, 
Bringing to Winchester fresh dismay, 
The affrighted air with a shudder bore, 
Like a herald in haste, to the chieftain's door, 
The terrible grumble, and rumble, and roar, 
Telling the battle was on once more, 
And Sheridan twenty miles away. 

And wider still those billows of war 

Thundered along the horizon's bar, 

And louder yet into Winchester rolled 

The- roar of that red sea uncontrolled, 

Making the blood of the listener cold 

As he thought of the stake in that fiery fray, 

And Sheridan twenty miles away. 

But there is a road from Winchester town, 
A good, broad highway leading down ; 
And there, through the flush of the morning light, 
A steed as black as the steeds of night 
Was seen to pass as with eagle flight. 
As if he knew the terrible need, 
He stretched away with the utmost speed ; 
Hills rose and fell — but his heart was gay, 
With Sheridan fifteen miles away. 
M 2 



274 MANUAL OF READING. 

Still sprung from those swift hoofs, thundering south, 

The dust, like the smoke from the cannon's mouth, 

Or the tail of a comet, sweeping faster and faster, 

Foreboding to traitors the doom of disaster." 

The heart of the steed and the heart of the master 

Were beating, like prisoners assaulting their walls, 

Impatient to be where the battle-field calls. 

Each nerve of the charger was strained to full play, 

With Sheridan only ten miles away. 

Under his spurning feet, the road 

Like an arrowy Alpine river flowed, 

And the landscape fled away behind 

Like an ocean flying before the wind ; 

And the steed, like a bark fed with furnace ire, 

Swept on with his wild eyes full of fire. 

But, lo ! he is nearing his heart's desire ; 

He is snuffing the smoke of the roaring fray, 

With Sheridan only five miles away. 

The first that the general saw were the groups 

Of stragglers, and then the retreating troops ; 

What was done — what to do — a glance told him both, 

And, striking his spurs with a terrible oath, 

He dashed down the line 'mid a storm of huzzas, 

And the wave of retreat checked its course there, because 

The sight of the master compelled it to pause. 

With foam and with dust the black charger was gray — 

By the flash of his eye and his nostril's play, 

He seemed to the whole great army to say, 

" I have brought you Sheridan, all the way 

From Winchester down, to save the day !" 

Hurra ! hurra for Sheridan ! 

Hurra ! hurra for horse and man ! 

And when their statues are placed on high, 

Under the dome of the Union sky — 

The American soldier's temple of fame — 

There, with the glorious general's name, 



SELECTIONS FOR THE YOUNG FOLKS. 275 

Be it said in letters both bold and bright, 
" Here is the steed that saved the day 
By carrying Sheridan into the" fight 
From Winchester, twenty miles away I" 



THE BOTTLE IMP.— From the Little Corporal. 

Julia M. Thayer. 

" Come, little Hans," said the lame cobbler, with a good- 
natured wink, " run round the corner for father, and get the 
bottle filled ; here's a penny for a ginger-snap ; quick, now, 
before the mother gets back ! he ! he ! he !" and he nodded 
and chuckled to himself, as if it were a rare joke to send the 
absent mother's darling on a fiend's errand, whither the^an- 
gel of her prayers would hardly follow. 

The little one hesitated, knowing, in his heart, that the 
mother would say " Nay, the child shall not meddle with 
hell-fire ;" but was there ever a little one could resist a gin- 
ger-snap ? Not Hans Christopher, certainly, for whom the 
cottage shelf seldom held such dainties. 

" There goes the cobbler's boy to old Grinder's den, with 
a big black bottle," said the brisk little dress-maker over the 
way, glancing out of the window. " Now we'll not hear the 
rat-tat-tat of his hammer again for another fortnight. Moth- 
er, what think you will ever become of that man ? He goes 
from bad to worse, that's certain ; and the boy will be ditto, 
I suppose. None of my business ? Of course not ; it is none 
of my business that my own father and brother went the 
same way to destruction ; it is none of my business that ten 
thousand fathers and brothers — " she stopped suddenly, for 
the old woman's sigh struck her to the heart. 

Meantime little Hans came back, picking his way carefully 
over the rough paving-stones. 

" Say, little one," and the dress-maker put her head out at 
the window, " what have you in that lovely junk bottle ? Is 
it a nice sup of his infernal majesty's favorite bitters, season- 
ed with tears and curses ? Your mother likes to have your 
father drink that, don't she ? Take care ! don't spill a drop 
of the precious stuff. Til tell you what, little boy," and the 



276 MANUAL OF READING. 

tone sunk to an awful whisper, " there's an ugly little black 
imp shut up in that bottle ; you let him out, and sometime 
he'll tear the very heart out of your body /" 

She shut the window with a jerk; and little Hans, on 
wings of terror, flew back to the dingy shop. 

"Oh, father," he shrieked, panting for breath, "don't let 
him out ! don't let him out !" 

" Who ? What ? The child's bewitched," said the cob- 
bler, pausing in the act of drawing the cork. 

" The — the — oh, father, she said there was a — imp — in the 
bottle, and he'd tear your heart to pieces ! Don't ! Oh, fa- 
ther, don't !" and he held up his little hands imploringly, 
while drops of perspiration beaded his face. 

Such agony was distressing to witness, and Christopher 
set the bottle down to reason with the child. 

" What is it, Hans ? Who has been putting this nonsense 
into your head ? Why, let me tell you, little man, this bot- 
tle is my comfort — my angel ; just see, now, how he warms 
my stomach, and cheers my heart, and is, altogether, a very 
good friend. What could a poor man do without it, indeed? 
Here's to your health, little Hans." And the little boy, with 
horror, saw the fatal vessel uncorked, and lifted to his fa- 
ther's lips. 

Shrinking back into the uttermost corner, and pressing his 
hands tightly over his heart, he gazed long and shuddering- 
ly ; but no uncanny imp appearing to verify the dress-mak- 
er's assertion, with a child's light-heartedness he soon dis- 
missed the horrid phantom from his imagination. 

Not so Christopher. A new train of thought was awaken- 
ed in his brain, now roused to unusual activity by the stim- 
ulating draught. 

"An imp in the bottle, hah ! that is an idee, truly," quoth 
he to himself. "An imp is a devil, and a devil is good for 
naught but to frighten women and children; let him come on ! 
I'm not a — -feared!" With that he took another draught of 
the liquid fire. " Go to blazes ! can't a man have a drop of 
somethin' warm, but they must get up a scarecrow of some 
sort o' nother to it ? Go — to — Good God ! there he is 
now," shrieked the cobbler, gazing, with livid face and 



SELECTIONS FOE THE YOUNG FOLKS. 277 

eyes starting from their sockets, into a dusky corner of the 
room. 

" Get out ! get out ! you nasty, grinning, ill-mannered dev- 
il, you ! Get out, I say !" flinging his hammer at the fiend, 
while boots, lapstone, and last went flying after. 

But the creature, moved not. He sat enveloped in a blu- 
ish smoke ; his tongue darted forth flames, and the glance of 
his eyes burnt into the cobbler's very soul, who already felt 
those horrid claws tugging at his heart-strings. 

" Come !" said the goblin. 

Great drops of sweat rolled down the cobbler's face as he 
strove in vain to move his palsied limbs. 

"Cornel" and the black-faced imp began to leer, and chuck- 
le, and dance about in horrid glee. 

"I'm the bottle sprite — your comfort, your .angel, your 
good friend, in whom you delight ! Cheer up, and let's 
away ; I've something to show you." With that he made 
a dive at Christopher, who, with superhuman effort, sprang 
from his bench, and struggled wildly toward the door. He 
missed it, and, after spinning round and round like a top, 
went sprawling to the floor, whence the bottle sprite lifted 
him by the hair of his head, and bore him off triumphantly 
through the roof — away, away into the fields of air. 

At last he found himself set plump upon the roof of a vast 
distillery. He knew it by the pungent odors that filled his 
nostrils, and helped to restore his scattered senses. Squat 
before him was his black " angel," encircled still in the blue 
atmosphere of the nether world. 

Christopher shrank away in horror, and covered his face 
with both hands. 

" You loathe me — you shrink from me," hissed the imp ; 
" me, who have cheered, and warmed, and comforted you so 
often ! Is that fair ?" 

The cobbler felt his brain on fire — his throat parched — his 
blood like molten lead in his veins. 

"Drink — give me drink !" he cried, in an agony of thirst ; 
" devil or not, I must have drink." 

The bottle sprite laughed mockingly, and again uttered 
the magic word " Come !" 



278 MANUAL OF EEADIXG. 

They descended into the rooms below. There were huge 
vats and giant hogsheads of steaming liquor; there were 
loads upon loads of life-sustaining grain, toward which were 
lifted the empty, outstretched hands of famishing thousands; 
there were ponderous machines, and hundreds of men, toil- 
ing to convert the nutritious gift of the Creator into soul 
poison and body poison. And there, among all, and over 
all, and flitting hither and thither, like bats, squatting like 
toads, or creeping like reptiles, were myriads of uncanny 
imps — hate, envy, strife, anger, discord, cruelty — all baleful 
passions — all fearful and disgusting forms of devilishness. 
They swarmed round the vats, casks, and demijohns; they 
plunged and frolicked in the burning liquid ; they- elung to 
it, and followed it through all its changes, and whatever its 
destination. 

" Ah ! comrades, how are you ?" cried Christopher's " an- 
gel," with a wicked grin. " You're at it, I see. You'll never 
perish here for lack of sustenance. It's whisky that does it, 
my hearties ! Wherever that goes, you go ; and wherever 
you go, tears, and curses, and broken hearts follow. Oh, 
you make a jolly world of it ! Success to you ! Do you see 
that cask of good old rye ?" said the philosophic imp, turn- 
ing to Christopher, who by this time had nearly forgotten 
his thirst in amazement. "I'll tell you what we are going 
to do with that. There's murder in that, and suicide. The 
man that drinks it will kill his own brother, and then go and 
hang himself. And, see here ! this lovely bottle of Bourbon 
is for medicine. Some poor sick body'll take it for tic dou- 
loureux, or the like. What then? Why, there's a sleeping 
serpent in it, called Aj^petite, that will eat into that soul like 
a canker. Ah ! good cobbler, if these liquors were only 
named according to their real uses, what an array we should 
have ! but Come !" 

Away they sped, over prairies laughing in the sunshine, 
over waters dimpling in the breeze, over cities reeking with 
vile vapors, and bustling with all the activities of life. They 
reached the land of the vintage — a land of peace and beauty. 
A smiling sky looked down upon a smiling landscape; the 
song of the vintners floated far on the still summer air; 



SELECTIONS FOR THE YOUNG FOLKS. 279 

grapes hung in purple clusters from the vine, or stained the 
wine -press with their juices; rosy youths and maidens 
wrought amid the vineyards. " Here it begins," said the 
bottle imp ; " more than half the want and woe over yonder. 
You wouldn't think it, would you, so calm a scene ? Toil 
away, fair youths and simple maidens ! prepare the seduc- 
ing cup, sweet, and bright, and sparkling ; so much the bet- 
ter — the less can men resist it. Oh, to see it fire the brain 
and stir the heart to madness ! Oh, to see it drive reason 
from her throne, drown the voice of conscience, and stifle 
the sense of pity and affection ! to see it steal the bread from 
the poor man's shelf — his food, and fire, and raiment — his 
honor, hope, happiness ; and, last of all, his soul ! ha ! ha ! 
Toil on, sweet people, dear people ; the Evil One loves your 
work !" 

The grimaces and contortions of the little chuckling fiend 
were horrible to witness, and the poor cobbler would fain 
have hidden away behind some friendly trellis ; but no, the 
spell was on him, and he must away. 

" That is as it was in the very, very olden time," continued 
the fiend, as they paused upon a city spire for Christopher to 
take breath. " We bottle imps were half asleep in those 
days. Men drank the pure juice of the grape; and, though 
we managed to creep in, very much to their undoing, it was 
nothing compared with these times — he ! he ! Now here's 
something precious to show you. Come !" 

They descended, by what witchcraft the cobbler never 
knew, to dark, underground regions — vast vaults, where 
were ranged, on every side, in vessels of various sorts, what 
purported to be pure wines and liquors of every description, 
cobwebbed and mildewed with age. 

" Now this beats the other place all to nothing, as you 
shall see," quoth the imp. 

Presently a little weazen-faced old man appeared, bear- 
ing in his hand a lighted taper, which moved like a baleful 
star amid the darkness. 

He went from cask to cask, from bottle to bottle; and ever, 
as he opened and closed each one, in went a horrid little im- 
age, compared with which the bottle fiends were beautiful. 



280 MANUAL OF READING. 

Christopher's black "angel" was nearly beside himself with 
mirth. "Pop! there goes another," said he; " that's arsenic; 
and there's opium, and copperas, and white lead, and vitriol, 
and nux vomica, and coculus indicus, and a host of others. 
There's gripes for you, and scorching fevers, and nausea, and 
deadly stupor, and wild delirium — ha ! ha ! ha ! what a jolly 
time they will have with all those poisonous devils. Come, 
let's see to it !" 

But ah! what tongue can tell the heart-rending pictures 
poor Christopher was doomed to witness ! He shrank in hor- 
ror from each new scene, but, like one in a fearful nightmare, 
he was dumb and powerless. 

Gifted with a strange clairvoyance, he saw the secret can- 
ker gnawing at the heart-strings of him who was given over 
to appetite. He saw the young wife turn in torturing mis- 
ery from her husband's bloated visage ; he saw the promis- 
ing youth, yet encircled by his mother's prayers, lured by the 
sparkling wine-cup, break over all restraints, while the roses 
of joy and love fell blighted round his path; and the rainbow 
of hope, which once spanned his way, was shrouded in tem- 
pest and darkness. He saw that mother's heart torn with 
anguish as she laid her first-born in a drunkard's grave ; he 
saw the upturned, pitiful faces of the drunkard's children, in- 
nocent, but accursed ; he saw brother smiting brother in his 
frenzy; and women, once tender and beautiful, besotted 
drunkards ; and among all, and above all, the bottle imps 
still played their wild pranks, and chuckled, in hellish glee, 
over the ruin they had wrought. 

Christopher saw all this, and it burned deeply into his 
soul. The sparkling glass, the well-filled demijohn, no lon- 
ger charmed him. Oh, for some mighty talisman by which to 
exorcise all these demons, and sweep every vestige of them 
from the earth ! 

But still his lips were dumb. Then, with a wild longing, 
his heart turned toward home. " Come !" said the imp, as if 
divining his thoughts, and they swiftly neared the dingy 
shop. 

How plainly, now, he beheld, through clapboard and raft- 
er, the emptiness of the spot — the unlighted hearth, the 



SELECTIONS FOR THE YOUNG FOLKS. 281 

scanty wardrobe, the stinted board ; the lonely heart there, 
pining for affection; the well-nigh fatherless child, now cling- 
ing to him with winning confidence, now shrinking utterly 
away in pain and terror. 

"Ah ! but this is a fine place, isn't it ?" said the bottle imp, 
delightedly; "not much elegance and beauty, or even com- 
fort, here. A good many tears have been shed — a good 
many ghosts of dead hopes and joys are flitting round ; but 
we'll do better than that ! Only stick to the bottle, good 
Christopher, and we'll stay by you, never fear ! Here are a 
few tools might yet be pawned for liquor; things aren't quite 
so rickety as they may be. And then the woman — she's a 
brave one — she works hard to keep things together, and 
wears a pretty bright face, but we'll break her heart yet — 
and the little one ! for all her tender coddlings and fine 
teachings, just train him up to follow your footsteps, and 
won't he toss the first clod upon her grave ?" 

The poor cobbler wept and groaned in anguish of spirit, 
for, with all his faults, he heartily loved his wife and child, 
and thoroughly detested his own bad ways. 

With one last, mighty effort, he broke the spell that bound 
him. 

" Out, fiend ! liar ! devil !" he shrieked ; " take that — and 
that!" 

Crash — clatter— crash ! 

" What can be the matter ?" exclaimed Madame Christo- 
pher, just hurrying in from her morning's scanty marketing. 

" Oh, father, have you done it? have you smashed him?" 
shouted little Hans, capering with glee around the shining 
fragments of the " lovely junk bottle." 

" Yes, my son, I have done it, and I am done with it for- 
ever!" said Christopher, gathering himself up slowly from 
the floor, and standing erect upon his lame leg. 

"Do tell, mother! what do you think?" said the little 
dress-maker, one day. " Doesn't every thing go nicely over 
the way ? Little Hans is as happy and well-dressed a boy as 
one often sees, and Madame steps around about her work as 
if she was fairly dancing to ftie rat-tat-tat of the cobbler's 
hammer." 



282 MANUAL OF BEADING. 



KULES FOR LIFE. 

1. Keep good company, or none. 

2. Speak the truth, or nothing. 

3. Make few promises, and keep them. 

4. Drink no intoxicating liquors. 

5. Never play at games of chance. 

6. Never be idle. 

7. Earn money before you spend it. 

8. Do that first which needs doing most. 

9. Make no haste to be rich. 

10. Investigate affairs closely, and engage in them cau- 
tiously. 

11. Lay your plans with prudence, and be prepared for 
emergencies. 

12. In difficulties be patient, and overcome them by per- 
severance. 

13. Say nothing that you would be ashamed to hear 
again. 

14. When you retire at night, think over the events of 
the day, and avoid to-morrow the errors of to-day. 



GERMAN QUOTATIONS AND PROVERBS. 

1. By the street of By-and-by one arrives at the house of 
Never. 

2. If you are an anvil, be patient ; if you are a hammer, 
strike hard. 

3. One to-day is better than ten to-morrows. 

4. Once in people's mouths, 'tis hard to get out of them. 

5. Procrastination of a good deed has often brought re- 
pentance. — Gleim. 

6. We must wait for the future, and enjoy or bear the 
present. — Wilhelm von Humboldt. 

7. Divide and command, a wise maxim ; unite and guide, 
a better. — Goethe. 

8. We are accustomed to see men deride what they do 
not understand, and snarl at^he good and beautiful because 
it lies beyond their sympathies. — Goethe. 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 



FULL OF SNOW. 



Eev. Joseph Cook. 



Out in the wind and storm, upon a tree 
All stripped and bare, sits drearily 

A bird's nest full of snow, 
From which the bird has parted long ago. 
From the cold nest no song of bird is flowing, 
No cry for food from tender nestlings going, 
Full of snow. 

Mourning and sad the barren branches wave 
Around the nest — an unprotected grave ; 

'Tis sad to see it so, 
Braving the storm, from which it can not go ; 
Fetters of ice the driving sleet is leaving, 
Yet still to that cold branch we see it cleaving 
'Neath sun, and moon, and winter's heaving 
Full of snow. 

Type of a wilder, colder winter's reign ; 
Semblance of deeper, soul in Availing, pain : 

For well this world I know, 
That it is very wide, and full of woe. 
Cold, cold as here to-night, 'round hearts are wailing 
Winds of dark grief, the spirit's features paling, 
And millions walk this journey, weary, failing, 
Full of snow. 

God knows of griefs that we know not, alone, 
God knows of nests from which the bird is flown — 

Of hidden, silent woe, 
That we pass by, and lose in life's great flow. 
God sees the stricken mourner's secret weeping ; 
God sees the dark, cold shadow silent creeping 
O'er hearts that cold distrust, or hate, is heaping 
Full of snow. 

What does the wide world know of real life ? 
Ours, as it is, an inner, silent strife ; 

Of thoughts that ever flow 
Deep in the secret soul — what does it know ? 



284 MANUAL OF READING. 

In each soul's realm of being there's an ocean 
Ever unknown to man, and yet in motion, 
Shoreless and deep, with storms that have their portion 
Full of snow. 

Green vales but tremble o'er earth's inner groans, 
Daisies bloom white above the battle's bones ; 

We surface gazers do not know 
The hidden caves the ocean laves below. 
There is a night that never knows a breaking 
This side God's heaven ; sun's rise, and yet no waking : 
Sleep on the lids of joy, and moments flaking 
Full of snow. 

Have ye not felt it who have laid God's boon, 
The loved and lovely, in the tearless tomb, 

Whom God has made, that every hour to know 
When from its resting-place the bird must go ? 
Have ye not felt it who alone are treading 
Paths on which love no light is longer shedding, 
- Which dire desertion, day and night, is spreading 
Full of snow ? 

See ! as I linger here, the clouds droop nigh, 
Winds, storm, and night rush howling from the sky ; 

Hopeful, though sad, O God, to thee I go, 
For thou art God of spring as well as snow. 
I know the time is short ; if we are steady, 
A home beyond Time's falling flakes is ready, 
Where o'er the vales, around God's feet, shall eddy 
No more snow. 



LABOR. 

Mrs. Frances S. Osgood. 
Pause not to dream of the future before us, 
Pause not to weep the wild cares that come o'er us : 
Hark how Creation's deep musical chorus 

Unintermitting goes up into heaven ! 
Never the ocean-wave stops in its flowing ; 
Never the little seed stops in its growing ; 
More and more richly the rose-heart keeps glowing 

Till from its nourishing stem it is riven. 

"Labor is worship !" the robin is singing : 
" Labor is worship !" the wild bee is ringing : 
Listen ! that eloquent whisper upspringing 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 285 

Speaks to thy soul from out nature's great heart. 
From the dark cloud flows the life-giving shower ; 
From the rough sod blows the soft-breathing flower ; 
From the small insect the rich coral bower ; 

Only man, in the plan, ever sin-inks from his part. 
Labor is life ! 'Tis the still water faileth ; 
Idleness ever despaireth, bewaileth ; 
Keep the watch wound, for the dark rust assaileth ; 

Flowers droop and die in the stillness of noon. 
Labor is glory ! the flying cloud lightens ; 
Only the waving wing changes and brightens ; 
Idle hearts only the dark future frightens : 

Play the sweet keys wouldst thou keep them in tune ! 
Labor is rest from the sorrows that greet us ; 
Rest from all petty vexations that meet us ; 
Rest from the sin-promptings that ever entreat us ; 

Rest from the world-sirens that lure us to ill. 
Work — and pure slumbers shall wait on thy pillow ; 
Work — thou shalt ride over care's coming billow. 
Lie not down wearied 'neath woe's weeping willow ! 

Work with a stout heart and resolute will. 

Labor is health ! Lo ! the husbandman reaping, 
How through his veins goes the life-current leaping ! 
How his strong arm, in its stalwart pride sweeping, 

True as a sunbeam the swift sickle guides ! 
Labor is wealth — in the sea the pearl groweth ; 
Rich the queen's robe from the frail cocoon floweth ; 
From the fine acorn the strong forest bloweth ; 

Temple and statue the marble block hides. 

Droop not, though shame, sin, and anguish are round thee ; 
Bravely fling off the cold chain that hath bound thee ; 
Look to yon pure heaven smiling beyond thee ; 

Rest not content in thy darkness — a clod ! 
Work for some good, be it ever so slowly ! 
Cherish some flower, be it ever so lowly ; 
Labor — all labor is noble and holy ; 

Let thy great deeds be thy prayer to thy God. 



GETHSEMANE. 

E. Clementine Howarth. 
I think, could I behold the bowers 

Where my Redeemer bent the knee, 
And breathe the fragrance of the flowers 
Of sanctified GethseWane, 



286 MANUAL OF READING. 

And with my sinful lips once press 
The turf on which my Savior trod, 

Anointed thus, then could they hless, 
And praise, and serve thee, O my God. 

I know not if the Kedron brook 

Doth water still the solemn glade, 
Nor if it bears aught of the look 

It bore when there our Savior prayed ; 
But, though the Kedron floweth not, 

And thou art bare of flower or tree, 
To me thou art earth's holiest spot, 

Oh sanctified Gethsemane ! 

There is a sad and soothing charm 

Even in thy name, oh sacred earth, 
That stills the drop of magic balm, 

The turbid waves of passion's birth ; 
And thou hast ever power to set 

My captive heart from fetters free ; 
I only sin when I forget 

The sorrows of Gethsemane. 
• 

'Tis said that every earthly sound 

Goes trembling through the voiceless spheres, 
Bearing its endless echoes round 

The pathway of eternal years. 
Ah ! surely, then, the sighs that He 

That midnight breathed, the zephyrs bore 
From thy dim shades, Gethsemane, 

To thrill the world for evermore. 

I know not, but I fain would trace 

O'er burning deserts long and wide, 
That I might look upon the place 

Where my Redeemer lived and died ; 
And fallen tower and broken wall 

Of his loved city I would see, 
And thou, the holiest spot of all, 

Oh sanctified Gethsemane ! 



A BALLAD OF SIR JOHN FRANKLIN. 

George II. Bokee. 
" Oh whither sail you, Sir John Franklin ?" 

Cried a whaler in Baffin's Bay. 
" To know if between the land and the pole 
I may find a broad sea-way." 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 

"I charge you back, Sir John Franklin, 

If you would live and thrive ; 
For between the land and the frozen pole 

No man may sail alive." 

But lightly laughed the stout Sir John, 

And spoke unto his men : 
" Half England is wrong if he is right ; 

Bear off to westward, then !" 

"Oh whither sail you, brave Englishman ?" 

Cried the little Esquimaux. 
"Between your land and the polar star 

My goodly vessels go." 

" Come down, if you would journey there," 

The little Indian said, 
"And change your cloth for fur clothing, 

Your vessel for a sled. " 

But lightly laughed the stout Sir John, 
And the crew laughed with him too ; 

"A sailor to change from ship to sled 
I ween were something new !" 

All through the long, long polar day 

The vessels westward spread, 
And wherever the sail of Sir John was blown, 

The ice gave way and fled — , 

Gave way with many a hollow groan, 

And many a surly roar, 
But it murmured and threatened on every side, 

And closed where he sailed before. 

" Ho ! see ye not, my merry men, 

The broad and open sea ? 
Bethink ye what the whaler said — 
Think of the little Indian's sled !" 

The crew laughed out in glee. 

" Sir John ! Sir John ! 'tis bitter cold ; 

The scud drives on the breeze ; 
The ice comes looming from the north ; 

The very sunbeams freeze !" 

The drifting icebergs dipped and rose, 

And floundered down the gale ; 
The ships were stayed, the yards were manned, 

And furled the useless sail. 



287 



2 88 MANUAL OF READING. 

"The summer's gone, the winter's come, 

We sail not on yonder sea ; 
Why sail we not, Sir John Franklin ?" 

A silent man was he. 

The cruel ice came floating on, 

And closed beneath the lee 
Till the thickening waters dashed no more — 
'Twas ice around, behind, before — 

" My God ! there is no sea !" 

" What think you of the whaler now ? 

What of the Esquimaux ? 
A sled were better than a ship 

To cruise through ice and snow." 

The snow came down, storm breeding storm, 

And on the decks was laid, 
Till the weary sailor, sick at heart, 

Sank down beside his spade. 

" Sir John, the night is black and long, 

The hissing wind is bleak ; 
The hard, green ice is strong as death ; 

I pr'ythee, captain, speak !" 

" The night is neither bright nor short ; 

The stinging breeze is cold ; 
The ice is not so strong as hope ! 

The heart of man is bold!" 
****** 

" Hark ! heard ye not the noise of guns ? 

And there — there — there again ! 
'Tis some uneasy iceberg's roar 

As he turns in the frozen main." 

" Sir John, where are the English fields, 
And where are the English trees ? 

And where are the little English flowers 
That open to the breeze?" 

" Be still, be still, my brave sailors ! 

You shall see the fields again, 
And smell the scent of the opening flowers — ' 

' ' But when, Sir John ; but when ?" 

"Oh when shall I see my orphan child — 
My Mary that waits for me ? 

Oh when shall I see my old mother, 
And pray at her trembling knee ?" 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 289 

"Be still, be still, my brave sailors ! 

Think not such thoughts again !" 
But a tear froze slowly on his cheek — 

He thought of Lady Jane. 
Ah ! bitter, bitter grows the cold ; 

The ice grows more and more ; 
More settled stare the wolf and bear — 

More patient than before. 
' ' Oh think you, good Sir John Franklin, 

We'll ever see the land ? 
'Twas cruel to send us here to starve, 

Without a helping hand ! 
" 'Twas cruel, Sir John, to send us here, 

So far from help and home, 
To starve and freeze on this lonely sea ! 
I ween the Lords of the Admiralty 

Would rather send than come." 
"Oh, whether we starve to death alone, 

Or sail to our own country, 
We have done what man has never done : 
The truth is found — the secret won — 

We passed the northern sea !" 

* #.. * * * $ 

Long years went by. Hope died in fear, 

But never relented the frost. 
Some letters that stood for the brave and dear, 
And some oars and bones told the story drear — 

Then we knew what the secret cost ! 



THE KING OE DENMARK'S RIDE. 

Mrs. Caroline Norton. 
Word was brought to the Danish king 

(Hurry!) 
That the love of his heart lay suffering, 
And pined for the comfort his voice would bring. 

(Oh ride as if you were flying !) 
Better he loves each golden curl 
On the brow of that Scandinavian girl 
Than his rich crown-jewels of ruby and pearl ; 

And his Rose of the Isles is dying. 
Thirty nobles saddled with speed ; 

(Hurry!) 
Each one mounted a gallant steed 
Which he kept for battle and days of need ; 

N 



290 MANUAL OF READING. 

(Oh ride as though you were flying !) 
Spurs were struck in the foaming flank, 
Worn-out chargers staggered and sank ; 
Bridles were slackened, and girths were burst ; 
But, ride as they would, the king rode first, 

For his Bose of the Isles lay dying. 

His nobles are beaten one by one ; 

(Hurry!) 
They have fainted, and faltered, and homeward gone 
The little fair page now follows alone. 

For strength and for courage trying, 
The king looked back at that faithful child, 
Wan was the face that answering smiled. 
They passed the drawbridge with clattering din, 
Then he dropped, and only the king rode in 

Where his Rose of the Isles lay dying. 

The king blew a blast on his bugle-horn : 

(Silence !) 
No answer came, but faint and forlorn 
An echo returned on the cold gray morn, 

Like the breath of a spirit sighing. 
The castle portal stood grimly wide ; 
None welcomed the king from that weary ride ; 
For, dead in the light of the dawning day, 
The pale, sweet form of the Avelcomer lay, 

Who had yearned for his voice while dying. 

The panting steed with a drooping crest 

Stood weary ; 
The king returned from the chamber of rest, 
The thick sobs choking in his breast, 

And that dumb companion eying, 
The tears gushed forth which he strove to check ; 
He bowed his head on his charger's neck : 
" Oh steed, that every nerve didst strain — 
Dear steed ! our ride hath been in vain 

To the halls where my love lay dying!" 



OVER THE RIVER, 

Miss Priest. 
Over the river they beckon to me — 

Loved ones who've crossed to the farther side ; 
The gleam of their snowy robes I see, 
But their, voices are drowned in the rushing tide. 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 291 

There's one with ringlets of sunny gold, 

And eyes the reflection of heaven's own blue ; 
He crossed in the twilight gray and cold, 

And the pale mist hid him from mortal view. 
"We saw not the angels who met him there ; 

The gates of the city we could not see : 
Over the river, over the river, 

My brother stands ready to welcome me ! 

Over the river the boatman pale 

Carried another — the household pet : 
Her brown curls waved in the gentle gale — 

Darling Minnie ! I see her yet. 
She crossed on her bosom her dimpled hands, 

And fearlessly entered the phantom bark ; 
We watched it glide from the silver sands, 

And all our sunshine grew strangely dark. 
We know she is safe on the farther side, 

Where all the ransomed and angels be : 
Over the river, the mystic river, 

My childhood's idol is waiting for me. 

For none return from those quiet shores 

Who cross with the boatman cold and pale ; 
We hear the dip of the golden oars, 

And catch a gleam of the snowy sail, 
And lo ! they have passed from our yearning heart ; 

They cross the stream, and are gone for aye ; 
We may not sunder the veil apart 

That hides from our vision the gates of day. 
We only know that their barks no more 

May sail with us o'er life's stormy sea ; 
Yet somewhere, I know, on the unseen shore 

They watch, and beckon, and wait for me. 

And I sit and think, when the sunset's gold 

Is flushing river, and hill, and shore, 
I shall one day stand by the water cold, 

And list for the sound of the boatman's oar. 
I shall watch for a gleam of the flapping sail ; 

I shall hear the boat as it gains the strand ; 
I shall pass from sight with the boatman pale 

To the better shore of the spirit land ; 
I shall know the loved who have gone before ; 

And joyfully sweet will the meeting be, 
When over the river, the peacefid river, 

The Angel of Death shall carry me. 



292 MANUAL OF HEADING. 



YOUNG LOCHINVAE. 

Sir Walter Scott. 
Oh, young Lochinvar is come out of the West, 
Through all the wide B order his steed was the best, 
And save his good broadsword he weapons had none ; 
He rode all unarmed, and he rode all alone. 
So faithful in love, and so dauntless in war, 
There never was knight like the young Lochinvar. 

He staid not for brake, and he stopped not for stone, 

He swam the Esk River where ford there was none ; 

But, ere he alighted at Netherby gate, 

The bride had consented, the gallant came late : 

For a laggard in love and a dastard in war 

Was to Aved the fair Ellen of brave Lochinvar. 

So boldly he entered the Netherby hall, 
'Mong bridemen, and kinsmen, and brothers, and all. • 
Then spoke the bride's father, his hand on his sword 
(For the poor craven bridegroom said never a word), 
"Oh come ye in peace here, or come ye in war, 
Or to dance at our bridal, young Lord Lochinvar ?" 

" I long wooed your daughter, my suit you denied; 
Love swells like the Solway, but ebbs like its tide ; 
And now I am come, with this lost love of mine, 
To lead but one measure, drink one cup of wine. 
There be maidens in Scotland more lovely by far, 
That would gladly be bride to the young Lochinvar. " 

The bride kissed the goblet ; the knight took it up, 
He quaffed off the wine, and he threw down the cup ; 
She looked down to blush, and she looked up to sigh, 
With a smile on her lips, and a tear in her eye. 
He took her soft hand ere her mother could bar — 
"Now tread we a measure !" said young Lochinvar. 

So stately his form, and so lovely her face, 

That never a hall such a galliard did grace ; 

While her mother did fret, and her father did fume, 

And the bridegroom stood dangling his bonnet and plume, 

And the bridemaidens whispered," 'Twere better by far 

To have matched our fair cousin with young Lochinvar." 

One touch to her hand, and one word in her ear, 

When they reached the hall door, and the charger stood near, 

So light to the croup the fair lady he swung, 

So light to the saddle before her he sprung — 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 293 

She is won ! we are gone, over bank, bush, and scaur ; 
They'll have fleet steeds that follow," quoth young Lochinvar. 

There was mounting 'mong Graemes of the Netherby clan ; 

Fosters, Fenwicks, and Musgraves, they rode and they ran ; 

There was racing and chasing on Cannobie Lea, 

But the lost bride of Netherby ne'er did they see. 

So daring in love, and so dauntless in Avar, 

Have ye e'er heard of gallant like young Lochinvar ? 



THE INQUIRY. 

Charles Mackay. 
Tell me, ye winged winds, 

That round my pathway roar, 
Do you not know some spot 

Where mortals weep no more ? 
Some lone and pleasant dell — 

Some valley in the West, 
Where, free from toil and pain, 
The weary soul may rest ? 
(=>) The loud wind dwindled to a whisper low, 

And sighed fur pity as it answered (=>) "No !" 

Tell me, thou mighty deep, 

Whose billows round me play, 
Ivnowest thou some favored spot — 

Some island far away, 
Where weary man may find 

The bliss for which he sighs 
Where sorrow never lives, 

And friendship never dies ? 
The loud waves, rolling in perpetual flow, 
Stopped for a while, and sighed to answer (o>) "No :" 

And thou, serenest moon, 

That with such lovely face 
Dost look upon the earth, 

Asleep in night's embrace, 
Tell me, in all thy round, 

Hast thou not seen some spot 
Where miserable man 

Might find a happier lot 
Behind a cloud the moon withdrew in woe, 
And a voice sweet, but sad, responded "No !" 

Tell me, my secret soul — 
Oh tell me, Hope and Faith, 



294 MANUAL OF BEADING. 

Is there no resting-place 

From sorrow, sin, and death ? 
Is there no happy spot 

Where mortals may be bless'd — 
Where grief may find a balm, 
And weariness a rest ? 
Faith, Hope, and Love — best boons to mortals given — 
Waved their bright wings, and whispered " Yes, in heaven !' 



WOUNDED. 

J. W. Watson. 

Steady, boys, steady ! 

Keep your arms ready ! 
God only knows whom we may meet here. 

Don't let me be taken ! 

I'd rather awaken 
To-morrow in — no matter where, 
Than lie in that foul prison-hole — over there. 

Step slowly! 
Speak lowly ! 

These rocks may have life. 

Lay me down in this hollow ; 

We are out of the strife. 
By heavens ! r the foeman may track me in blood, 
For this hole in my breast is outpouring a flood. 
No ! no surgeon for me : he can give me no aid ; 
The surgeon I want is a pickaxe and spade. 
What, Morris, a tear ? why, shame on ye, man ! 
I thought you a hero ; but since you've began 
To whimper and cry, like a girl in her teens, 
By George ! I don't know what it all means. 

Well ! well ! I am rough ; 'tis a very rough school, 
This life of a trooper — but yet I'm no fool ! 
I know a brave man, and a friend from a foe ; 
And, boys, that you love me, I certainly know. 

But wasn't it grand, 
When they came down the hill over sloughing and sand ? 
But we stood — did we not — like immovable rock, 
Unheeding their balls and repelling their shock ? 

Did you mind the loud ciy, 

When, as turning to fly, 
Our men sprang upon them, determined to die ? 

Oh, wasn't it grand ? 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 295 

God help the poor wretches that fell in the fight ; 

No time was there given for prayer or for flight. 

They fell*by the score, in the crash, hand to hand, 

And they mingled their blood with the sloughing and sand. 

Huzza ! 
Great heavens ! this bullet-hole gapes like a grave. 
A curse on the aim of the treacherous knave ! 
Is there never a one of ye knows how to pray, 
Or speak for a man as his life ebbs away ? 
Pray! 

Pray! 
Our Father ! Our Father ! Why don't you proceed ? 
Can't you see I am dying ? Great God, how I bleed ! 
Ebbing away ! 

Ebbing away ! 

The light of day 
Is turning to gray. 
Pray! 

Pray! 
Our Father in Heaven — boys, tell me the rest, 
While I stanch the hot blood from this hole in my breast. 
There's something about forgiveness of sin — 
Put that in ! put that in ! and then 
I'll follow your words, and say an amen. 

Here, Morris, old fellow! get hold of my hand ; 

And Wilson, my comrade — oh, wasn't it grand, 

When they came down the hill like a thunder-charged cloud, 

And were scattered like dust by our brave little crowd ? — 

Can't you say a short prayer for the dying and dead ? 

" Dear Christ, who died for sinners all, 

Hear thou this suppliant wanderer's cry ; 
Let not e'en this poor sparrow fall 

Unheeded by thy gracious eye. 
Throw wide thy gates to let him in, 

And take him, pleading, to thy arms ; 
Forgive, O Lord ! his life-long sin, 

And quiet all his fierce alarms." 



God bless you, comrade, for singing that hymn ; 
It is light to my path when my sight has grown dim. 
I am dying — bend down till I touch you once more — 
Don't forget me, old fellow ! God prosper this war ! 
Confusion to enemies ! — keep hold of my hand — 
And float our dear flag o'er a prosperous land ! 



296 MANUAL OF HEADING. 



WE MEET AND WE PART. 

From "The Mystic Star. 
There's a world where all are equal — 

We are hurrying toward it fast — 
We shall meet upon the level there 

When the gates of death are pass'd. 
We shall stand before the Orient, 

And our Master will be there, 
To try the blocks we offer 

By his own unerring square. 
We shall meet upon the level there, 

But never thence depart ; 
There's a mansion — 'tis all ready — 

For each faithful, trusting heart. 
There's a mansion and a welcome ; 

And a multitude are there 
Who have met upon the level 

And been tried upon the square. 
Let us meet upon the level, then, 

While laboring patient here ; 
Let us meet and let us labor, 

Though the labor be severe. 
Already, in the western sky, 

The signs bid us prepare 
To gather up our working-tools 

And part upon the square. 



BABY BUNN. 

JOSIE II. 

Winsome Baby Bunn ! 
Brighter than the stars that rise 
In the dusky evening skies ; 
Browner than the robin's wing, 
Clearer than the woodland spring, 
Are the eyes of Baby Bunn — 

Winsome Baby Bunn ! 

Smile, mother, smile ! 
Thinking softly all the while 

Of a tender, blissful day, 
When the dark eyes, so like these 
Of the cherub on your knees, 

Stole your girlish heart away. 
Oh, the eyes of Baby Bunn ! 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 297 

Rarest mischief will they do 
When once old enough to steal 
What their father stole from you ! 
Smile, mother, smile ! 

Winsome Baby Bunn ! 
Milk-white lilies half unrolled, 
Set in calyces of gold, 
Can not make his forehead fair, 
With its rings of yellow hair ! 
Scarlet berry, cleft in twain 
By a wedge of pearly grain, 
Is the mouth of Baby Bunn — 

Winsome Baby Bunn ! 

Weep, mother, weep 
For the little one asleep 

With his head against your breast ! 
Never in the coming years, 
Though he seeks for it with tears, 

W T ill he find so sweet a rest. 
Oh, the breath of Baby Bunn ! 
Oh, the scarlet mouth of Bunn ! 
One man wears its crown of thorns ; 
Drink its cup of gall must one! 
Though the trembling lips shall shrink, 
White with anguish, as they drink, 
And the temple sweat with pain 
Drops of blood, like purple rain — 

Weep, mother, weep ! 

Winsome Baby Bunn ! 
Not the sea-shell's palest tinge, 
Not the daisy's rose-white fringe, 
Not the softest, faintest glow 
Of the sunset on the snow, 
Is more beautiful and sweet 
Than the wee pink hands and feet 
Of the little Baby Bunn— 

Winsome Baby Bunn ! 
Feet like these may lose the way, 

Wandering blindly from the right ; 
Pray, and sometimes will your prayers 
Be to him like golden stairs 

Built through darkness into light. 
Oh, the dimpled feet of Bunn, 

In their silken stockings dressed ! 
Oh, the dainty hands of Bunn, 

Hid like rose-leaves in your breast ! 
N2 



298 MANUAL OF HEADING. 

These will grasp at jewels rare, 
But to find them empty air • 
Those will wander on the way — 
Pray, motjier, pray ! 



DRIFTING. 

T. B. Read. 

My soul to-day 

Is far away, 
Sailing the Vesuvian Bay ; 

My winged boat — 

A bird afloat — 
Swims round the purple peaks remote. 

Round purple peaks 

It sails, and seeks 
Blue inlets and then- ciystal creeks, 

Where high rocks throw 

Through deeps below 
A duplicated golden glow. 

Far, vague, and dim 
The mountains swim, 

While on Vesuvius's misty brim 
With outstretched hands 
The gray smoke stands, 

O'erlooking the volcanic lands. 

Here Ischia smiles 

O'er liquid miles ; 
And yonder, bluest of the isles, 

Calm Capri waits, 

Her sapphire gates 
Beguiling to her bright estates. 

I heed not if 

My rippling skiff 
Float swift or slow from cliff to cliff; 

With dreamful eyes 

My spirit lies 
Under the walls of Paradise. 

Under the walls 

Where swells and falls 
The bay's deep breast at intervals, 

At peace I he, 

Blown softly by 
A cloud upon this liquid sky. 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 299 

The day so mild 

Is Heaven's own child, 
With Earth and Ocean reconciled ; 

The airs I feel 

Around me steal 
Are murmuring to the murmuring keel. 

Over the rail 

My hand I trail 
"Within the shadow of the sail ; 

A joy intense — 

The cooling sense — 
Glides down my drowsy indolence. 

With dreamful eyes 

My spirit lies 
Where summer sings and never dies ; 

O'erveiled with vines, 

She glows and shines 
Among her future oils and wines. 

Her children hid 

The cliffs amid, 
Are gamholing with the gamboling kid, 

Or down the walls, 

With tipsy calls, 
Laugh on the rocks like waterfalls. 

The fisher's child, 

With tresses wild, 
Unto the smooth, bright sand beguiled, 

With glowing lips 

Sings as she skips, 
Or gazes at the far-off ships. 

Yon deep bark goes 

Where Traffic blows 
From lands of sun to lands of snows ; 

This happier one 

Its course is run 
From lands of snow to lands of sun. 

Oh happy ship, 

To rise and dip 
With the blue crystal at your lip ! 

Oh happy crew, 

My heart with you 
Sails and sails, and sings anew ! 



300 MANUAL OF BEADING. 

No more, no more 
The worldly shore 

Upbraids me with its loud uproar 
With dreamful eyes 
My spirit lies 

Under the walls of Paradise. 



TO A MOUSE, 

ON TURNING UP HER NEST WITH THE PLOW, 

November, 1785. 

Bobert Burns. 
Wee, sleekit, cow'rin', tim'rous beastie, 
Oh what a panic's in thy breastie ! 
Thou need na start awa sae hasty, 

Wi' bickering brattle ; 

I wad be laith to rin and chase thee 

Wi' murd'ring pattle ! 

I'm truly sorry man's dominion 
Has broken nature's social union, 
And justifies that ill opinion 

Which makes thee startle 
At me, thy poor earth-born companion, 

And fellow-mortal ! 

I doubt na, whyles, but thou may thieve ; 
What then ? poor beastie, thou maun live ! 
A daimen icker in a thrave 

'S a sma' request : 
I'll get a blessin' wi' the laive, 

And never miss't ! 

Thy wee bit housie, too, in ruin, 
Its silly wa's the win's are strewin', 
And naething now to big a new ane 

O' foggage green, 
And bleak December's winds ensuin', 

Baith snell and keen. 

Thou saw the fields laid bare and waste, 
And weary winter comin' fast, 
And cozie here, beneath the blast, 

Thou thought to dwell, 
Till, crash ! the cruel coulter passed 

Out through thy cell. 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 301 

That wee bit heap o' leaves and stibble 
Has cost thee mony a weary nibble ! 
Now thou's turned out, for a' thy trouble, 

But house or hald, 
To thole the winter's sleety dribble, 

And cranreuch cauld ! 

But, Mousie, thou art no thy lane, 
In proving foresight may be vain : 
The best-laid schemes o' mice and men 

Gang aft a-gley, 
And lea'e us nought but grief and pain 

For promised joy. 

Still thou art bless'd compared wi' me ; 
The present only toucheth thee ; 
But, och ! I backward cast my e'e 

On prospects drear ; 
And forward, though I canna see, 

I guess and fear. 



THE MISER'S DEATH. 

Osborne. 



Note. — In France, during the year 1762, a miser by the name of Foscue, 
having amassed enormous wealth by extortion and parsimony, was request- 
ed by the government to advance a sum of money as a loan. The miser re- 
fused, pretending that he was poor. In order to hide his money, he dug a 
deep cellar under his hut, the descent to which was by a ladder. To the 
trap-door above he attached a spring-lock. He entered, one day, to gloat 
over his gold ; the trap-door fell, the spring-lock snapped, and he died mis- 
erably. 

So, so ! all safe ! Come forth, my pretty sparklers ! 

Come forth, and feast my eyes ! Be not afraid ! 

No keen-eyed agent of the government 

Can see you here. They wanted me, forsooth, 

To lend you, at the lawful rate of usance, 

For the state's needs. Ha ! ha ! my shining pets, 

My yellow darlings, my sweet golden circlets ! 

Too well I loved you to do that ; and so 

I pleaded poverty, and none could prove 

My story was not true. 

Ha ! could they see 
These bags of ducats, and that precious pile 
Of ingots, and those bars of solid gold, 
Their eyes, methinks, would water. What a comfort 



302 MANUAL OF BEADING. 

Is it to see my moneys in a heap, 

All safely lodged under my very roof ! 

Here's a fat bag — let me untie the mouth of it. 

What eloquence ! What beauty ! What expression ! 

Could Cicero so plead ? Could Helen look 

One half so charming? ( The trap-door falls.') 

Ah ! what sound was that ? 
The trap-door fallen ? and the spring-lock caught ? 
Well, have I not the key ? Of course I have ! 
'Tis in this pocket. No. In this ? No. Then 
I left it at the bottom of the ladder. 
Ha ! 'tis not there. Where, then ? Ah ! mercy, Heaven ! 
'Tis in the lock outside ! 

What's to be done? 
Help, help ! Will no one hear ? Oh, would that I 
Had not discharged old Simon ! but he begged 
Each week for wages — would not give me credit. 
I'll try my strength upon the door. Despair ! 
I might as soon uproot the eternal rocks 
As force it open. Am I here a prisoner, 
And no one in the house — no one at hand, 
Or likely soon to be, to hear my cries ? 
Am I entombed alive ? Horrible fate ! 
I sink — I faint beneath the bare conception ! (Swoons.) 

(Awakes.) Darkness! Where am I? I remember now : 
This is a bag of ducats — 'tis no dream — 
No dream ! The trap-door fell, and here am I, 
Immured with my dear gold — my candle out — 
All gloom — all silence — all despair ! What ho ! 
Friends ! Friends ? I have no friends. What right have I 
To use the name ? These money-bags have been 
The only friends I've cared for, and for these 
I've toiled, and pinched, and screwed, shutting my heart 
To charity, humanity, and love ! 

Detested traitors ! since I gave you all — 
Ay, gave my very soul — can ye do naught 
For me in this extremity ? Ho ! without there ! 
A thousand ducats for a loaf of bread ! 
Ten thousand ducats for a glass of water ! 
A pile of ingots for a helping hand! 
Was that a laugh ? Ay, 'twas a fiend that laughed 
To see a miser in the grip of death ! 

Offended Heaven, have mercy ! I will give 
In alms all this vile rubbish : aid me thou 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS, 303 

In this most dreadful strait ! I'll build a church — 
A hospital ! Vain, vain ! Too late, too late ! 
Heaven knows the miser's heart too well to trust him ! 
Heaven will not hear — why should it ? What have I 
Done to enlist Heaven's favor ? — to help on 
Heaven's cause on earth, in human hearts and homes ? 
Nothing ! God's kingdom will not come the sooner 
For any work or any prayer of mine. 

But must I die here — in my own trap caught? 
Die — die ? and then ! Oh mercy ! grant me time — 
Thou who canst save — grant me a little time, 
And I'll redeem the past — undo the evil 
That I have done — make thousands happy with 
This hoarded treasure — do thy will on earth 

As it is done in heaven — grant me but time ! ** 

Nor man nor God will hear my shrieks ! All's lost ! 



LITTLE BENNY. 
A Christmas Carol. 
I had told him Christmas morning, 

As he sat upon my knee, 
Holding fast his little- stockings, 

Stuffed as full as full could be, 
And attentive, listening to me, 

With a face demure and mild, 
That old Santa Claus, who filled them, 

Did not love a naughty child. 

"But we'll be dood, won't we, moder ?' 

And from off my lap he slid, 
Digging deep among the goodies 

In his crimson stockings hid, 
While I turned me to my table, 

Where a tempting goblet stood, 
Brimming high with dainty custard 

Sent by a neighbor good. 

But the kitten, there before me, 

With his white paw, nothing loth, 
Sat, by way of entertainment, 

Slapping off the shining froth ; 
And, in not the gentlest humor 

At the loss of such a treat, 
I confess I rather rudely 

Thrust him out into the street. 



304 MANUAL OF READING. 

Then how Benny's blue eyes kindled ! 

Gathering up the precious store 
He had busily been pouring 

In his tiny pinafore, 
With a generous look that shamed me, 

Sprang he from the carpet bright, 
Showing, by his mien indignant, 

All a baby's sense of right. 

" Come back, Harney !" called he, loudly, 

As he held his apron white, 
" You sail have my candy Avabbit !" 

But the door was fastened tight ; 
So he stood, abashed and silent, 

In the centre of the floor, 
With defeated look alternate 

Bent on me and on the door. 

Then, as by some sudden impulse, 
. Quickly ran he to the fire, 
And while eagerly his bright eyes 

Watched the flames grow higher, higher, 
In a brave, clear key he shouted, 

Like some lordly little elf, 
"Santa Kaus, tome down de chimney; 

Make my moder 'have herself!" 

" I will be a good girl, Benny," 

Said I, feeling the reproof; 
And straightway recalled poor Harney, 

Mewing on the gallery roof. 
Soon the anger was forgotten, 

Laughter chased away the frown, 
And they gamboled 'neath the live-oaks 

Till the dusky night came down. 

In my dim, fire-lighted chamber 

Harney purred beneath my chair, 
And my play-worn boy beside me 

Knelt to say his evening prayer : 
" God bess fader, God bess moder, 

God bess sister" — then a pause, 
And the sweet young lips devoutly 

Murmured, " God bess Santa Kaus." 

He is sleeping ; brown and silken 
Lie the lashes, long and meek, 

Like caressing, clinging shadows, 
On his plump and peachy cheek ; 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 305 

And I bend above him, weeping 

Thankful tears, O Undefiled ! 
For a woman's crown of glory — 

For the blessing of a child. 



IVRY. 

Thomas Babington Macaulay. 
Now glory to the Lord of Hosts, from whom all glories are ! 
And glory to our sovereign liege, King Henry of Navarre' ! 
Now let there be the merry sound of music and of dance 
Through thy corn-fields green, and sunny A'ines, oh pleasant land of France ! 
And thou, RochehV, our own Iiochelle, proud city of the waters, 
Again let rapture light the eyes of all thy murmuring daughters ; 
As thou wert constant in our ills, be joyous in our joy, 
For cold, and stiff, and still are they who wrought thy walls annoy. 
Hurrah ! hurrah ! a single field hath turned the chance of war ! 
Hurrah ! hurrah ! for Ivry, and Henry of Navarre. 
Oil ! how our hearts were beating when, at the dawn of day, 
We saw the army of the League drawn out in long array, 
With all its priest-led citizens, and all its rebel peers, 
And Appenzel's stout infantry, and Egmont's Flemish spears. 
There rode the brood of false Lorraine', the curses of our land ; 
And dark Mayenne' was in the midst, a truncheon in his hand ; 
And, as we looked on them, we thought of Seine's empurpled flood, 
And good Coligni's hoary hair all dabbled with his blood ; 
And we cried unto the living God, who rules the fate of war, 
To fight for his own holy name, and Henry of Navarre. 

The king is come to marshal us, in all his armor dressed, 

And he has bound a snow-white plume upon his gallant crest. 

He looked upon his people, and a tear was in his eye ; 

He looked upon the traitors, and his glance was stern and high. 

Eight graciously he smiled on us, as rolled from wing to wing, 

Down all our line, a deafening shout — "God save our lord the king ! 

"And if my standard-bearer fall, as fall full well he may — 

For never I saw promise yet of such a bloody fray — 

Press where ye see my white plume shine amidst the ranks of war, 

And be your oriflamme to-day the helmet of Navarre." 

Hurrah ! the foes are moving. Hark to the mingled din 

Of fife, and steed, and trump, and drum, and roaring culverin. 

The fiery duke is pricking fast across Saint Andre's plain, 

With all the hireling chivalry of Guel'ders and Almayne'. 

Now by the lips of those ye love, fair gentlemen of France, 

Charge for the golden lilies — upon them with the lance ! 

A thousand spurs are striking deep, a thousand spears in rest, 

A thoitsand knights are pressing close behind the snow-white crest ; 



i» 



306 MANUAL OF READING. 

And in they burst, and on they rushed, while, like a guiding star, 

Amidst the thickest carnage blazed the helmet of Navarre. 

Now, God be praised, the day is ours : Mayenne hath turned his rein ; 

D'Aumale hath cried for quarter, the Flemish count is slain ; 

Their ranks are breaking like thin clouds before a Biscay gale ; 

The field is heaped with bleeding steeds, and flags, and cloven mail. 

And then we thought on vengeance, and all along our van, 

"Remember Saint Bartholomew!" was passed from man to man. 

But out spake gentle Henry : "No Frenchman is my foe ; 

Down — down with every foreigner, but let your brethren go." 

Oh ! was there ever such a knight, in friendship or in war, 

As our sovereign lord, King Henry, the soldier of Navarre ? 

Right well fought all the Frenchmen who fought for France to-day, 

And many a lordly banner God gave them for a prey. 

But we of the religion have borne us best in fight ; 

And the good Lord of Ros'ny hath ta'en the cornet white — 

Our own true Maximilian the cornet white hath ta'en, 

The cornet white, with crosses black, the flag of false Lorraine. 

Up with it high ; unfurl it wide, that all the host may know [woe. 

How God hath humbled the proud house which wrought his church such 

Then on the ground, while trumpets sound their loudest point of war, 

Fling the red shreds, a footcloth meet for Hemy of Navarre. 

Ho ! maidens of Vien'na ; ho ! matrons of Lucerne' — 

"Weep, weep, and rend your hair for those who never shall return. 

Ho ! Philip, send, for charity, thy Mexican pistoles, 

That Antwerp monks may sing a mass for thy poor spearmen's souls. 

Ho ! gallant nobles of the League, look that your arms be bright ; 

Ho ! burghers of St. Genevieve, keep watch and ward to-night ; 

For our God hath crushed the tyrant, our God hath raised the slave, 

And mocked the counsel of the wise, and the valor of the brave. 

Then glory to his holy name, from whom all glories are, 

And glory to our sovereign lord, King Henry of Navarre ! 



AUCTION EXTRAORDINARY. 

Lucketia Davidson. 
I dreamed a dream in the midst of my slumbers, 
And as fast as I dreamed it was coined into numbers ; 
My thoughts ran along in such beautiful metre, 
I'm sine I ne'er saw any poetry sweeter. 
It seemed that a law had been recently made 
That a tax on old bachelors' pates should be laid ; 
And, in order to make them all willing to marry, 
The tax was as large as a man could well carry. 
The bachelors grumbled, and said 'twas no use — 
'Twas a horrid injustice and horrid abuse, 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 307 

And declared that, to save their own heart's-blood from spilling, 

Of such a vile tax they would not pay a shilling. 

But the rulers determined them still to pursue, 

So they set all the bachelors up at vendue ; 

A crier was sent through the town to and fro, 

To rattle his bell and his trumpet to blow, 

And to call out to all he might meet in his way, 

"Ho! forty old bachelors sold here to-day." 

And presently all the old maids of the town, 

Each in her very best bonnet and gown, 

From thirty to sixty, fair, plain, red, and pale, 

Of every description, all flocked to the sale. 

The auctioneer then in his labors began, 

And called out aloud, as he held up a man, 

"How much for a bachelor — who wants to buy ?" 

In a twink every maiden responded "I — I !" 

In short, at a highly extravagant price, 

The bachelors all were sold off in a trice ; 

And forty old maidens, some younger, some older, 

Each lugged an old bachelor home on her shoulder. 



THE GAIN OF LOSS. 
[From "Hymns of Hope and Faith."] 

HORATIDS BONAR, D.D. 

" Nay, give me hack my blossoms /" 

Said the palm-tree to the Nile ; 
But the stream passed on, unheeding, 

With its old familiar smile. 
" Give back my golden ringlets /" 

Said the palm-tree to the Nile ; 
But the stream swept on in silence, 

With its dimple and its smile. 
With its dimple and its smile it passed — 

With its dimple and its smile, 
All heedless of the palm's low wail, 

That sunny, sunny Nile ! 
By Rodah's island-garden, 

With its ripple and its smile ; 
By Shubra's mystic hedgerows 

It swept, that glorious Nile ! 
By Gizeh's great palm-forest 

It flashed its stately smile — 
By Butak's river-harbor, 

That old, majestic Nile ! 



308 MANUAL OP READING. 

By pyramid and palace, 

With its never-ending smile ; 

By tomb, and mosque, and mazar, 
It flowed, that mighty Nile ! 

" Come, give me back my blossoms," 
Sighed the palm-tree to the Nile ; 

But the river flowed unheeding, 
With its soft and silver smile. 

With its soft and silver smile it flowed, 
With its soft and silver smile, 

All heedless of the palm-tree's sigh, 
That strange, long-wandering Nile ! 

It seemed to say, ' ' 'Tis better far 
To leave your flowers to me ; 

I will bear their yellow beauty on 
To the wondering, wondering sea. 

" 'Tis better they should float away 

Upon my dusky wave, 
Than find upon their native stem 

A useless home and grave. 

"If your sweet flowers remain with you, 
Fruitless your boughs must be ; 

'Tis their departure brings the fruit. 
Give your bright flowers to me. 

"Nay, ask not back your blossoms," 
To the palm-tree said the Nile ; 

* ' Let me keep them, " said the river, 
With its sweet and sunny smile. 

And the palm gave up its blossoms 
To its friend so wise and old, 

And saw them, all unsighing, 
Float down the river's gold. 

The amber tresses vanished, 

And the clear spring-fragrance fled, 

But the welcome fruit in clusters 
Came richly up instead. 

'Tis thus we gain by losing, 
And win by failure here ; 

We doff the gleaming tinsel, 
The golden crown to wear. 

Our sickness is our healing, 
Our weakness is our might ; 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 309 

Life is but Death's fair offspring, 
And Day the child of Night. 

'Tis thus we rise by setting — 

Through darkness reach our day ; 
Our own way hourly losing, 

To find the eternal way. 
'Tis by defeat we conquer — 

Grow rich by growing poor ; 
And from our largest givings 

We draw our fullest store. 
Then let the blossoms perish, 

And let the fragrance go ; 
All the surer and the larger 

Is the harvest we shall know. 
All the sweeter and the louder 

Our song of harvest-home, 
When earth's ripe autumn smileth, 

And the reaping-day has come. 



THE EIKEMAN. 

B. T. Conrad. 
The city slumbers. O'er its mighty walls 
Night's dusky mantle soft and silent falls ; 
Sleep o'er the world slow waves its wand of lead, 
And ready torpors wrap each sinking head. 
. Stilled is the stir of labor and of life ; 
Hushed is the hum, and tranquillized the strife. 
Man is at rest, with all his hopes and fears ; 
The young forget their sports, the old their cares ; 
The grave are careless ; those who joy or weep, 
All rest contented on the arm of sleep. 

Sweet is the pillowed rest of beauty now, 
And slumber smiles upon her tranquil brow ; 
Her bright dreams lead her to the moonlit tide, 
Her heart's own partner wandering by her side. 
'Tis a summer's eve : the soft gales scarcely rouse 
The low-voiced ripple and the rustling boughs ; 
And faint and far, some minstrel's melting tone 
Breathes to her heart a music like its own. 

(asp.) When, hark ! oh horror ! what a crash is there ! 

What shriek is that which fills the midnight air ? 
07*.) 'Tis "Eire ! fire !" She wakes to dream no more ! 

The hot blast rushes through the blazing door ! 



310 MANUAL OF READING. 

The dim smoke eddies round ; and hark ! that ciy ! 
(/. ) " Help J help ! Will no one aid ? I die— I die ! " 

She seeks the casement ; shuddering at its height, 

She turns again ; the fierce flames mock her flight ; 

Along the crackling stairs they fiercely play, 

And roar, exulting, as they seize their prey. 
(/*.) "Help! help! Will no one come ?" She says no more, 

But, pale and breathless, sinks upon the floor. 
• 

Will no one save thee ? Yes, there yet is one 

Remains to save, when hope itself is gone ; 

When all have fled — when all but he would fly, 

The fireman comes to rescue or to die! 

He mounts the stair — it wavers 'neath his tread ; 

He seeks the room — flames flashing round his head ; 

He bursts the door, he lifts her prostrate frame, 

And turns again to brave the raging flame. 

The fire-blast smites him with its stifling breath, 

The falling timbers menace him with death, 

The sinking floors his hurried steps betray, 

And ruin crashes round his desperate way ; 

Hot smoke obscures — ten thousand cinders rise — 

Yet still he staggers forward with his prize. 
(/.) He leaps from burning stair to stair. On ! on ! 

Courage ! One effort more, and all is won ! • 

The stair is passed — the blazing hall is braved ! 
(/.) Still on! Yet on! Once more! Thank Heaven, she's saved ! 



THE PICKET-GUARD. 

"All quiet along the Potomac," they say, 

Except now and then a stray picket 
Is shot, as he walks on his beat to and fro, 

By a rifleman hid in the thicket. 
'Tis nothing : a private or two, now and then, 

Will not count in the news of a battle ; 
Not an officer lost — only one of the men, 

Moaning out all alone the death-rattle. 

All quiet along the Potomac to-night, 

Where the soldiers lie peacefully dreaming ; 
Their tents in the rays of the clear autumn moon, 

Or the light of the watch-fires are gleaming. 
A tremulous sigh as the gentle night-wind 

Through the forest-leaves softly is creeping, 
While the stars up above, with their glittering eyes, 

Keep guard, for the army is sleeping. 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 311 

There's only the sound of the lone sentry's tread 

As he tramps from the rock to the fountain, 
And thinks of the two in the low trundle-bed 

Far away in the cot on the mountain. 
His musket falls slack ; his face, dark and grim, 

Grows gentle with memories tender, 
As he mutters a prayer for the children asleep — 

For their mother — may Heaven defend her ! 

The moon seems to shine just as brightly as then — 

That night when the love, yet unspoken, 
Leaped up to his lips — when low, murmured vows 

Were pledged to be ever unbroken. 
Then, drawing his sleeve roughly over his face, 

He dashes oif tears that are welling, 
And gathers his gun closer up to its place, 

As if to keep down the heart-swelling. 

He passes the fountain, the blasted pine-tree ; 

The footstep is lagging and weary ; 
Yet onward he goes, through the broad belt of light, 

Toward the shade of the forest so dreary. 
Hark ! was it the night- wind that rustled the leaves ? 

"Was it moonlight so wond'rously flashing ? 
It looked like a rifle : " Ha ! Mary, good-by, " 

And the life-blood is ebbing and plashing. 

AH quiet along the Potomac to-night — 

No sound save the rush of the river, 
While soft falls the dew on the face of the dead — 

The picket's off duty forever. 

JESUS' SEAT.* 

Miss F. Eastwood. 
Far, far away o'er the deep blue sea 
Lived a man who was kind as kind could be. 
He loved little children, and spread every day 
A table from which none went empty away. 
Poor children came in from the alley and street, 
With rags on their backs, and no shoes on their feet ; 
Girls and boys, large and small, some naughty and rude, 
But John Falk loved them all and did them all good. 
And while they were eating, he often would tell 
Of the Lord Jesus Christ, who on earth did once dwell ; 
How he loved little children — each one of them there 
He was watching from heaven with tenderest care — 
* Published by the American Tract Society. 



312 MANUAL OF BEADING. 

And how happy and blessed would be the child's part 

Who would let that dear Savior come dwell in his heart. 

Each day, Avhen the children assembled to eat, 

He taught them to offer this grace for their meat : 

"Bless, Jesus, the food thou hast given us to-day, 

And come and sup with us, dear Jesus, we pray." 

But once, when the children had finished this prayer. 

One poor little fellow stood still by his chair 

For a moment, then ran to the closet where stood 

The bright cups of tin and the platters of wood. 

"Now what is the matter ?" said Falk to the child. 

The little one looked in his kind face, and smiled : 

"We asked the Lord Jesus just now, in our grace, 

To sup with us here, but we've given him no place. 

If he should come in, how sad it would be! 

But I'll put him a stool close here beside me." 

Then the boy, quite contented, sat down to his food ; 

He was hungry and tired, and his supper was good. 

But a few moments after, he heard at the door 

A knock low and timid — one knock, and no more. 

He started to open it, hoping to meet 

The Lord Jesus Christ come to look for his seat ; 

But when it was open, he no one could see 

But a poor little child much poorer than he ; 

His face blue with hunger ; his garments, so old, 

Were dripping with rain ; and he shivered with cold. 

" Come in !" cried the boy, in a tone of delight ; 

' ' I suppose the Lord Christ could not come here to-night, 

Though we asked him to come and partake of our bread, 

So he's just sent you down to us here in his stead. 

The supper is good, and we'll each give you some, 

And tell the Lord Christ we are glad you have come." 

From that time, when the children assembled to eat, 

There was always one place called " the Lord Jesus' seat ;" 

And the best that they had was placed there each day 

For one who was poorer and hungrier than they. 

And the Lord Jesus Christ, in reply to their grace, 

Sent always some person to sit in his place ; 

And sweet was the food that the Lord did provide 

For the stranger he sent them to eat at their side. 

Dear friends, who have heard this short story, you know 

The words that our Savior once spake when below : 

If we wish for his presence to hallow our bread,. 

We must welcome the stranger he sends in his stead. 

When we set out our feasts, this our motto must be, 

"As ye do to my poor, ye have done unto me !" 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 313 



ABOU BEN ADHEM. 

Leigh Hunt. 
Abou Ben Adhem (may his tribe increase !) 
Awoke one night from a deep dream of peace, 
And saw within the moonlight in his room, 
Making it rich and like a lily in bloom, 
An angel writing in a book of gold : 
Exceeding peace had made Ben Adhem bold, 
And to the Presence in the room he said, 
"What writest thou?" The vision raised its head, 
And, with a look made of all sweet accord, 
Answered, " The names of those who love the Lord." 
"And is mine one ?" said Abou. " Nay, not so," 
Beplied the angel. Abou spoke more low, 
But cheerly still ; and said, " I pray thee, then, 
Write me as one that loves his fellow-men." 
The angel wrote, and vanish 'd. The next night 
It came again, with a great wakening light, 
And showed the names whom love of God had blessed, 
And, lo ! Ben Adhem 's name led all the rest. 



DOHA. 

Alfred Tennyson. 
With Farmer Allan at the farm abode 
William and Dora. William was his son, 
And she his niece. He often look'd at them, 
And often thought "I'll make them man and wife." 
Now Dora felt her uncle's will in all, 
And yearn'd towards William ; but the youth, because 
He had been always with her in the house, 
Thought not of Dora. 

Then there came a day 
When Allan call'd his son, and said, ' ' My son, 
I married late, but I would wish to see 
My grandchild on my knees before I die : 
And I have set my heart upon a match. 
Now therefore look to Dora ; she is well 
To look to ; thrifty too beyond her age. 
She is my brother's daughter : he and I 
Had once hard words, and parted, and he died 
In foreign lands ; but for his sake I bred 
His daughter Dora ; take her for your wife ; 
For I have wish'd this marriage, night and day, 

o 



314 MANUAL OF BEADING. 

For many years." But William answer d short : 
" I can not marry Dora ; by my life, 
I will not marry Dora." Then the old man 
Was wroth, and doubled up his hands, and said, 
' ' You will not, boy ! you dare to answer thus ! 
But in my time a father's word was law, 
And so it shall be now for me. Look to it r 
Consider, William : take a month to think, 
And let me have an answer to my Avish, 
Or, by the Lord that made me, you shall pack, 
And never more darken my doors again." 
But William answered madly ; bit his lips, 
And broke away. The more he looked at her 
The less he liked her ; and his ways were harsh ; 
But Dora bore them meekly. Then before 
The month was out he left his father's house, 
And hired himself to work within the fields ; 
And half in love, half spite, he wooed and wed 
A laborer's daughter, Mary Morrison. 

Then, when the bells were ringing, Allan call'd 
His niece and said, " My girl, I love you well ; 
But if you speak with him that was my son, 
Or change a word with her he calls his wife, 
My home is none of yours. My will is law. " 
And Dora promised, being meek. She thought, 
" It can not be : my uncle's mind will change !" 

And days Avent on, and there A\-as born a boy 
To William ; then distresses came on him ; 
And day by day he passed his father's gate, 
Heart-broken, and his father helped him not. 
But Dora stored AA-hat little she could saA'e, 
And sent it them by stealth, nor did they know 
Who sent it ; till at last a fever seized 
On William, and in harvest-time he died. 

Then Dora Avent to Mary. Mary sat 
And looked with tears upon her boy, and thought 
Hard things of Dora. Dora came and said, 
" I have obeyed my uncle until now, 
And I have sinned, for it was all through me 
This evil came on William at the first. 
But, Mary, for the sake of him that's gone, 
And for your sake, the woman that he chose, 
And for this orphan, I am come to you : 
You know there has not been for these five years 
So full a han-est : let me take the boy, 
And I will set him in my uncle's eye 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 315 

Among the wheat ; that when his heart is glad 

Of the full harvest, he may see the boy, 

And bless him for the sake of him that's gone. " 

And Dora took the child, and went her way 
Across the wheat, and sat upon a mound 
That was unsown, where many poppies grew. 
Far off the farmer came into the field 
And spied her not ; but none of all his men 
Dare tell him Dora waited with the child ; 
And Dora would have risen and gone to him, 
But her heart failed her ; and the reapers reaped, 
And the sun fell, and all the land was dark. 

But when the morrow came, she rose and took 
The child once more, and sat upon the mound ; 
And made a little wreath of all the flowers 
That grew about, and tied it round his hat, 
To make him pleasing in her uncle's eye. 
Then, when the farmer passed into the field, 
He spied her, and he left his men at work, 
And came and said, ' ' Where were you yesterday ? 
Whose child is that ? What are you doing here ?" 
So Dora cast her eyes upon the ground, 
And answer'd softly, "This is William's child!" 
"And did I not," said Allan, "did I not 
Forbid you, Dora ?" Dora said again, 
"Do with me as you will, but take the child, 
And bless him for the sake of him that's gone ! " 
And Allan said, " I see it is a trick 
Got up betwixt you and the woman there. 
I must be taught my duty, and by you ! 
You knew my word was law, and yet you dared 
To slight it. Well — for I will take the boy ; 
But go you hence, and never see me more." 

So saying, he took the boy, that cried aloud 
And struggled hard. The wreath of flowers fell 
At Dora's feet. She bowed upon her hands, 
And the boy's cry came to her from the field, 
More and more distant. She bowed down her head, 
Remembering the day when first she came, 
And all the things that had been. She bowed down 
And wept in secret ; and the reapers reaped, 
And the sun fell, and all the land was dark. 
• Then Dora went to Mary's house, and stood 
Upon the threshold. Mary saw the boy 
Was not with Dora. She broke out in praise 
To God, that helped her in her widowhood. 



316 MANUAL OF HEADING. 

And Dora said, ' ' My uncle took the boy ; 
But, Mary, let me live and work with you : 
He says that he will never see me more." 
Then answered Mary, "This shall never be, 
That thou shouldst take my trouble on thyself; 
And, now I think, he shall not have the boy, 
For he will teach him hardness, and to slight 
His mother ; therefore thou and I will go, 
And I will have my boy, and bring him home ; 
And I will beg of him to take thee back ; 
But if he will not take thee back again, 
Then thou and I will live within one house, 
And work for William's child until he grows 
Of age to help us." 

So the women kiss'd 
Each other, and set out, and reached the farm. 
The door was off the latch : they peeped, and saw 
The boy set up betwixt his grandsire's knees, 
Who thrust him in the hollows of his arm, 
And clapped him on the hands and on the cheeks, 
Like one that loved him ; and the lad stretched out 
And babbled for Jhe golden seal that hung 
From Allan's watch, and sparkled by the lire. 
Then they came in ; but when the boy beheld 
His mother, he cried out to come to her ; 
And Allan sat him down, and Mary said, 

' ' Oh father — if you let me call you so — 
I never came a-begging for myself, 
Or William, or this child ; but now I come 
For Dora : take her back ; she loves you well. 
Oh sir, when William died, he died at peace 
With all men ; for I asked him, and he said 
He could not ever rue his marrying me. 
I had been a patient wife ; but, sir, he said 
That he was wrong to cross his father thus : 
* God bless him !' he said, ' and may he never know 
The troubles I have gone through!' Then he turned 
His face and passed — unhappy that I am ! 
But now, sir, let me have my boy, for you 
Will make him hard, and he will learn to slight 
His father's memory ; and take Dora back, 
And let all this be as it was before." 

So Mary said, and Dora hid her face 
By Mary. There was silence in the room ; 
And all at once the old man burst in sobs : 

"I have been to blame — to blame. I have killed my son. 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 317 

I have killed him — but I loved him — my dear son ! 
May God forgive me ! — I have been to blame. 
Kiss me, my children." 

Then they clung about 
The old man's neck, and kissed him many times. 
And all the man was broken with remorse ; 
And all his love came back a hundred fold ; 
And for three hours he sobbed o'er William's child, 
Thinking of William. 

So those four abode 
Within one house together ; and as years 
Went forward, Mary took another mate ; 
But Dora lived unmarried till her death. 



THE BUGLE SONG. 

Alfred Tennyson. 
The splendor falls on castle walls, 

And snowy summits old in story ; 
The long light shakes across the lakes, 
And the wild cataract leaps in glory. 
Blow, bugle, blow ! set the wild echoes flying ; 
Blow, bugle ; answer, echoes, dying, dying, dying. 

Oh hark ! oh hear ! how thin and clear, 

And thinner, clearer, farther going ; 
Oh sweet and far, from cliff and scar, 
The horns of Elfland faintly blowing. 
Blow ! let us hear the purple glens replying ; 
Blow, bugle ; answer, echoes, dying, dying, dying. 

Oh love, they die in yon rich sky, 

They faint on hill, on field, on river ; 
Our echoes roll from soul to soul, 
And grow forever and forever. 
Blow, bugle, blow ! set the wild echoes flying ; 
And answer, echoes, answer, dying, dying, dying. 



LITTLE GRETCHEN. 

Erom the German. 
Littte Gretchen, little Gretchen wanders up and down the street ; 
The snow is on her yellow hair, the frost is at her feet. 
The rows of long, dark houses without look cold and damp 
By the struggling of the moonbeam, by the flicker of the lamp. 
The clouds ride fast as horses, the wind is from the north, 
But no one cares for Gretchen, and no one looketh forth. 

. 



318 MANUAL OF READING. 

Within those dark, damp houses are merry faces bright, 
And happy hearts are watching out the old year's latest night. 
With the little box of matches she could not sell all day, 
And the thin, thin tattered mantle the wind blows every way, 
She clingeth to the railing, she shivers in the gloom — 
There are parents sitting snugly by firelight in the room ; 
And children with grave faces are whispering one another 
Of presents for the new year, for father or for mother. 
But no one talks to Gretchen, and no one hears her speak, 
No breath of little Avhisperers comes warmly to her cheek. 

No little arms are round her : ah me ! that there should be, 
With so much happiness on earth, so much of misery ! 
Sure they of many blessings should scatter blessings round, 
As laden boughs in autumn fling their ripe fruits to the ground. 
And the best love man can offer to the God of love, be sure, 
Is kindness to his little ones, and bounty to his poor. 
Little Gretchen, little Gretchen goes coldly on her way ; 
There's no one looketh out at her, there's no one bids her stay. 

Her home is cold and desolate ; no smile, no food, no fire, 
But children clamorous for bread, and an impatient sire. 
So she sits down in an angle where two great houses meet, 
And she curleth up beneath her, for warmth, her little feet ; 
And she looketh on the cold wall, and on the colder sky, 
And wonders if the little stars are bright fires up on high. 
She hears a clock strike slowly, up in a far church tower, 
With such a sad and solemn tone, telling the midnight hour. 

And she remembered her of tales her mother used to tell, 
And of the cradle-songs she sang, when summer's twilight fell ; 
Of good men and of angels, and of the Holy Child, 
Who was cradled in a manger, when winter was most wild ; 
Who was poor, and cold, and hungry, and desolate and lone ; 
And she thought the song had told he was ever with his own ; 
And all the poor, and hungry, and forsaken ones are his — 
" How good of Him to look on me in such a place as this !" 

Colder it grows and colder, but she does not feel it now, 

For the pressure at her heart, and the weight upon her brow ; 

But she struck one little match on the wall so cold and bare, 

That she might look around her, and see if He were there. 

The single match has kindled, and by the light it threw, 

It seemed to little Gretchen the wall was rent in two ; 

And she could see folks seated at a table richly spread, 

With heaps of goodly viands, red wine and pleasant bread. 

She could smell the fragrant savor, she could hear what they did say, 

Then all was darkness once again — the match had burned away. 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 319 

She struck another hastily, and now she seemed to see 

Within the same warm chamber a glorious Christmas tree. 

The branches were all laden with things that children prize, 

Bright gifts for boy and maiden — she saw them with her eyes. 

And she almost seemed to touch them, and to join the welcome shout, 

When darkness fell around her, for the little match was out. 

Another, yet another, she has tried — they will not light ; 
Till all her little store she took, and struck with all her might : 
And the whole miserable place was lighted with the glare, 
And she dreamed there stood a little child before her in the air. 
There were blood-drops on his forehead, a spear-wound in his side, 
And cruel nail-prints in his feet, and in his hands spread wide. 
And he looked upon her gentry, and she felt that he had known 
Pain, hunger, cold, and sorrow — ay, equal to her own. 

And he pointed to the laden board and to the Christmas tree, 

Then up to the cold sky, and said, "Will Gretchen come with me?" 

The poor child felt her pulses fail, she felt her eyeballs swim, 

And a ringing sound was in her ears, like her dead mother's hymn : 

And she folded both her thin white hands, and turned from that bright board, 

And from the golden gifts, and said, "With thee, with thee, O Lord!" 

The chilly winter morning breaks up in the dull skies 

On the city wrapped in vapor, on the spot where Gretchen lies. 

In her scant and tattered garment, with her back against the wall, 

She sitteth cold and rigid, she answers to no call. 

They have lifted her up fearfully, they shuddered as they said, 

* ' It was a bitter, bitter night ! the child is frozen dead. " 

The angels sang their greeting for one more redeemed from sin ; 

Men said, " It was a bitter night ; would no one let her in ?" 

And they shivered as they spoke of her, and sighed. They could not see 

How much of happiness there was after that miser} 7- . 



THERE'S BUT ONE PAIR OF STOCKINGS TO MEND 
TO-NIGHT. 

An old wife sat by her bright fireside, 

Swaying thoughtfully to and fro, 
In an ancient chair whose creaky craw 

Told a tale of long ago ; 
While down by her side on the kitchen floor 
Stood a basket of worsted balls — a score. 

The good man dozed o'er the latest news 

Till the fire of his pipe went out ; 
And, unheeded, the kitten, with cunning paws, 

Rolled out and tangled the balls about ; 



320 MANUAL OF READING. 

Yet still sat the wife in the ancient chair, 
Swaying to and fro in the firelight glare. 
But anon a misty tear-drop came 

In her eye of faded blue, 
Then trickled down in a furrow deep, 

Like a single drop of dew ; 
So deep was the channel, so silent the stream, 
The good man saw naught but the dimmed eye-beam. 

Yet marveled he much that the cheerful light 

Of her eye had weary grown, 
And marveled he more at the tangled balls : 

So he said, in a gentle tone, 
"I have shared thy joys since our marriage vow, 
Conceal not from me thy sorrows now." 

Then she spoke of the time when the basket there 

Was filled to the very brim, 
And now there remained of the goodly pile 

But a single pair — for him ; 
Then wonder not at the dimmed eye-light : 
There's but one pair of stockings to mend to-night. 

I can not but think of the busy feet 

Whose wrappings were wont to lay 
In the basket, awaiting the needle's time — 

Now wandered so far away ; 
How the sprightly steps, to a mother dear, 
Unheeded fell on the careless ear. 

For each empty nook in the basket old, 
By the hearth there's an empty seat : 

And I miss the shadows from off the wall, 
And the patter of many feet : 

'Tis for this that a tear gathered over my sight, 

At the one pair of stockings to mend to-night. 

'Twas said that far through the forest wild, 

And over the mountains bold, 
Was a land whose rivers and darkening caves 

Were gemmed with the fairest gold ; 
Then my first-born turned from the oaken door, 
And I knew the shadows were only four. 
Another went forth on the foaming wave, 

And diminished the basket's store ; 
But his feet grew cold — so weary and cold 

They'll never be warm any more ; 
And this nook, in its emptiness, seemeth to me 
To give back no voice but the moan of the sea. 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 321 

Two others have gone toward the setting sun, 

And made them a home in its light, 
And fairy fingers have taken their share, 

To mend by the fireside bright ; 
Some other baskets their garments fill — 
But mine ! oh ! mine is emptier still. 

Another — the dearest — the fairest — the best — 

Was taken by angels away, 
And clad in a garment that waxeth not old, 

In a land of continual day. 
Oh, wonder no more at the dimmed eye-light, 
While I mend the one pair of stockings to-night. 



THE STAELESS CEOWN.* | 

" They that turn many to righteousness shall shine as the stars forever and 
ever."— Ban. xii., 3. 
Wearied and worn with earthly cares, I yielded to repose, 
And soon before my raptured sight a glorious vision rose : 
I thought, while slumbering on my couch in midnight's solemn g'oom, 
I heard an angel's silvery voice, and radiance filled my room. 
A gentle touch awakened me ; a gentle whisper said, 
"Arise, oh sleeper ; follow me ;" and through the air we fled. 
We left the earth so far away that like a speck it seemed, 
And heavenly glory, calm and pure, across our pathway streamed. 
Still on we went ; my soul was rapt in silent ecstasy : 
I wondered what the end would be, what next should meet mine eye. 
I knew not how we journeyed through the pathless field of light, 
When suddenly a change was wrought, and I was clothed in. white. 
We stood before a city's walls most glorious to behold ; 
We passed through gates of glistening pearl, o'er streets of purest gold ; 
It needed not the sun by day, the silver moon by night ; 
The glory of the Lord was there, the Lamb himself its light. 
Bright angels paced the shining streets, sweet music filled the air, 
And white-robed saints, with glittering crowns, from every clime wei'e there ; 
And some that I had loved on earth stood with them round the throne, 
"All worthy is the Lamb," they sang, " the glory his alone." 
But fairer far than all besides, I saw my Savior's face ; 
And as I gazed he smiled on me with wondrous love and grace. 
Lowly I bowed before his throne, o'erjoyed that I at last 
Had gained the object of my hopes ; that earth at length was past. 
And then in solemn tones he said, "Where is the diadem 
That ought to sparkle on thy brow — adorned with many a gem ? 
I know thou hast believed on me, and life through me is thine ; 
But where are all those radiant stars that in thy crown should shine ? 
* Published by the American Tract Society. 
02 



322 MANUAL OF READING. 

Yonder thou seest a glorious throng, and stars on every brow ; 
For every soul they led to me they wear a jewel now. 
And such thy bright reward had been if such had been thy deed, 
If thou hadst sought some wandering feet in paths of peace to lead. 
Thou wert not called that thou shouldst tread the way of life alone, 
But that the clear and shining light which round thy footsteps shone 
Should guide some other weary feet to my bright home of rest, 
And thus, in blessing those around, thou hadst thyself been blest. " 

* ******** 

The vision faded from my sight, the voice no longer spake, 
A spell seemed brooding o'er my soul which long I feared to break, 
And when at last I gazed around in morning's glimmering light, 
My spirit felt o'erwhelmed beneath that vision's awful might. 
I rose and wept with chastened joy that yet I dwelt below, 
Tljat yet another hour was mine my faith by works to show ; 
That yet some sinner I might tell of Jesus' dying love, 
And help to lead some weary soul to seek a home above. 
And now, while on the earth I stay, my motto this shall be, 
"To live no longer to myself, but Him who died for me." 
And graven on my inmost soul this word of truth divine, 
" They that turn many to the Lord bright as the stars shall shine." 



ONLY WAITING. 

[A very aged man, in an alms-house, was asked what he was doing now. 
He replied, " Only waiting."] 

Only waiting till the shadows 

Are a little longer grown ; 
Only waiting till the glimmer 

Of the day's last beam is flown ; 
Till the night of earth is faded 

From the heart once full of day ; 
Till the stars of heaven are breaking 

Through the twilight soft and gray. 

Only waiting till the reapers 

Have the last sheaf gathered home, 
For the summer-time is faded, 

And the autumn winds have come. 
Quickly, reapers ! gather quickly 

The last ripe hours of my heart ; 
For the bloom of life is withered, 

And I hasten to depart. 
Only waiting till the angels 

Open wide the mystic gate, 
Where I so long have lingei-ed, 

Weary, poor, and desolate. 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 323 

Even now I hear the footsteps, 

And their voices far away ; 
If they call me, I am waiting — 

Only waiting to obey. 

Only waiting till the shadows 

Are a little longer grown ; 
Only waiting till the glimmer 

Of the day's last beam is flown ; 
Then from out the gathering darkness 

Holy, deathless stars shall rise, 
By whose light my soul shall gladly 

Tread its pathway to the skies. 



"I'M MUSTERED OUT." 
Just here, in the shade of this cannon-torn tree, 
Here, low on the trampled grass, where I may see 
The sui-ge of the combat, and where I may hear 
The glad cry of victory, cheer upon cheer, 

Let me lie down. 

Oh, it was grand ! 
Like the tempest we charged, in the triumph to share : 
The tempest — its fury and thunder were there ; 
On, on, o'er intrenchments, o'er living and dead, 
With the foe under foot, and our flag overhead : 

Oh, it was grand ! 

Weary and faint, 
Prone on the soldier's couch, ah ! how can I rest 
With this shot-shattered head and sabre-pierced breast ? 
Comrades, at roll-call, when I shall be sought, 
Say I fought till I fell, and fell where I fought — 

Wounded and faint. 

Oh, that last charge ! 
Right through the dread hell-fire of shrapnel and shell, 
Through without faltering — clear through with a yell, 
Right in their midst, in the turmoil and gloom, 
Like heroes we dashed at the mandate of doom. 

Oh, that last charge ! 

It was duty. 
Some things are worthless, and some others so good 
That nations who buy them pay only in blood ; 
For Freedom and Union each man owes a part, 
And here I pay my share all warm from my heart : 

It is duty. 



324 MANUAL OF READING. 

Dying at last! 
My mother, dear mother, with meek, tearful eye, 
Farewell ; and God bless you, forever and aye ! 
Oh that I now lay on your pillowing breast, 
To breathe my last sigh on the bosom first press'd : 

Dying at last ! 

I am no saint ; 
• But, boys, say a prayer. There's one that begins 
" Our Father," and then says, "Forgive us our sins :" 
Don't forget that part ; say that strongly ; and then 
I'll try to repeat it, and you'll say Amen. 

Ah ! I'm no saint. 

Hark ! there's a shout ! 
Raise me up, comrades — we have conquered, I know — 
Up, on my feet, with my face to the foe. 
Ah! there flies the flag, with its star-spangles bright, 
The promise of glory, the symbol of right. 

Well may they shout. 

I'm mustered out. 
O God of our fathers, our freedom prolong, 
And tread down Rebellion, Oppression, and Wrong ! 

land of earth's hope, on thy blood-reddened sod, 

1 die for the Nation, the Union, and God! 

I'm mustered out. 



WHERE DOES THE WATER SPRING. 

Where does the water spring, gladsome and bright ? 

Here in the leafy grove, 

Bubbling in life and love, 
Born of the sunshine, up-leaping to light, 

Waked in its pebbly bed 

When the still shadows fled, 
Gushing, o'erflowing, down-tumbling for flight. 

Where does the water flow ? Where glides the rill? 

Now 'neath the forest shade, 

Then in the grassy glade, 
Dancing as freely as child of the hill ; 

Bright cascades leaping, 

Silver brooks creeping, 
Wearing the mountains, and turning the mill. 
Where does the water dwell powerful and grand ? 

Here where the ocean foam 

Breaks in its rocked-ribbed home, 
Dashing, land-lashing, upbounding, wrath spanned ; 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 325 

Anon, sweetly sleeping, 
Soft dimples o'ercreeping, 
Like a babe on its mother's breast, soothed by her hand. 

Where smiles the dew-drop the night shadows woo ? 

Where the young flow'rets dip, 

Leaving each perfumed lip 
Close in the rose's heart, loving and true ; 

Poised on an emerald shaft 

Where never sunbeam laughed, 
Deep in the dingle — the beautiful dew ! 



THE BRIDES OF ENDERBY ; OR, THE HIGH TIDE. 

Jean Ikgelow. 

The old mayor climbed the belfry tower, 

The ringers ran by two, by three ; 
(_/.) * ' Pull, if ye never pulled before ; 

Good ringers, pull your best," quoth he. 
"Play uppe, play uppe, oh Boston bells ! 
Ply all your changes, all your swells, 

Play uppe ' The Brides of Enderby.' " 
Men say it was a stolen tyde — 

The Lord that sent it, He knows all : 
But in myne ears doth still abide 

The message that the bells let fall : 
And there was naught of strange beside 
The flights of mews and peewits pied 

By millions crouched on the old sea wall. 
I sat and spun within the doore ; 

My thread brake off, I raised myne eyes ; 
The level sun, like ruddy ore, 

Lay sinking in the barren skies ; 
And dark against day's golden death 
She moved where Lindis wandereth, 
My Sonne's faire wife, Elizabeth. 

"Cusha! Cusha! Cusha!" calling, 

Ere the early dews were falling, 

Farre away I heard her song. 
(jo.) " Cusha ! Cusha ! " all along ; 

Where the reedy Lindis floweth, 
Floweth, floweth, 

From the meads where melick groweth, 

Faintly came her milking song. 

(>) "Cusha! Cusha! Cusha!" calling, 
"For the dews will soone be falling: 



326 MANUAL OF READING. 

Leave your meadow-grasses mellow, 

Mellow, mellow ; 
Quit your cowslips, cowslips yellow ; 
Come uppe, Whitefoot ; come uppe, Lightfoot ; 
Quit the stalks of parsley hollow, 

Hollow, hollow ; 
Come uppe, Jetty, rise and follow ; 
From the clovers lift your head ; 
Come uppe, Whitefoot ; come uppe, Lightfoot ; 
Come uppe, Jetty ; rise and follow, 
Jetty, to the milking-shed." 

If it be long, aye, long ago, 

When I beginne to think howe long, 

Againe I hear the Lindis flow, 

Swift as an arrowe, sharpe and strong ; 

And all the aire it seemeth mee 

Bin full of floating bells (sayth shee), 

That ring the tune of Enderby. 

Alle fresh the level pasture lay, 
And not a shadowe mote be seene, 

Save where full fyve good miles away 
The steeple towered from out the greene ; 

And lo ! the great bell farre and wide 

Was heard in all the country side 

That Saturday at eventide. 

The swannerds where their sedges are 
Moved on in sunset's golden breath, 
The shepherd lads I heard afarre, 

And my Sonne's wife, Elizabeth ; 
Till floating o'er the grassy sea 
Came downe that kyndly message free, 
"The Brides of Mavis Enderby." 

Then some looked uppe into the sky, 
And all along where Lindis flows 

To where the goodly vessels lie, 
And where the lordly steeple shows. 

They sayde, "And why should this thing be ? 

What danger lowers by land or sea ? 

They ring the tune of Enderby ! 

"Eor evil news from Mablethorpe, 
Of pyrate galleys warping down ; 

For shippes ashore beyond the scorpe, 
They have not spared to wake the towne : 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 327 

But while the west bin red to see, 
And storms be none, and pyrates flee, 
Why ring ' The Brides of Enderby ?' " 

I looked without, and lo ! my sonne 

Came riding downe with might and main : 

He raised a shout as he drew on, 
Till all" the welkin rang again, 
iff.) "Elizabeth! Elizabeth!" 

(A sweeter woman ne'er drew breath 

Than my Sonne's wife, Elizabeth.) 

iff-) " The olde sea wall (he cried) is downe, 
The rising tide comes on apace, 
And boats adrift in yonder towne 

Go sailing uppe the market-place. " 
He shook as one that looks on death : 
" God save you, mother !" straight he saith ; 
" Where is my wife, Elizabeth ?" 

' ' Good sonne, where Lindis winds away, 

With her two bairns I marked her long ; 
And ere yon bells beganne to play, 

Afar I heard her milking song." 
He looked across the grassy sea, 
To right, to left, (/.) "Ho Enderby !" 
They rang " The Brides of Enderby !" 

With that he cried and beat his breast ; 

For lo ! along the river's bed 
A mighty eygre reared his crest, 

And uppe the Lindis raging sped. 
It swept with thunderous noises loud ; 
Shaped like a curling snow-white cloud, 
Or like a demon in a shroud. 

And rearing Lindis backward pressed, 

Shook all her trembling bankes amaine ; 
Then madly at the eygre's breast 

Flung uppe her weltering Avails again. 
Then bankes came downe with ruin and rout — 
Then beaten foam flew round about — 
Then all the mighty floods were out. 

So force, so fast the eygre drave, 

The heart had hardly time to beat 
Before a shallow seething wave 

Sobbed in the grasses at oure feet : 



328 MANUAL OF BEADING. 

The feet had hardly time to flee 
Before it brake against the knee, 
And all the world was in the sea. 
Upon the roofe we sate that night, 

The noise of hells went sweeping by : 
I marked the lofty beacon-light 

Stream from the church-tower red and high — 
A lurid mark, and dread to see ; 
And awsome bells they were to mee, 
That in the dark rang "Enderby." 
They rang the sailor lads to guide 

From roofe to roofe who fearless rowed ; 
And I — my sonne was at my side, 

And yet the ruddy beacon glowed : 
And yet he moaned beneath his breath, 
" O come in life, or come in death ! 
O lost ! my love, Elizabeth." 
And didst thou visit him no more ? 

Thou didst, thou didst, my daughter deare 
The waters laid thee at his doore 

Ere yet the early dawn was clear. 
Thy pretty bairns in fast embrace, 
The lifted sun shone on thy face, 
Downe drifted to thy dwelling-place. 
That flow strewed wrecks about the grass, 

That ebbe swept out the flocks to sea ; 
A fatal ebbe and flow, alas ! 

To manye more than myne and me : 
But each will mourn his own (she saith). 
And sweeter woman ne'er drew breath 
Than my Sonne's wife, Elizabeth. 

I shall never hear her more 

By the reedy Lindis shore, 
(>) " Cusha, Cusha, Cusha !" calling, 

Ere the early dews be falling ; 

I shall never hear her song, 
(/.) " Cusha, Cusha!" all along, 

Where the sunny Lindis floweth, 
Goeth, floweth ; 

From the meads where melick groweth, 

When the water, winding down, 

Onward floweth to the town. 

I shall never see her more 
Where the reeds and rushes quiver, 
Shiver, quiver ; 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 329 

- 

Stand beside the sobbing river, 

Sobbing, throbbing, in its falling, 

To the sandy lonesome shore ; 

I shall never hear her calling, 

" Leave your meadow-grasses mellow, 

Mellow, mellow ; 
Quit your cowslips, cowslips yellow ; 
Come uppe, Whitefoot ; come uppe, Lightfoot ; 
Quit your pipes of parsley hollow, 

Hollow, hollow ; 
Come uppe, Lightfoot, rise and follow ; 

Lightfoot, Whitefoot, 
From your clovers lift the head ; 
Come uppe, Jetty ; follow, follow, 
Jetty, to the milking-shed." 



THE EVERLASTING MEMORIAL. 
[From " Hymns of Hope and Faith."] 

HORATIUS BONAK. 

Up and away, like the dew of the morning, 

Soaring from earth to its home in the sun ; 
So let me steal away, gently and lovingly, 

Only remembered by what I have done. 

My name, and my place, and my tomb all forgotten, 
The brief race of time well and patiently run, 

So let me pass away, peacefully, silently, 
Only remembered by what I have done. 

Gladly away from this toil would I hasten, 

Up to the crown that for me has been won ; 
Unthought of by man in rewards or in praises, 

Only remembered by what I have done. 

Up and away, like the odors of sunset, 

That sweeten the twilight as darkness comes on ; 

So be my life — a thing felt but not noticed, 
And I but remembered by what I have done. 

Yes, like the fragrance that wanders in freshness, 

When the flowers that it came from are closed up and gone, 

So would I be to this world's weary dwellers, 
Only remembered by what I have done. 

Needs there the praise of the love-written record, 
The name and the epitaph graved on the stone ? 

The things we have lived for — let them be our story, 
We ourselves but remembered by what Ave have done. 



330 MANUAL OF HEADING. 

I need not be missed if my life has been bearing 
(As its summer and autumn moved silently on) 

The bloom, and the fruit, and the seed of its season ; 
I shall still be remembered by what I have done. 

I need not be missed if another succeed me 

To reap down those fields which in spring I have sown ; 

He who plowedand who sowed is not missed by the reaper, 
He is only remembered by what he has done. 

Not myself, but the truth that in life I have spoken — 
Not myself, but the seed that in life I have sown, 

Shall pass on to ages — all about me forgotten, 

Save the truth I have spoken, the things I have done. 

So let my living be, so be my dying ; 

So let my name lie, unblazoned, unknown ; 
Unpraised and unmissed, I shall still be remembered ; 

Yes — but remembered by what I have done. 



THE WORLD WOULD BE THE BETTER FOR IT. 

James G. Clark. 
If men cared less for wealth and fame, 

And less for battle-fields and glory ; 
If, writ in human hearts, a name 

Seemed better than in song and story ; 
If men, instead of nursing pride, 

Would learn to hate it and abhor it ; 
If more relied on love to guide, 

The world would be the better for it. 

If men dealt less in stocks and lands, 

And more in bonds and deeds fraternal ; 
If Love's work had more willing hands 

To link this world to the supernal ; 
If men stored up Love's oil and wine, 

And on bruised human hearts would pour it ; 
If " yours" and "mine" would once combine, 

The world would be the better for it. 

If more would act the play of life, 

And fewer spoil it in rehearsal ; 
If Bigotry would sheathe its knife 

Till good becomes more universal ; 
If custom, gray with ages grown, 

Had fewer blind men to adore it ; 
If talents shone in Truth alone, 

The world would be the better for it. 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 331 

If men were wise in little things — 

Affecting less in all their dealings — 
If hearts had fewer rusted strings 

To isolate their kindly feelings ; 
If men, when Wrong beats down the Right, 

Would strike together and restore it ; 
If Right made Might in every fight, 

The world would be the better for it. 



THANK GOD, THERE'S STILL A VANGUARD. 

Mrs. H. E. G. Arey. 

Thank God, there's still a vanguard 

Fighting for the Right ; 
Though the throng flock to rearward, 

Lifting (ashen-white) 
Flags of truce to Sin and Error, 
Clasping hands mute with terror, 
Thank God, there's still a vanguard 

Fighting for the Right. 

Through the wilderness advancing, 

Hewers of the way ; 
Forward far their spears are glancing, 

Flashing back the day. 
"Back!" the leaders cry who fear them; 
"Back !" from all the army near them ; 
They, their steady tramp advancing, 

Cleave their certain way. 

Slay them — from each drop that falleth 

Springs a hero armed ; 
Where the martyr's fire appalleth, 

Lo ! they pass unharmed ; 
Crushed beneath thy wheel, Oppression, 
How their spirits hold possession — 
How their dross-purged voice outcalleth, 

By the death-throes warmed ! 

Thank God, there's still a vanguard 

Fighting for the right ; 
Error's legions know their standard 

Floating in the light. 
When the league of Sin rejoices, 
Quick outring the rallying voices, 
Thank God, there's still a vanguard 

Fighting for the Right. 



332 MANUAL OF READING. 



CREEDS OE THE BELLS. 

G. W. Bungay. 

How sweet the chime of the Sabhath bells ! 
Each one its creed in music tells, 
In tones that float upon the air, 
As soft as song, and pure as prayer ; 
And I will put in simple rhyme 
The language of the golden chime. 
My happy heart with rapture swells 
Responsive to the bells — sweet bells. 

(high.) ' ' In deeds of love excel — excel, " 

Chimed out from ivied towel's a bell ; 

(pure.) " This is the church not built on sands, 
Emblem of one not built with hands ; 
Its forms and sacred rites revere, 
Come worship here — come worship here ; 
In rituals and faith excel," 
Chimed out the Episcopalian bell. 

(low.) "Oh, heed the ancient landmarks well," 
In solemn tones exclaimed a bell ; 

(pro.) "No progress made by mortal man 
Can change the just, eternal plan. 
With God there can be nothing new ; 
Ignore the false, embrace the true, 
While all is well— is well — is well," 
Pealed out the good old Dutch Church bell. 

(pure.) " Oh swell, ye purifying waters, swell," 
In mellow tones rang out a bell ; 
" Though faith alone in Christ can save ; 
Man must be plunged beneath the wave, 
To show the world unfaltering faith 
In what the sacred Scripture saith. 
Oh swell, ye rising waters, swell," 
Pealed out the clear-toned Baptist bell. 

(p.) " Not faith alone, but works as well, 
Must test the soul, " said a soft bell ; 
" Come here, and cast aside your load, 
And work your way along the road, 
With faith in God, and faith in man, 
And hope in Christ, where hope began : 

(echo.) Do well — do well — do well — do well," 
Pealed forth the "Unitarian bell. 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 333 

{pro.') "Farewell! farewell! base world, farewell," 
In touching tones exclaimed a bell ; 
"Life is a boon to mortals given, 
To fit the soul for bliss in heaven. 
Do not invoke the avenging rod ; 
Come here, and learn the way to God. 
Say to the world farewell! farewell!'' 
Pealed out the Presbyterian bell. 

(p.) "In after life there is no hell," 
In rapture rang a cheerful bell ; 
" Look up to Heaven this holy day, 
Where angels wait to lead the way. 
There are no fires, no fiends to blight 
The future life : be just and right. 
No hell — no hell — no hell — no hell," 
Rang out the Universalist bell. 

(pure.) " To all the truth we tell— we tell," 

Shouted, in ecstasies, a bell ; 

" Come, all ye weary wanderers, see! 

Our Lord has made salvation free. 
(fast.) Repent! believe! have faith! and then 

Be saved, and praise the Lord. Amen. 

Salvation's free we tell — we tell," 

Shouted the Methodistic bell. 



THE BUILDING OF THE SHIP. 

Longfellow. 

All is finished ; and at length 

Has come the bridal day 

Of beauty and of strength. 
To-day the vessel shall be launched ! 
With fleecy clouds the sky is blanched, 

And o'er the bay, 
Slowly, in all his splendors dight, 
The great sun rises to behold the sight. 

The ocean old — centuries old — 
Strong as youth, and as uncontrolled, 

Paces restless to and fro, 
Up and down the sands of gold ; 
His beating heart is not at rest ; 

And far and wide, 

With ceaseless flow, 

His beard of snow 
Heaves with the heaving of his breast. 



334 MANUAL OF BEADING. 

He waits impatient for his bride. 

There she stands, 
With her foot upon the sands, 
Decked with flags and streamers gay 

In honor of her marriage-day ; 
Her snow-white signals fluttering, blending 
Round her like a veil descending, 

Ready to be 
The bride of the gray old sea. 



Then the master, 
With a gesture of command, 

Waved his hand ; 

And at the word, 
Loud and sudden there was heard, 
All around them and below, 
The sound of hammers, blow on blow, 
Knocking away the shores and spars. 

And see ! she stirs ! 
She starts — she moves — she seems to feel 
The thrill of life along her keel, 
And, spurning with her foot the ground, 
With one exulting, joyous bound, 
She leaps into the ocean's arms ! 

And lo ! from the assembled crowd 
There rose a shout, prolonged and loud, 
That to the ocean seemed to say, 
" Take her, oh bridegroom old and gray, 
Take her to thy protecting arms, 
With all her youth and all her charms." 

How beautiful she is ! how fair 

She lies within those arms, that press 

Her form with many a soft caress 

Of tenderness and watchful care ! 

Sail forth upon the sea, oh ship ! 

Through wind and wave right onward steer ! 

The moistened eye, the trembling lip, 

Are not the signs of doubt or fear. 



Thou, too, sail on, oh Ship of State ! 
Sail on, oh Union, strong and great ! 
Humanity, with all its fears, 
With all the hopes of future years, 
Is hanging breathless on thy fate. 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 335 

We know what master laid thy keel, 
What workmen wrought thy ribs of steel, 
Who made each mast, and sail, and rope, 
What anvils rang, what hammers beat, 
In what a forge, and what a heat, 
Were shaped the anchors of thy hope. 

Fear not each sudden sound and shock, 

'Tis of the wave, and not the rock ; 

'Tis but the flapping of the sail, 

And not a rent made by the gale. 

In spite of rock and tempest roar, 

In spite of false lights on the shore, 

Sail on ! nor fear to breast the sea ; 

Our hearts, our hopes, are all with thee. 

Our hearts, our hopes, our prayers, our tears, 

Our faith, triumphant o'er our fears, 

Are all with thee — are all with thee. 



EVENING AT THE FARM. 
Over the hill the farm-boy goes : 
His shadow lengthens along the land ; 
A giant staff in a giant hand ; 
In the poplar-tree, above the spring, 
The katydid begins to sing ; 

The early dews are falling : 
Into the stone-heap darts the mink ; 
The swallows skim the river's brink ; 
And home to the woodland fly the crows, 
When over the hill the farm-boy goes, 
Cheerily calling, 
(pure.) " Co' boss! co'boss! co'! co' ! co' !" 

Farther, farther, over the hill, 
Faintly calling, calling still, 
(/>.) " Co' boss ! co' boss ! co' ! co' ! co' !" 

Into the yard the farmer goes 

With grateful heart at the close of day : 

Harness and chain are hung away ; 

In the wagon-shed stands yoke and plow ; 

The straw's in the stack, the hay in the mow j 

The cooling dews are falling : 
The friendly sheep their welcome bleat, 
The pigs come grunting at his feet, 
And the whinnying mare her master knows 
When into the yard the farmer goes, 
His cattle calling, 



336 MANUAL OF READING. 

(oro.) "Co' boss! co' boss! co'! co'! co'!" 

While still the cow-boy, far away, 
Goes seeking those that have gone astray, • 
(pp.) "Co' boss! co'boss! co' ! co'! co' !" 

Now to her task the milkmaid goes : 
The cattle come crowding through the gate, 
Lowing, pushing, little and great ; 
About the trough, by the farm-yard pump, 
The frolicsome yearlings frisk and jump, 

While the pleasant dews are falling : 
The new milch heifer is quick and shy, 
But the old cow waits with tranquil eye, 
And the white stream into the bright pail flows 
When to her task the milkmaid goes, 
Soothingly calling, 
(pure.) '"'So, boss! so, boss! so! so! so!" 

The cheerful milkmaid takes her stool, 
And sits and milks in the twilight cool, 
Saying " So ! so, boss ! so ! so !" 
To supper at last the farmer goes : 
The apples are pared, the paper read, 
The stories are told, then all to bed. 
Without, the cricket's ceaseless song 
Makes shrill the silence all night long ; 

The heavy dews are falling : 
The housewife's hand has turned the lock ; 
Drowsily ticks the- kitchen clock ; 
The household sinks to deep repose, 
But still in sleep the farm-boy goes, 
Singing, calling, 
(sleepy.) "Co'boss! co'boss! co' ! co'! co'!" 

And oft the milkmaid, in her dreams, 
Drums in the pail with the flashing stream, 
Murmuring " So, boss ! so !" 



THE NEWS OF A DAY. 

Mrs. S. T. Bolton. 

(falsetto.) " Great battle! Times extra!" the newsboy cried, 
But it scarcely rippled the riving tide 
That ebbed and flowed in the busy street, 
With its throbbing hearts and its restless feet. 
Again through the hum of the city thrilled — 

(falsetto.) " Great battle ! Times extra ! Ten thousand killed !" 
And the little carrier hurried away 
With the sorrowful news of that winter-day. 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 337 

To a dreary room in the attic high 
Trembled the words of that small, sharp cry, 
And a lonely widow bowed down her head 
And murmured," Willie — my Willie is dead ! 
Oh, I feared it was not an idle dream 
That led me, last night, to that deep, dark stream, 
Where the ground was wet with a crimson rain, 
And strewn all over with ghastly slain ! 
The stars were dim, for the night was wild, 
But I threaded the gloom till I found my child. 

" The cold rain fell on his upturned face, 
And the swift destroyer had left no trace 
Of the sudden blow and the quick, sharp pain, 
But a little wound and a purple stain. 
I tried to speak, but my voice was gone, 
And my soul stood there in the cold gray dawn 
Till they rifled his body with ruthless hand, 
And covered him up with the reeking sand. 

" Willie ! oh, Willie ! it seems but a day 
Since thy baby-head on my bosom lay — 
Since I heard thy prattle so soft and sweet, 
And guided the steps of thy tottering feet ; 
And thou wert the fairest and last of three 
That the Father in heaven had given to me. 
All the life of my heart — love, hope, and joy — 
Were treasured in thee, my strong, brave boy ; 
And the last faint words that thy father said 
Were, ' Willie will mind thee when I am dead. ' 
But they tore the flag from thy death-cold hand, 
And covered thee up in the reeking sand." 

She read the names of the missing and slain, 
But one she read over again and again ; 
And the sad, low words that her white lips said 
Were, ' ' Company C, William Warren — dead. " 
The world toiled on through the busy street, 
With its aching hearts and unresting feet ; 
The night came down to her cold hearth-stone, 
And she still read on in the same low tone ; 
And still the words that her white lips said 
Were," Company C, William Warren — dead." 

The light of the morning chased the gloom 
From the emberless hearth of that attic room, 
And the city's pulses throbbed again, 
But the mother's heart had forgotten its pain. 
P 



338 MANUAL OF READING. 

She had gone through the gates to the better land 
With that terrible list in her pale, cold hand — 
With her white lips parted, as last she said, 
"Company C, William Warren — dead!" 



"BORROBOOLA GHA." 

A stranger preached last Sunday, 

And crowds of people came 
To hear a two-hour sermon 

With a barbarous sounding name. 
'Twas all about some heathens 

Thousands of miles afar, 
Who lived in a land of darkness, 

Called BoiToboola Gha. 

So well their wants he pictured, 

That, when the plates were passed, 
Each listener felt his pockets, 

And goodly sums were cast ; 
For all must lend a shoulder 

To push a rolling car 
That carries light and comfort 

To "Borroboola Gha." 

That night their wants and sorrows 

Lay heavy on my soul, 
And deep in meditation 

I took my morning stroll, 
Till something caught my mantle 

With eager grasp and wild, 
And, looking down with wonder, 

I saw a little child — 

A pale and puny creature, 

In rags and dirt forlorn. 
What could she want ? I questioned, 

Impatient to be gone. 
With trembling voice she answered, 

" We live just down the street, 
And mammy she's a dyin', 

And we've nothin' left to eat." 

Down in a wretched basement, 
With mould upon the walls, 

Through whose half-buried windows 
God's sunshine never falls — 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 339 

Where cold, and want, and hunger 

Crouched near her as she lay, 
I found a fellow-creature 

Gasping her life away. 

A chair, a broken table, 

A bed of dirty straw, 
A hearth all dark and cheerless — 

But these I scarcely sa:v 
For the mournful sight before me — 

The sad and sickening show. 
Oh, never had I pictured 

A scene so full of woe. 

The famished and the naked, 

The babes that pined for bread, 
The squalid group that huddled 

Around the dying bed — 
All this distress and sorrow 

Should be in lands afar : 
Was I suddenly transplanted 

To " Borroboola Gha ?" 

Ah ! no ; the poor and wretched 

Were close behind the door, 
And I had passed them heedless 

A thousand times before. 
Alas ! for the cold and hungry 

That met me every day, 
While all my tears were given 

To the suffering far away. 

There's work enough for Christians 

In distant lands, we know ; 
Our Lord commands his servants 

Through all the world to go. 
Not only for the heathen. 

This was the charge to them : 
' ' Go preach the Word, beginning 

First at Jerusalem." 

Oh, Christian, God has promised 

Whoe'er to thee has given 
A cup of pure cold water 

Shall find reward in heaven. 
Would you secure the blessing, 

You need not seek it far ; 
Go find in yonder hovel 

A "Borroboola Gha." 



340 MANUAL OF READING. 



THE CHRISTIAN MARINER. 

Mrs. Southet. 
Launch thy bark, mariner ; 

Christian, God speed thee ! 
Let loose the rudder-bands ; 

Good angels lead thee ! 
Set thy sails warily — 

Tempests will come ; 
Steer thy course steadily ; 

Christian, steer home ! 

Look to the weather-bow — 

Breakers are round thee ; 
Let fall the plummet now — 

Shallows may ground thee. 
Reef in the foresail, there ! 

Hold the helm fast ! 
So ! — let the vessel wear : 

There swept the blast. 

(calling.} " What of the night, watchman — 

What of the night ?" 
(pro.') "Cloudy — all quiet — 

No land yet — all's right." 
Be wakeful — be vigilant ; 

Danger may be 
At an hour when all seemeth 
Securest to thee. 

(/.) How gains the leak so fast ? 

Clean out the hold ; 
Hoist up the merchandise, 

Heave out the gold. 
There ! let the ingots go ; 
Now the ship rights. 
(ff.) Hurrah! the harbor's near : 

Lo ! the red lights. 

Slacken not sail yet 

At inlet or island ; 
Straight for the beacon steer — 

Straight for the highland. 
Crowd all thy canvas on ; 

Cut through the foam ; 

, j n. (Christian, cast anchor now ; 
(slow.) A „ ' , , , ' 

{Heaven is thy home ! 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 341 



NO SECT IN HEAVEN. 

Mrs. Cleveland. 
Talking of sects till late one eve — 
Of the various doctrines the saints believe, 
That night I stood, in a troubled dream, 
By the side of a darkly flowing stream. 

And a "Churchman" down to the river came, 
When I heard a strange voice call his name. 
' ' Good father, stop ; when you cross the tide, 
You must leave your robes on the other side." 

But the aged father did not mind, 
And his long robe floated out behind 
As down to the stream his way he took, 
His pale hands clasping a gilt-edged book. 

" I'm bound for heaven, and, when I'm there, 
I shall want my Book of Common Prayer ; 
And, though I put on a starry crown, 
I should feel quite lost without my gown." 

Then he fixed his eye on the shining track, 
But his gown was heavy, and held him back, 
And the poor old father tried in vain 
A single step in the flood to gain. 

I saw him again on the other side, 
But his silk gown floated on the tide ; 
And no one asked, in that blissful spot, 
Whether he belonged to "the Church" or not. 

Then down to the river a "Quaker" strayed: 
His dress of a sober hue was made. 
"My coat and hat must be all of gray ; 
I can not go any other way." 

Then he buttoned his coat straight up to his chin, 

And steadily, solemnly waded in, 

And his broad-brimmed hat he pulled down tight 

Over his forehead, so cold and white. 

But a strong wind carried away his hat : 

A moment he silently sighed over that ; 

And then, as he gazed to the farther shore, 

The coat slipped off, and was seen no more. 

As he entered heaven, his suit of gray 

Went quietly sailing away — away, 

And none of the angels questioned him 

About the width of his beaver's brim. 



842 MANUAL OF READING. 

Next came Dr. "Watts, with a bundle of psalms 

Tied nicely up in his aged arms, 

And hymns as many — a very wise thing — 

That the people of heaven ' ' all round" might sing. 

But I thought he heaved an anxious sigh 
As he saw that the river ran broad and high ; 
And he looked rather surprised as, one by one, 
The psalms and hymns in the wave went down. 

And after him, with his MSS.', 

Came Wesley, the pattern of godliness ; 

But he cried, " Dear me, what shall I do ? 

The water has soaked them through and through.' 

And there on the river, far and wide, 
Away they went down the swollen tide, 
And the saint, astonished, passed through alone, 
Without his manuscripts, up to the throne. 

Then, gravely walking, two saints by name 
Down to the stream together came ; 
But, as they stopped at the river brink, 
I saw one saint from the other shrink. 

" Sprinkled or plunged — may I ask you, friend, 
How you attained to life's great end ?" 
"Thus, with a few drops on my brow." 
" But /have been dipped, as you'll see me now ; 

And I really think it will hardly do, 
As I'm close communion, to cross with you. 
You're bound, I know, to the realms of bliss ; 
But you must go that way, and I'll go this." 

Then straightway plunging, with all his might, 
Away to the left — his friend to the right, 
Apart they went from this world of pain, 
But at last together they entered in. 

And now, when the river was rolling on, 

A Presbyterian Church went down ; 

Of women there seemed an innumerable throng, 

But the men I could count as they passed along. 

And concerning the road they could never agree : 
The old or the new way — which it should be ; 
Nor ever a moment paused to think 
That both woidd lead to the river's brink. 

And a sound of murmuring, long and loud, 
Came ever up from the moving crowd : 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 343 

" You're in the old way, I'm in the new ; 
That is the false, and this is the true ;" 
Or, " I'm in the old way, and you're in the new ; 
That is the false, and this is the true." 

I watched them long in my curious dream 

Till they stood by the borders of the stream ; 

Then, just as I thought, the two ways met ; 

But all the brethren were talking yet, 

And would talk on till the heaving tide 

Carried them over, side by side — 

Side by side, for the way was one. 

The toilsome journey of life was done, 

And priest, and Quaker, and all who died, 

Came out alike on the other side. 

No forms, no crosses, or books had they — 

No gowns of silk, or suits of gray — 

No creeds to guide them, or MSS., 

For all had put on Christ's righteousness. 



JOHN BURNS, OF GETTYSBURG. 

Bret Harte. 
Have you heard the story that gossips tell 
Of Burns of Gettysburg ? No ? Ah ! well : 
Brief is the glory that hero earns, 
Briefer the story of poor John Burns : 
He was the fellow who won renown — 
The only man who didn't back down 
When the rebels rode through his native town ; 
But held his own in the fight next day, 
When all his townsfolk ran away. • 
That was in July, sixty-three, 
The very day that General Lee, 
Flower of Southern chivalry, 
Baffled and beaten, backward reeled 
From a stubborn Meade and a barren field. 

I might tell how, but the day before, 

John Burns stood at his cottage door, 

Looking down the village street, 

Where, in the shade of his peaceful vine, _. i4 

He heard the low of his gathered kine, 

And felt their breath with incense sweet ; 

Or I might say, when the sunset burned 

The old farm gable, he thought it turned 

The milk that fell, in a babbling flood 



344 MANUAL OF HEADING. 

Into the milk-pail, red as blood ! 

Or how he fancied the hum of bees 

Were bullets buzzing among the trees. 

But all such fanciful thoughts as these 

Were strange to a practical man like Burns, 

Who minded only his own concerns, 

Troubled no more by fancies fine 

Than one of his calm-eyed, long-tailed kine — 

Quite old-fashioned and matter-of-fact, 

Slow to argue, but quick to act. 

That was the reason, as some folks say, 

He fought so well on that terrible day. 

And it was terrible. On the right 

Baged for hours the heavy fight, 

Thundered the battery's double bass — 

Difficult music for men to face ; 

While on the left — where now the graves 

Undulate like the living waves 

That all that day unceasing swept 

Up to the pits the rebels kept — 

Bound shot plowed the upland glades : 

Sown with bullets, reaped with blades ; 

Shattered fences here and there 

Tossed their splinters in the air ; 

The very trees were stripped and bare ; 

The barns that once held yellow grain 

Were heaped with harvests of the slain ; 

The cattle bellowed on the plain, 

The turkeys screamed with might and main, 

And brooding barn-fowl left their rest 

With strange shells bursting in each nest. 

Just where the tide of battle turns, 

Erect and lonely stood old John Burns. 

How do you think the man was dressed ? 

He wore an ancient long buff vest, 

Yellow as saffron — but his best ; 

And buttoned over his manly breast 

Was a bright blue coat, with a rolling collar, 

And large gilt buttons — size of a dollar — 

With tails that the country-folk called "swaller." 

He wore a broad-brimmed, bell-crowned hat, 

White as the locks on which it sat. 

Never had such a sight been seen 

Bor forty years on the village green, 

Since old John Burns was a countiy beau, 

And went to the " quiltings" long ago. 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 345 

Close at his elbows all that day, 

Veterans of the Peninsula, 

Sunburnt and bearded, charged away : 

And striplings, downy of lip and chin — 

Clerks that the Home Guard mustered in — 

Glanced, as they passed, at the hat he wore, 

Then at the rifle his right hand bore, 

And hailed him, from out their youthful lore, 

With scraps of a slangy repertoire : 

" How are you, White Hat !" "Put her through I" 

" Your head's level," and "Bully for you !" 

Called him "Daddy" — begged he'd disclose 

The name of the tailor who made his clothes, 

And what was the value he set on those ; 

While Burns, unmindful of jeer and scoff, 

Stood there picking the rebels off — 

With his long brown rifle, and bell-crown hat, 

And the swallow-tails they were laughing at. 

'Twas but a moment, for that respect 

Which clothes all courage their voices checked ; 

And something the wildest could understand 

Spake in the old man's strong right hand ; 

And his corded throat, and the lurking frown 

Of his eyebrows under his old bell-crown ; 

Until, as they gazed, there crept an awe 

Through the ranks in whispers, and some men saw, 

In the antique vestments and long white hair, 

The Past of the Nation in battle there ; 

And some of the soldiers since declare 

That the gleam of his old white hat afar, 

Like the crested plume of the brave Navarre, 

That day was their oriflamme of war. 

So raged the battle. You know the rest : 
How the rebels, beaten and backward pressed, 
Broke at the final charge, and ran, 
At which John Burns — a practical man — 
Shouldered his rifle, unbent his brows, 
And then went back to his bees and cows. 

That is the story of old John Burns ; 
This is the moral the reader learns : 
In fighting the battle, the question's whether 
You'll show a hat that's white or a feather ! 
P2 



346 MANUAL OF READING. 

ANNIE AND WILLIE'S PRAYER. 

Mrs. Sophia P. Snow. 
'Twas the eve before Christmas ; " Good-night" had been said, 
And Annie and Willie had crept into bed ; 
There were tears on their pillows, and tears in their eyes, 
And each little bosom was heaving with sighs, 
For to-night their stern father's command had been given 
That they should retire precisely at seven 
Instead of at eight ; for they troubled him more 
With questions unheard of than ever before : 
He had told them he thought this delusion a sin — 
No such being as "Santa Claus" ever had been — 
And he hoped after this he should nevermore hear 
How he scrambled down chimneys with presents each year. 
And this was the reason that two little heads 
So restlessly tossed on their soft, downy beds. 
Eight, nine, and the clock on the steeple tolled ten ; 
Not a word had been spoken by either till then, 
When Willie's sad face from the blanket did peep, 
And whispered, " Dear Annie, is you fast asleep ?" 
"Why no, Brother Willie," a sweet voice replies, 
" I've tried in vain, but I can't shut my eyes, 
Eor somehow it makes me sorry because 
Dear papa has said there is no ' Santa Claus. ' 
Now we know there is, and it can't be denied, 
For he came every year before mamma died : 
But then, I've been thinking that she used to pray, 
And God would hear every thing mamma would say ; 
And perhaps she asked him to send Santa Claus here, 
With the sack full of presents he brought every year ' 
" Well, why tan't we pay dest as mamma did then, 
And ask Dod to send him with presents aden ?" 
"I've been thinking so too," and, without a word more, 
Four little bare feet bounded out on the floor, 
And four little knees the soft carpet pressed, 
And two tiny hands were clasped close to each breast. 
"Now, Willie, you know, we must firmly believe 
That the presents we ask for we're sure to receive ; 
You must wait just as still till I say the 'Amen,' 
And by that you will know that your turn has come then. 
' Dear Jesus, look down on my brother and me, 
And grant us the favor we are asking of thee. 
I want a wax dolly, a tea-set and ring, 
And an ebony work-box that shuts with a spring. 
Bless papa, dear Jesus, and cause him to see 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 347 

That Santa Claus loves us far better than he ; 

Don't let him get fretful and angry again 

At dear brother Willie and Annie. Amen. ' ; ' 

"Please, Desus, et Santa Taus turn down to-night, 

And bing us some pesents before it is ight ; 

I want he should div me a nice ittle sed, 

With bright shinin unners and all painted ed ; 

A box fall of tandy, a book, and a toy — 

Amen — and den, Desus, I'll be a doodboy." 

Their prayers being ended, they raised up their heads, 
And, with hearts light and cheerful, again sought their beds ; 
They were soon lost in slumber both peaceful and deep, 
And with fairies in Dreamland were roaming in sleep. 

Eight, nine, and the little French clock had struck ten, 

Ere the father had thought of his children again ; 

He seems now to hear Annie's half-suppressed sighs, 

And to see the big tears stand in Willie's blue eyes ; 

"I was harsh with my darlings," he mentally said, 

"And should not have sent them so early to bed ; 

But then I was troubled, my feelings found vent, 

For bank stock to-day has come down ten per cent. 

But of course they've forgotten their troubles ere this, 

And that I denied them the thrice asked for kiss ; 

But, just to make sure, I'll steal up to their door, 

For I never spoke harsh to my darlings before." 

So saying, he softly ascended the stairs, 

And arrived at the door to hear both of their prayers ; 

His Annie's "bless papa" draws forth the big tears, 

And Willie's grave promise falls sweet on his ears. 

" Strange, strange, I'd forgotten," said he, with a sigh, 

" How I longed when a child to have Christmas draw nigh. 

I'll atone for my harshness," he inwardly said, 

"By answering their prayers ere I sleep in my bed." 

Then he turned to the stairs, and softly went down, 
Threw off velvet slippers and silk draesing-gown, 
Donned hat, coat, and boots, and was out in the street, 
A millionaire facing the cold, driving sleet, 
Nor stopped he until he had bought every thing, 
From the box full of candy to the tiny gold ring ; 
Indeed he kept adding so much to his store 
That the various presents outnumbered a score ; 
Then homeward he turned with his holiday load, 
And, with Aunt Mary's help, in the nursery 'twas stowed. 
Miss Dolly was seated beneath a pine-tree, 
By the side of a table spread out for her tea ; 



348 MANUAL OF READING. 

A work-box well filled in the centre was laid, 
And on it the ring for which Annie had prayed. 
A soldier in uniform stood by a sled, 
" With bright shining runners and painted all red." 
There were balls, dogs, and horses, books pleasing to see, 
And birds of all colors were perched in the tree, 
While Santa Claus, laughing, stood up in the top, 
As if getting ready more presents to drop ; 
And, as the fond father the picture surveyed, 
He thought for his trouble he had amply been paid, 
And he said to himself, as he brushed off a tear, 
"I'm happier to-night than I've been for a year ; 
I've enjoyed more true pleasure than ever before — 
What care I if bank stock falls ten per cent. more. 
Hereafter I'll make it a rule, I believe, 
To have Santa Claus visit us each Christmas Eve." 
So thinking, he gently extinguished the light, 
And tripped down the stairs to retire for the night. 
As soon as the beams of the bright morning sun 
Put the darkness to flight, and the stars one by one, 
Tour little blue eyes out of sleep opened wide, 
And at the same moment the presents espied. 
Then out of then* beds they sprang with a bound, 
And the very gifts prayed for were all of them found ; 
They laughed and they cried in their innocent glee, 
And shouted for "papa" to come quick and see 
What presents old Santa Claus brought in the night 
(Just the things that they wanted), and left before light ; 
"And now," added Annie, in voice soft and low, 
"You'll believe there's a ' Santa Claus,' papa, I know." 
While dear little Willie climbed up on his knee, 
Determined no secret between them should be, 
And told in soft whispers how Annie had said 
That their dear, blessed mamma, so long ago dead, 
Used to kneel down and pray by the side of her chair, 
And that God, up in hea*en, had answered her prayer. 
"Then we dot up and prayed dest as well as we tould, 
And Dod answered our prayers — now wasn't he dood ?" 
" I should say that he was, if he sent you all these, 
And know just what presents my children would please. 
(Well, well, let him think so, the dear little elf, 
'Twould be cruel to tell him I did it myself.)" 
Blind father ! who caused your stern heart to relent, 
And the hasty words spoken so soon to repent ? 
'Twas the Being who made you steal softly up stairs, 
And made you His agent to answer their prayers. 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 349 



THE SOUL-DIRGE. 

A. Cleveland Coxe. 
The organ played sweet music 

The while, on Easter-day, 
All heartless from the altar 

The heedless w r ent away ; 
And, down the broad aisle crowding, 

They seemed a funeral train, 
That were burying their spirits 

To the music of that strain. 

As I listened to the organ, 

And saw them crowd along, 
I thought I heard two voices 

Speaking strangely, but not strong. 
And one it whispered sadly, 

" Will ye also go away ?" 
But the other spoke, exulting, 

" Ha ! the soul-dirge — hear it play !" 

Hear the soul-dirge ! hear the soul 

And see the feast divine ! 
Ha ! the jewels of salvation, 

And the trampling feet of swine ! 
Hear the soul-dirge ! hear the soul-dirge ! 

Little think they, as they go, 
What priceless pearls they tread on, 

Who spurn their Savior so. 
Hear the soul-dirge ! hear the soul-dirge ! 

It was dread to hear it play, 
While the Famishing were crowding 

From the Bread of Life away. 
They were bidden, they were bidden 

To their Father's festal board, 
But they all with gleeful faces 

Turned their back upon the Lord. 
You had thought the church a prison 

Had you seen how they did pour, 
With giddy, giddy faces, 

From the consecrated door. 
There was angels' food all ready, 

But the bidden, where are they ? 
O'er the highways and the hedges 

Ere the soul-dirge ceased to play. 
Oh ! the soul-dirge, how it echoed 

The emptied aisles along ! 



350 MANUAL OF HEADING. 

As the open street grew crowded 
With the full outpouring throng. 

And then — again the voices — 

"Ha! the soul-dirge! hear it play I " 

And the pensive, pensive whisper, 
' ' Will ye also go away f" 

Few, few were they that lingered 

To sup with Jesus there, 
And yet for all that spurned Him 

There was plenty and to spare. 
And now the food of angels 

Uncovered to my sight, 
All glorious was the altar, 

And the chalice glittered bright. 

Then came the hymn Trisagion, 

And rapt me up on high, 
With angels and archangels 

To laud and magnify. 
I seemed to feast in heaven, 

And downward wafted then, 
With angels chanting round me, 

Good will and peace to men. * 

I may not tell the rapture 

Of a banquet so divine. 
Ho ! every one that thirsteth, 

Let him taste the bread and wine. 
Hear the Bride and Spirit saying, 

" Will ye also go away ?" 
Or, "Go, poor soul, forever !" 

Ah ! the soul-dirge — hear it play ! 



THE TRIAD. 

Alfred B. Street. 
Through the air low sounds are stealing, 
Softly, sadly, deep with feeling ; 
Across the ear they slowly draw along, 
Wailing like winds in their wild autumn song ; 
It is Music in its sorrow, and causing by a chain 
Of sympathy each bosom to yield an answering strain. 

But now the changing sounds leap out ! 
Merrily, merrily, swift they dance about, 
As the glad bluebird on a day in spring, 
When south winds are blowing, 
And bright streams are flowing, 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 351 

And blossoms are rising and smiling around, 
And incense floats up from the altar-like ground. 

Hither and yon, 

In shadow and sun, 
Wanders and skims with delight in its wing ; 
Or like the voice of a frolicsome boy- 
Chasing the butterfly over the flowers, . 
When sunshine is painting the summer hours, 
His heart in his lips, and his lips shouting free 
In the strain that is born and is moulded of glee : 

'Tis music in its joy. 

Hark! once again 
Peals up — peals up the strain ! 

Swift, swift on high, 
On lightning wings it seems to fly, 
Lark-like in floods of harmony, ■ 

Until methinks we see 
Banners, and swords, and plumes, and hear the sound 
Of the keen trumpets, while our bosoms bound : 

'Tis music breathing loud, 
Triumph, victorious triumph, glad and proud. 

Now swells the strain in one grand solemn roll, 
In march majestic sounding through the soul. 

It seems to bid the knee to sink, the eye 

In deepest awe, yet trust, to seek the sky. 
It seems to breathe of God, and deeply say, 
Man, creature of his love, bow down and pray ! 

Full is the sound of most divine emotion — 
'Tis music in devotion. 

Then with mild fire 
His trembling lyre. 

Strikes Poesy, and Nature gleams 

With all her sunshine, flowers, and streams ; 

Bright Fancy's haunted realm is spread, 

And airy, flitting beings tread 

Prom its rich beauty, brightening to the mind ; 

The lover wanders in the moonlight sweet ; 

The warrior mounts his battle-steed, to bind* 

His bow with wreaths, and youths and maidens greet 
Spring's laughing hours with dancing feet ; 
Thus all the shapes the heart 
Can dream, arise and act in Poesy's high art. 

Last Eloquence, 
With feeling burning and intense, 
Loosens its tongue ; in honeyed accents now 



MANUAL OF KEADIXG. 

It bends each will, it makes each bosom bow, 

Witching the sense away ; 
Then, like a warrior rising from the fray, 
Crying " To arms ! to arms !" it swells and soars 
In flight triumphant — like a stream that pours 
Down in a torrent — all our wills are borne 
On in one course, urged by this magic power 
That lifts its radiant head, the crowned king of the hour. 

Thus the three 
Weave the strong spells of their harmony 
Over the burning hearts made subject to their sway. 
Coals are they from the loftiest shrine 
Of intellect ; their birthplace is divine. 
Sparks are they, brightly born of heaven's own ray. 
Their errand should be lofty : to refine 
The sdftl, to purify the heart, to bend 
Our every feeling to a holy end ; 
From stains of earth to make our spirits free, 
And thus to consecrate our lives, oh Heaven, to thee'. 



THE BOBOLINK.— From Our Young Folks. 

G. H. Barnes. 

Merry meadow bobolink ! 

White as snow and black as ink — 

White the ruffle round your throat, 

Black your glossy velvet coat ; 

White your crest, and black your bill, 

And your bosom blacker still ; 

Little piebald, babbling elf, 

Caring only for yourself, 

Ever joyous, ever singing, 

Ever through the lilies winging, 

Elitting here and flashing there, 

Never quiet any where — 

Do you ever stop to think, 

Merry meadow bobolink ? 

What a funny song you sing 

While you flutter on the wing ! 

Best, then, birdie, on that stake ; 

Keep your black eyes wide awake ; 

Don't you laugh, and don't you wink, 

While I tell you, bobolink, 

In a half a dozen rounds, 

How your rattling nonsense sounds, 

When your crooked carol crazes 

School-boys, birds, and bees, and daisies. 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 353 

" ' Bobolink, Unk-a-tink V Ho, pretty lass ! 

Up in the sunny sky, down in the grass. 

Good morning, Miss Jenny Wren ; sweetly you look, 

With feathers so bright from a wash in the brook. 

' Tweet-a-lee, tweet-a-lee, link-a-ti-ting /' 

Come, Jenny, with me, on the daisies, and swing ; 

And out of their cups, my darling, we'll drink 

Dew-drops and honey-drops, ' tweet bobolink!' " 

" Twittering lady-bird, dressed in blue, 
Swallow of summer, good morning to you ; 
* Pe-le-weet, pe-le-weet V your flight is so fleet, 
Your shadow goes dancing over the wheat, 
And over the mower, who leans on his scythe 
To list to my song, so merry and blithe ; 
' Tink-a-lum, tink-a-lum V sprite of the air, 
Bobolink wishes your love to share." 

" Hallo ! Kitty Catbird, what is the matter ? 
' Click, plash, twang, clatter-ti-clatter V 
Come here on the lilies, and swing and swing, 
Bobolink ballads together we'll sing." 

" ' Tweet, tweet /' Goldfinch, out in the grove, 
Filling the shade with a chirrup of love, 
Trilling your song in one little note, 
Just hear a tune from a bobolink's throat." 

" l Tu-ra-lee, tu-ra-leeV cherries and clover; 

Johnny's come home from the war that is over ! 

Bessie is down in the grass on her nest, 

Brooding young bobolinks under her breast ; 

Lilies bend over the water, I think, 

To look at their beauty — never to drink ; 

So here on the fence 7" sit and sing, 

Proud as a popinjay, ' link-a-ti-ling /' 

t Ho, ho, cleet ! cleet /' Some other fine day, 

My gay little finch, I'll finish my lay. 

Good-by for the present. I'd pipe a refrain, 

But here comes a school-boy down through the lane. 

I know by his step, I know by his wink, 

He's a stone in his hand for poor Bobolink. 

Good-by, little birds ; ' tril-i-link /' good-by ; 

I've opened my wings, and away I must fly." 

So the black-eyed bobolink, 
With a mighty knowing wink, 
Gives his snowy cap a shake, 
Flutters from the leaning stake, 



354 MANUAL OF HEADING. 

And across the clover-bed, 
Turning now and then his head, 
Clears the meadow in his track 
Ere he folds his wings of black : 
And we hear him, as he passes 
Gayly o'er the nodding grasses, 
Singing ' ' Ting-a-ling-a-link I 
I'm a merry bobolink." 



THE RIDE EROM GHENT TO AIX. 

Robert Browning. 
I sprang to the stirrup, and Joris, and he ; 
I galloped, Dirk galloped, we galloped all three : 
" Good speed !" cried the watch as the gate-bolts undrew, 
"Speed !" echoed the wall to us galloping through. 
Behind shut the postern, the lights sank to rest, 
And into the midnight we galloped abreast. 
Not a word to each other ; we kept the great pace — 
Neck by neck, stride by stride, never changing our place ; 
I turned to my saddle and made its girths tight, 
Then shortened each stirrup and set the pique right, 
Rebuckled the check-strap, chained slacker the bit, 
Nor galloped less steadily E5'land a whit. 

'Twas a moonset at starting ; but while we drew near 

Lo'keren, the cocks crew and twilight dawned clear ; 

At Boom a great yellow star came out to see ; 

At Diiffeld 'twas morning as plain as could be ; 

And from MSch'eln (mek'lin) church-steeple we heard the half-chime, 

So Joris broke silence with "Yet there is time!" 

At Aerschot up leaped of a sudden the sun, 
And against him the cattle stood black every one, 
To stare through the mist at us galloping past ; 
And I saw my stout galloper Ro'land at last, 
With resolute shoulders, each butting away 
The haze as some bluff river headland its spray ; 

And his low head and crest, just one sharp ear bent back 
For my voice, and the other pricked out on his track ; 
And one eye's black intelligence — ever that glance 
O'er its white edge at me, his own master, askance ; 
And the thick, heavy spume-flakes, which aye and anon 
His fierce lips shook upward in galloping on. 

By Has'selt Dirck groaned ; and cried Joris, " Stay spur ! 
Your Roos galloped bravely, the fault's not in her ; 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 355 

We'll remember at Aix" (aks) — for one heard the quick wheeze 
Of her chest, saw the stretched neck, and staggering knees, 
And sunk tail, and horrible heave of the flank, 
As down on her haunches she shuddered and sank. 

So we were left galloping, Joris and I, 

Past Looz and past Tongres, no cloud in the sky ; 

The broad sun above laughed a pitiless laugh ; 

'Neath our feet broke the brittle, bright stubble like chaff; 

Till over by Dal'hem a dome-spire sprang white, 

And " Gallop," gasped Joris, " for Aix is in sight !" 

" How they'll greet us !" — and all in a moment his roan 
Rolled neck and croup over, lay dead as a stone ; 
And there was my Bo' land to bear the whole weight 
Of the news which alone could save Aix from her fate, 
With his nostrils like pits full of blood to the brim, 
And with circles of red for his eye-sockets' rim. 

Then I cast loose my buff-coat, each holster let fall, 

Shook off both my jack-boots, let go belt and all, 

Stood up in the stirrup, leaned, patted his ear, 

Called my Roland his pet-name, my horse without peer — 

Clapped my hands, laughed and sung, any noise, bad or good, 

Till at length into Aix Roland galloped and stood. 

And all I remember is friends flocking round, 

As I sat with his head 'twixt my knees on the ground ; 

And no voice but was praising this Roland of mine, 

As I poured down his throat our last measure of wine, 

Which (the burgesses voted by common consent) 

Was no more than his due, who brought good news from Ghent (gent). 



THE PASSIONS. 

William Collins. 

When Music, heavenly maid, was young, 
While yet in early Greece she sung, 
The Passions oft, to hear her shell, 
Thronged around her magic cell — 
Exulting, trembling, raging, fainting — 
Possessed beyond the Muse's painting ; 
By turns they felt the glowing mind 
Disturbed, delighted, raised, refined ; 
Till once, 'tis said, when all were fired, 
Filled with fury, rapt, inspired, 
From the supporting myrtles round 
They snatched her instruments of sound ; 



356 MANUAL OF READING. 

And, as they oft had heard apart 
Sweet lessons of her forceful art, 
Each (for Madness ruled the hour) 
Would prove his own expressive power. 

First Fear his hand, its skill to try, 

Amid the chords bewildered laid, 
And back recoiled, he knew not why, 

E'en at the sound himself had made. 

Next Anger rushed ; his eyes, on fire, 

In lightnings owned his secret stiugs : 
In one rude clash he struck the lyre, 

And swept with hurried hand the strings. 

With woful measures wan Despair, 

Low, sullen sounds his grief beguiled — 
A solemn, strange, and mingled air ; 

'Twas sad by fits, by starts 'twas wild. 

But thou, O Hope, with eyes so fair — 
What was thy delightful measure ? 
Still it whispered promised pleasure, 
And bade the lovely scenes at distance hail ! 

Still would her touch the strain prolong ; 
And from the rocks, the woods, the vale, 

She called on Echo still, through all the song ; 
And, where her sweetest theme she chose, 
A soft responsive voice was heard at every close ; 

And Hope, enchanted, smiled, and waved her golden hair. 

And longer had she sung — but, with a frown, 

Revenge impatient rose ; 
He threw his blood-stained sword in thunder down, 

And, with a withering look, 

The war-denouncing trumpet took, 
And blew a blast so loud and dread, 
Were ne'er prophetic sounds so full of woe ! 

And, ever and anon, he beat 

The doubling drum, with furious heat ; 
And though sometimes, each dreary pause between, 

Dejected Pity, at his side, 

Her soul-subduing voice applied, 
Yet still he kept his wild, unaltered mein, 
While each strained ball of sight seemed bursting from his head. 
Thy numbers, Jealousy, to naught were fixed — 

Sad proof of thy distressful state ; 
Of differing themes the veering song was mixed ; 

And now it courted Love — now, ravins;, called on Hate. 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 357 

With eyes upraised, as one inspired, 

Pale Melancholy sat retired ; 

And, from her wild, sequestered seat, 

In notes by distance made more sweet, 

Poured through the mellow horn her pensive soul ; 

And, dashing soft from rocks around, 

Bubbling runnels joined the sound ; 
Through glades and glooms the mingled measure stole ; 

Or, o'er some haunted stream, with fond delay, 
Round a holy calm diffusing, 
Love of Peace, and lonely musing, 

In hollow murmurs died away. 

But oh ! how altered was its sprightlier tone 
When Cheerfulness, a nymph of healthiest hue, 

Her bow across her shoulder flung, 

Her buskins gemmed with morning dew, 
Blew an inspiring air, that dale and thicket rung — 

The hunter's call, to Faun and Dryad known ! 
The oak-crowned Sisters, and their chaste-eyed queen, 

Satyrs and sylvan boys, were seen 

Peeping from forth their alleys green ; 
Brown Exercise rejoiced to hear ; 

And Sport leaped up, and seized his beechen spear. 
Last came Joy's ecstatic trial : 
He, with viny crown advancing, 

First to the lively pipe his hand addressed ; 
But soon he saw the brisk awakening viol, 

Whose sweet, entrancing voice he loved the best ; 
They would have thought, who heard the strain, 

They saw, in Tempe's vale, her native maids, 

Amidst the festal-sounding shades, 
To some unwearied minstrel dancing, 
While, as his flying fingers kissed the strings, 
Love framed with Mirth a gay fantastic round : 
Loose were her tresses seen, her zone unbound ; 

And he, amidst his frolic play, 

As if he would the charming air repay, 
Shook thousand odors from his dewy wings. 

O Music ! sphere-descending maid, 
Friend of Pleasure, Wisdom's aid ! 
Why, goddess ! why, to us denied, 
Lay'st thou thy ancient lyre aside ? 
As, in that loved Athenian bower, 
You learned an all-commanding power, 
Thy mimic soul, O nymph endeared, 



358 MANUAL OF HEADING. 

Can well recall what then it heard ; 
Where is thy native simple heart, 
Devote to Virtue, Fancy, Art ? 
Arise, as in that elder time, 
Warm, energetic, chaste, sublime ; 
Thy wonders, in that godlike age, 
Fill thy recording sister's page : 
'Tis said — and I believe the tale — 
Thy humblest reed could more prevail, 
Had more of strength, diviner rage, 
Than all which chaums this laggard age- 
E'en all at once together found — 
Cecilia's mingled world of sound. 
Oh, bid our vain endeavors cease, 
Revive the just designs of Greece ; 
Return in all thy simple state — 
Confirm the tales her sons relate. 



THE CHILD AND THE SUNSHINE.— In Memoriam. 

Through the doorway flowed the sunshine 

In a flood of molten gold ; 
Like a cataract of glory, 

Down the rifted clouds it rolled. 

While a child upon the carpet 

Laughing ran to where it lay, 
With its little hands outreaching, 

Like a dream it fled away. 

For a cloud had wandered o'er us, 

And the blue of heaven had gone, 
And the dark wings of the tempest 

Beat the sullen air alone. 

Still the child, his hands extended, 

Gazed upon the vacant floor, 
Waiting, watching for the sunshine 

Which would come that day no more. 

Happy childhood ! watching, waiting, 

In your sweet and rosy glow, 
You will follow hopes as fleeting 

In the path your feet must go. 

And your longing heart will linger 

Where the joy-rays dimly burn, 
For the warm and pleasant sunshine 

That will never more return. 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 359 



TOLERATION.— A n Apologue. 

Jeremy Taylor.* 

When Abraham sat at his tent door, according to his 
custom, waiting to entertain strangers, he espied an old man 
stooping and leaning on his staff, weary with age and trav- 
el, coming towards him, who was a hundred years of age. 

He received him kindly, washed his feet, provided sup- 
per, and caused him to sit down ; but, observing that the 
old man ate and prayed not, nor begged for a blessing on 
his meat, asked him why he did not worship the God of 
Heaven. The old man told him that he worshiped the fire 
only, and acknowledged no other God; at which answer 
Abraham grew so zealously angry that he thrust the old 
man out of his tent, and exposed him to all the evils of the 
night and an unguarded condition. 

When the old man was gone, God called to Abraham, 
and asked him where the stranger was. He replied, "I 
thrust him away because he did not worship Thee :" God 
answered him, " I have suffered him these hundred years, al- 
though he dishonored me, and couldst thou not endure him 
one night, when he gave thee no trouble ?" Upon this, saith 
the story, Abraham fetched him back again, and gave him 
hospitable entertainment and wise instruction. Go thou 
and do likewise, and thy charity will be rewarded by the 
God of Abraham. 



FROM THE DODGE CLUB, OR ITALY IN MDCCCLIX. 

James de Mille. 
La Cica did not speak the best English in the world, yet 
that could not account for all the singular remarks which 
she made, still less could it account for the tender interest 
of her manner. She had remarkably bright eyes. Why 
wandered those eyes so often to his, and why did they beam 
with such devotion — beaming for a moment only to fall in 
sweet innocent confusion ? La Cica had the most fascina- 

* Jeremy Taylor, one of the most eminent of English divines, and often 
styled the Shakspeare of theological literature, was horn in Cambridge, En- 
gland, in or about the year 1602. He died in 1667. 



360 MANUAL OF HEADING. 

ting manners, yet they were often perplexing to the sena- 
tor's soul. 

" The countess," he thought, " is a most remarkably fine 
woman ; but she does use her eyes uncommon, and I do 
wish she wouldn't be quite so demonstrative." 

At last the senator came to this conclusion : La Cica was 
desperately in love with him. 

She appeared to be a widow. ISTow if the poor Cica was 
hopelessly in love, it must be stopped at once. For he was 
a married man, and his good lady still lived, with a very 
large family, most of the members of which had grown up. 

La Cica ought to know this. She ought indeed. But 
let the knowledge be given delicately, not abruptly. 

On the following evening they walked on the balcony of 
La Cicd's noble residence. She was sentimental, devoted, 
charming. 

The conversation of a fascinating woman does not look 
so well when reported as it is when uttered. Her power is 
in her tone, her glance, her manner. Who can catch the 
evanescent beauty of her expression or the deep tenderness 
of her well-modulated voice ? Who indeed ? 

" Does ze scene please you, my senator ?" 

" Very much indeed." 

"Youar countrymen haf tol me zey would like to stay 
here alloway." 

" It is a beautiful place." 

" Did you aiver see any thin moaire loafely ?" And the 
countess looked full in his face. 

" Never," said the senator, earnestly. The next instant 
he blushed. He had been betrayed into a compliment. 

The countess sighed. 

" Helas ! my senator, that it is not pairmitted to moartals 
to sociate as zey would laike." 

11 ' Your senator,' " thought the gentleman thus addressed ; 
" how fond, how tender — poor thing ! poor thing !" 

" I wish that Italy was nearer to the States," said he. 

" How I adamiar youar style of mind, so differente from 
ze Italiana. You are so stong — so nobile. Yet would I 
laike to see moar of ze poetic in you." 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 361 

" I always loved poetry, marm," said the senator, desper- 
ately. 

" Ah ! — good — nais — eccelente. I am plees at zat," erred 
the countess, with much animation. " You would loafe it 
moar eef you knew Italiano. Your langua ees not sufficiente 
musicale for poatry." 

" It is not so soft a language as the Italian." 

"Ah! no — not so soft. Very well. And what theenka 
you of ze Italiano ?" 

"The sweetest language I ever heard in all my born days." 

" Ah ! now — you hev not heard much of ze Italiano, my 
senator." 

" I have heard you speak often," said the senator, naively. 

" Ah ! you compliment ! I sot you was aboove flattera." 

And the countess playfully tapped his arm with her little 
fan. 

"What Ingelis poet do you loafe best ?" 

" Poet ? English poet ?" said the senator, with some sur- 
prise. " Oh — why, marm, I think Watts is about the best 
of the lot." 

"Watt ? Was he a poet ? I did not know zat. He who 
invented ze stim-injaine ? And yet, if he was a poet, it is 
naturale zat you loafe him best." 

"Steam-engine? Oh no ! This one was a minister." 

" A meeneestaire ? Ah ! an abbe ? I know him not. 
Yet I haf read mos of all youar poets." 

" He made up hymns, marm, and psalms — for 'instance : 
' Watts's Divine Hymns and Spiritual Songs.' " 

" Songs ? Spirituelle ? Ah ! I mus at once procuaire ze 
works of Watt, which was favorit poet of my senator." 

" A lady of such intelligence as you would like the poet 
Watts," said the senator, firmly. " He is the best known 
by far of all our poets." 

"What! better zan Shakspeare, Milton, Bairon ? You 
much surprass me." 

"Better known and better loved than the whole lot. 
Wljy, his poetry is known by heart through all England 
and America." 

" Merciful heaven ! what vou tell me ! ees eet possibl ! 

Q 



362 MANUAL OF READING. 

An yet he is not known here efen by name. It would please 
me mooch, my senator, to haire you make one quotatione. 
Know you Watt ? Tell me some words of his which I may 
remembaire." 

"I have a shocking bad memory." 

" Bad memora ! Oh, but you remember somethin, zis 
most beautiful charm nait — you haf a nobile soul — you must 
be affecta by beauty — by ze ideal. Make for me one quo- 
tatione." 

And she rested her little hand on the senator's arm, and 
looked up imploringly in his face. 

The senator looked foolish. He felt even more so. Here 
was a beautiful woman, by act and look showing a tender 
interest in him. Perplexing — but very nattering after all. 
So he replied : 

" You will not let me refuse you any thing." 

" Aha ! you are vera willin to refuse. It is difficulty for 
me to excitare youar regards. You are fill with the grands 
ideas. But come — will you spik for me som from your fa- 
vorit Watt ?" 

" Well, if you wish it so much," said the senator, kindly, 
and he hesitated. 

" Ah ! I do wish it so much !" 

"Eheni!" 

" Begin," said the countess. " Behold me. I listen. I 
hear everysin, and will remember it forava." 

The oiriy thing that the senator could think of was the 
verse which had been running in his head for the last few 
days, its measured rhythm keeping time with every occupa- 
tion: 

" - My willing soul would stay — ' " 

" Stop one moment," said the countess. " I weesh to learn 
it from you ;" and she looked fondly and tenderly up, but 
instantly dropped her eyes. 

" ' Ma willina sol wooda sta — ' " 

" ' In such a frame as this,' " prompted the senator. 

" ' Een socha framas zees.' Wait — • Ma willina sol wooda 
sta in socha framas zees.' Ah ! appropriat ; but could I 
hope zat you were true to zose lines, my senator ? Well ?" 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 363 

" ' And sit and sing herself away,' " said the senator, in a 
faltering voice, and breaking out into a cold perspiration for 
fear of committing himself by such uncommonly strong lan- 
guage. 

" ■ Ansit ansin hassaf awai,' " repeated the countess, her 
face lighting up with a sweetly conscious expression. 

The senator paused. 

" I — ehem ! I forget." 

" Forget ? Impossible !" 

"I do really." 

" Ah now ! Forget ? I see by your face — you desave. 
Say on." 

The countess again gently touched his arm with both her 
little hands, afcid held it as though she would clasp it. 

" Have you fear ? Ah ! cruel." 

The senator turned pale, but finding refusal impossible, 
boldly finished : 

" ' To everlasting bliss' — there !" 

" l To affarlastin blees thai*.' Stop. I repeat it all : 'Ma 
willina sol wooda sta een socha.framas zees, ansit ansin has- 
saf awai to affarlastin blees thar.' Am I right ?" 

" Yes," said the senator, meekly. 

" I knew you were a poetic sola," said the countess, con- 
fidingly. "You air honesto — true — you can not desave. 
When you spik I can beliv you. Ah ! my senator ; an you 
can spik zis poetry ! — at soch a toime ! I nefare knew be- 
foare zat you so impassione ! — an you air so artaful ! You 
breeng ze confersazione to beauty — to poatry — to ze poet 
Watt — so you may spik verses mos impassione ! Ah ! what 
do you mean ? Santissima madre ! how I wish you spik 
Italiano." 

The countess drew nearer to him, but her approach only 
deepened his perplexity. 

" How that poor thing does love me !" sighed the senator. 
" Law bless it ! she can't help it — can't help it nohow. She 
is a goner ; and what can I do ? I'll have to leave Florence." 

The countess was standing close beside him in a tender 
mood waiting for him to break the silence. How could he ? 
He had been uttering words which sounded to her like 



364 MANUAL OF READING. 

love ; and she — " a widow ! a widow ! wretched man that I 
am !" 

There was a pause. The longer it lasted the more awk- 
ward the senator felt. What upon earth was he to do or 
say? What business had he to go and quote poetry to 
widows ? What an old fool he must be ! But the countess 
was very far from feeling awkward. Assuming an elegant 
attitude, she looked up, her face expressing the tenderest 
solicitude. 

" What ails my senator ?" 

"Why, the fact is, marm — I feel sad — at leaving Florence. 
I must go shortly. My wife has written summoning me 
home. The children are down with the measles." 

Oh, base fabrication ! Oh, false senator ! Chere wasn't 
a word of truth in that last remark. You spoke so because 
you wished La Cica to know that you had a wife and fam- 
ily. Yet it was very badly done. 

La Cica changed neither her attitude nor her expression. 
Evidently the existence of his wife, and the melancholy sit- 
uation of his unfortunate children, awakened no sympathy. 

" But my senator — did you not say you wooda seeng you- 
sellef away to affarlastin blees ?" 

" Oh, marm, it was a quotation — only a quotation." 

But at this critical juncture the conversation was broken 
uj3 by the arrival of a number of ladies and gentlemen. 

But could the senator have known ! 

Could he have known how and where those words would 
confront him ag:ain ! 



SAM WELLER'S VALENTINE. 

Charles Dickens. 
Mr. Weller having obtained leave of absence from Mr. 
Pickwick, who, in his then state of excitement and worry, 
was by no means displeased at being left alone, set forth 
long before the appointed hour ; and, having plenty of time 
at his disposal, sauntered down as far as the Mansion House, 
where he paused and contemplated, with a face of great 
calmness and philosophy, the numerous cads and drivers of 
short stages who assemble near that famous place of resort, 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 365 

to the great terror and confusion of the old-lady population 
of these realms. Having loitered here for half an hour or 
so, Mr. Weller turned, and began wending his way towards 
Leadenhall Market, through a variety of by-streets and 
courts. * 

As he was sauntering away his spare time, and stopped to 
look at almost every object that met his gaze, it is by no 
means surprising that Mr. Weller should have paused before 
a small stationer's and print-seller's window ; but, without 
further explanation, it does appear surprising that his eyes 
should have no sooner rested on certain pictures which were 
exposed for sale therein, than he gave a sudden start, smote 
his right leg with great vehemence, and exclaimed with en- 
ergy, "If it hadn't been for this, I should ha' forgot all 
about it till it was too late !" 

The particular picture on which Sam Weller's eyes were 
fixed, as he said this, was a highly-colored representation of 
a pair of human hearts skewered together with an arrow, 
cooking before a cheerful fire, while a male and a female 
cannibal in modern attire — the gentleman being clad in a 
blue coat and white trowsers, and the lady in a deep red pe- 
lisse with a parasol of the same — were approachingthe meal 
with hungry eyes, up a serpentine gravel path leading there- 
unto. 

A decidedly indelicate young gentleman, in a pair of wings 
and nothing else, was depicted as superintending the cook- 
ing; a representation of the spire of the church in Langhorn 
Place appeared in the distance; and the whole formed a 
" valentine," of which, as a written inscription in the window 
testified, there was a large assortment within, which the 
shopkeeper pledged himself to dispose of to his countrymen 
generally at the reduced rate of one and sixpence each. 

"I should ha' forgot it — I should certainly have forgot 
it !" said Sam ; and, so saying, he at once stepped into the 
stationer's shop, and requested to be served with a sheet of 
the best gilt-edged letter-paper, and a hard-nibbed pen which 
could be warranted not to splutter. These articles having 
been promptly supplied, he walked on direct towards Lead- 
enhall Market at a good round pace, very different from his 



366 MANUAL OF READING. 

recent lingering one. Looking round him, he there beheld 
a sign-board on which the painter's art had delineated some- 
thing remotely resembling a cerulean elephant with an aqui- 
line nose in lieu of a trunk. Rightly conjecturing that this 
was the Blue Boar himself, he stepped into the House, and 
inquired concerning his parent. 

" He won't be here this three quarters of an hour or more," 
said the young lady who superintended the domestic ar- 
rangements of the Blue Boar. 

" Wery good, my dear," replied Sam. " Let me have nine 
penn'orth o' brandy and water luke, and the inkstand, will 
you, miss ?" 

The brandy and water luke and the inkstand having been- 
carried into the little parlor, and the young lady having care- 
fully flattened down the coals to prevent their blazing, and 
carried away the poker to preclude the possibility of the fire 
being stirred without the full privity and concurrence of the 
Blue Boar being first had and obtained, Sam Weller sat him- 
self down in a box near the stove, and pulled out the sheet 
of gilt-edged letter-paper, and the hard-nibbed pen. Then, 
looking carefully at the pen to see that there were no hairs 
in it, and dusting down the table so that there mi^ht be no 

7 O O 

crumbs of bread under the paper, Sam tucked up the cuffs 
of his coat, squared his elbows, and composed himself to 
write. 

To ladies and gentlemen who are not in the habit of de- 
voting themselves practically to the science of penmanship, 
writing a letter is no very easy task, it being always con- 
sidered necessary in such cases for the writer to incline his 
head on his left arm, so as to place his eyes as nearly as pos- 
sible on a level with the paper, and, while glancing sideways 
at the letters he is constructing, to form with his tongue 
imaginary characters to correspond. These motions, al- 
though unquestionably of the greatest assistance to origi- 
nal composition, retard in some degree the progress of the 
writer, and Sam had unconsciously been a full hour and a 
half writing words in small text, smearing out wrong letters 
with his little finger, and putting in new ones which required 
going over very often to render them visible through the 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 367 

old blots, when he was roused by the opening of the door 
and the entrance of his parent. 

" Veil, Sammy," said the father. 

"Veil, my Prooshan Blue," responded the son, laying 
down his pen, "what's the last bulletin about mother-in- 
law?" 

" Mrs. Veller passed a wery good night, but is uncommon 
perwerse and unpleasant this mornin' — signed upon oath — 
Tony Veller, Esquire. That's the last vun as was issued, 
Sammy," replied Mr. Weller, untying his shawl. 

" No better yet ?" inquired Sam. 

" All the symptoms aggerawated," replied Mr. Weller, 
shaking his head. "But wot's that you're doin' of— pursuit 
of knowledge under difficulties — eh, Sammy?" 

" I've done now," said Sam, with slight embarrassment ; 
"I've been a writin'." 

" So I see," replied Mr. Weller. " Not to any young 'oom- 
an, I hope, Sammy." 

" Why, it's no use a sayin' it ain't," replied Sam. " It's a 
walentine." 

"A what!" exclaimed Mr. Weller, apparently horror- 
stricken by the word. 

"A walentine," replied Sam. 

" Samivel, Samivel," said Mr. Weller, in reproachful ac- 
cents, " I didn't think you'd ha' done it. Arter the warnin' 
you've had o' your father's wicious propensities ; arter all 
I've said to you upon this here wery subject; arter actiwal- 
ly seein' and bein' in the company o' your own mother-in- 
law, vich I should ha' thought wos a moral lesson as no man 
could ever ha' forgotten to his dyin' day ! I didn't think 
you'd ha' done it, Sammy — I didn't think you'd ha' done it." 
These reflections were too much for the good old man. He 
raised Sam's tumbler to his lips and drank off its contents. 

" Wot's the matter now ?" said Sam. 

" Nev'r mind, Sammy," replied Mr. Weller, " it'll be a 
wery agonizin' trial to me at my time o' life, but I'm pretty 
tough, that's vun consolation, as the wery old turkey re- 
marked when the farmer said he was afeerd he should be 
obliged to kill him for the London market." 



368 MANUAL OF READING. 

" Wot'll be a trial ?" inquired Sam. 

" To see you married, Sammy — to see you a dilluded wic- 
tim, and thinkin' in your innocence that it's all wery capital," 
replied Mr. Weller. " It's a dreadful trial to a father's feel- 
in's, that 'ere, Sammy." 

"Nonsense," said Sam; "I ain't a goin' to get married; 
don't you fret yourself about that ; I know you're' a judge of 
these things. Order in your pipe, and I'll read you the let- 
ter — there." 

THE SAME SUBJECT CONTINUED. 

We can not distinctly say whether it was the prospect of 
the pipe, br the consolatory reflection that a fatal disposi- 
tion to get married ran in the family and couldn't be helped, 
which calmed Mr. Weller's feelings, and caused his grief to 
subside. We should be rather disposed to say that the result 
was attained by combining the two sources of consolation, 
for he repeated the second in a low tone very frequently, 
ringing the bell meanwhile to order in the first. He then di- 
vested himself of his upper coat, and lighting the pipe, and 
placing himself in front of the fire, with his back towards it, 
so that he could feel its full heat and recline against the 
mantel-piece at the same time, turned towards Sam, and, 
with a countenance greatly mollified by the softening influ- 
ence of tobacco, requested him to "fire away." 

Sam dipped his pen into the ink, to be ready for any cor- 
rections, and began with a very theatrical air : 

" ' Lovely—' " 

" Stop," said Mr. Weller, ringing the bell. " A double 
glass o' the invariable, my dear." 

" Very well, sir," replied the girl, who with great quick- 
ness appeared, vanished, returned, and disappeared. 

" They seem to know your ways here," observed Sam. 

" Yes," replied his father, " I've been here before in my 
time. Go on, Sammy." 

" ' Lovely creetur'," repeated Sam. 

" 'Tain't in poetry, is it ?" interposed the father. 

" No, no," replied Sam. 

"Wery glad to hear it," said Mr. Weller. "Poetry's un- 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 369 

nat'ral ; no man ever talked in poetry 'cept a beadle on box- 
in'-day 4 or Warren's blackin', or Rowland's oil, or some o 5 
them low fellers ; never let yourself down to talk poetry, 
my boy. Begin again, Sammy." 

Mr. Weller resumed his pipe with critical solemnity, and 
Sam once more commenced, and read as follows : 

" ' Lovely creetur', I feel myself a charmed — ' " % 

"That ain't proper," said Mr. Weller, taking his pipe from 
his mouth. 

" No, it ain't charmed," observed Sam, holding the letter 
up to the light ; " it's 'shamed ; there's a blot there — ' I feel 
myself ashamed.' " 

« Wery good," said Mr. Weller. " Go on." 

" ' Feel myself ashamed and completely cir — ' I forget wot 
this here word is," said Sam, scratching his head with the 
pen, in vain attempts to remember. 

" Why don't you look at it, then ?" inquired Mr. Weller. 

" So I am a lookin' at it," replied Sam, " but there's an- 
other blot ; here's a ' c,' and a ' i,' and a ' d.' " 

" Circumwented, p'r'aps," suggested Mr. Weller. 

" No, it ain't that," said Sam ; " circumscribed — that's it." 

"That ain't as good a w T ord as circumwented, Sammy," 
said Mr. Weller, gravely. 

"Think not ?* said Sam. 

" Nothin' like it," replied his father. 

" But don't you think it means more ?" inquired Sam. 

" Veil, p'r'aps it is a more tenderer word," said Mr. Weller, 
after a few moments' reflection. " Go on, Sammy." 

" ' Feel myself ashamed and completely circumscribed in 
a dressin' of you, for you are a nice gal, and nothin' but it." 

" That's a wery pretty sentiment," said the elder Mr. 
Weller, removing his pipe to make way for the remark. 

" Yes, I think it is rayther good," observed Sam, highly 
flattered. 

"Wot I like in that 'ere style of writing," said the elder 
Mr. Weller, "is, that there ain't no callin' names in it — no 
Wenuses, nor nothin' o' that kind : wot's the good o' callin' 
a young 'ooman a Wenus or an angel, Sammy ?" 

" Ah ! what, indeed ?" replied Sam. 
Q2 



370 MANUAL OF READING. 

"You might jist as veil call her a griffin, or a unicorn, or 
a king's arms at once, vich is wery veil known to be a col- 
lection o' fabulous animals," added Mr. Weller. 

" Just as well," replied Sam. 

" Drive on, Sammy," said Mr. Weller. 

Sam complied with the request, and proceeded as follows ; 
his father^continuing to smoke with a mixed expression of 
wisdom and complacency which was particularly edifying. 

" 'Afore I see you I thought all women was alike.' " 

" So they are," observed the elder Mr. Weller, parenthet- 
ically. 

" ' But now,' " continued Sam, " ' now I find what a reg- 
'lar soft-headed, ink-red'lous turnip I must ha' been, for there 
ain't nobody like you, though Zlike you better than nothin' 
at all.' I thought it best to make that rayther strong," said 
Sam, looking up. 

Mr. Weller nodded approvingly, and Sam resumed: 

" ' So I take the privilidge of the day, Mary, my dear — 
as the gen'lem'n in difficulties did ven he valked out of a 
Sunday — to tell you that the first and only time I see you, 
your likeness was took on my heart in much quicker time 
and brighter colors than ever a likeness was took by the 
profeel macheen (which, p'r'aps, you may have heerd on, 
Mary, my dear), altho' it does finish a portrait, and puts the 
frame and glass on complete, with a hook at the end to hang 
it up by, and all in two minutes and a quarter.' " 

" I am afeered that werges on the poetical, Sammy," said 
Mr. Weller, dubiously. 

" No, it don't," replied Sam, reading on very quickly, to 
avoid contesting the point. 

" ' Except of me, Mary, my dear, as your walentine, and 
think over what I've said. My dear Mary, I will now con- 
clude.' That's all," said Sam. 

" That's rayther a sudden pull up, ain't it, Sammy ?" in- 
quired Mr. Weller. 

" Not a bit on it," said Sam ; " she'll vish there vos more, 
and that's the great art o' letter-writin'." 

" Well," said Mr. Weller, " there's somethin' in that ; and 
I wish your mother-in-law'd only conduct her conwersation 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 371 

on the same gen-teel principle. Ain't you a goin' to sign 
it?".. 

" That's the difficulty," said Sam ; " I don't know what to 
sign it." 

" Sign it — Veller," said the oldest surviving proprietor of 
that name. 

"Won't do," said Sam. "Never sign a walentine with 
your own name." 

"Sign it — Pickwick, then," said Mr. Welter; "it's a wery 
good name, and a easy one to spell." 

" The wery thing," said Sam. " I could end with a werse ; 
what do you think ?" 

" I don't like it, Sam," rejoined Mr. Weller. " I never 
know'd a respectable coachman as wrote poetry, 'cept one 
as made an affectin' copy o' werses the night afore he was 
hung for highway robbery, and he was only a Cambervell 
man, so even that's no rule." 

But Sam was not to be dissuaded from the poetical idea 
that had occurred to him, so he signed the letter 

" Your love-sick Pickwick," 

and having folded it in a very intricate manner, he squeezed 
a down-hill direction^ in one corner — " To Mary, Housemaid, 
at Mr. Nupkins's, Mayor's, Ipswich, Suffolk" — and put it into 
his pocket, wafered, and ready for the General Post. 



PUTTING UP STOVES. 

One who has had considerable experience in the work of 
putting up stoves says the first step to be taken is to put 
on a very old and ragged coat, under the impression that 
when he gets his mouth full of plaster it will keep his shirt- 
bosom clean. Next he gets his hands inside the place where 
the pipe ought to go, and blacks his fingers, and then he care- 
fully makes a black mark down one side of his nose. It is 
impossible to make any headway, in doing this work, until 
this mark is made down the side of the nose. Having got 
his face properly marked, the victim is ready to begin the 
ceremony. The head of the family — who is the big goose 
of the sacrifice — grasps one side of the bottom of the stove, 



372 MANUAL OF HEADING. 

and his wife and the hired girl take hold of the other side. 
In this way the load is started from the wood-shed towards 
the parlor. Going through the door, the head of the family 
will carefully swing his side of the stove around, and jamb 
his thumb-nail against the door-post. This part of the cer- 
emony is never omitted. Having got the stove comforta- 
bly in place, the next thing is to find the legs. Two of these 
are left inside the stove since the spring before ; the other 
two must be hunted after for twenty-five minutes. They 
are usually found under the coal. Then the head of the 
family holds up one side of the stove while his wile puts two 
of the legs in place, and next he holds up the other side 
while the other two are fixed, and one of the first two falls 
out. By the time the stove is on its legs he gets reckless, 
and takes oifhis coat, regardless of his linen. Then he goes 
off for the pipe, and gets a cinder in his eye. It don't make 
any difference how well the pipe was put up last year, it will 
be found a little too short or a little too long. The head of 
the family jams his hat over his eyes, and, taking a pipe un- 
der each arm, goes to the tin-shop to have it fixed. When 
he gets back he steps upon one of the best parlor chairs to 
see if the pipe fits, and his wife makes him get down for fear 
he will scratch the varnish off from the chair with the nails 
in his boot-heel. In getting down he will surely step on the 
cat, and may thank his stars if it is not the baby. Then he 
gets an old chair, and climbs up to the chimney again, to 
find that in cutting the pipe off the end has been left too 
big for the hole in the chimney. So he goes to the wood- 
shed, and splits one side of the end of the pipe with an old 
axe, and squeezes it in his hands to make it smaller. Final- 
ly he gets the pipe in shape, and finds that the stove does 
not stand true. Then himself and wife and the hired girl 
move the stove to the left, and the legs fall out again. Next 
it is to move to the right. More difficulty with the legs. 
Moved to the front a little. Elbow not even with the hole 
in the chimney, and he goes to the wood-shed after some lit- 
tle blocks. While putting the blocks under the legs the 
pipe comes out of the chimney. That remedied, the elbow 
keeps tipping over, to the great alarm of the wife. Head of 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 373 

the family gets the dinner-table out, puts the old chair on it, 
gets his wife to hold the chair, and balances himself on it, to 
drive some nails into the ceiling. Drops the hammer on to 
wife's head. At last gets the nails driven, makes a wire- 
swing to hold the pipe, hammers a little here, pulls a little 
there, takes a long breath, and announces the ceremony com- 
pleted. 

Job never put up any stoves. It would have ruined his 
reputation if he had. 

THE POWER OF HABIT. 

John B. Gough. 

I remember once riding from Buffalo to the Niagara Falls. 
I said to a gentleman, " What river is that, sir ?" 

" That," said he, " is Niagara River." 

" Well, it is a beautiful stream," said I; " bright, and fair, 
and glassy. How far off are the rapids ?" 

" Only a mile or two," was the reply. 

"Is it possible that only a mile from us we shall find the 
w T ater in the turbulence which it must show near the Falls ?" 

" You will find it so, sir." And so I found it ; and the first 
sight of Niagara I shall never forget. 

Now, launch your bark on that Niagara River; it is bright, 
smooth, beautiful, and glassy. There is a ripple at the bow; 
the silver wake you leave behind adds to your enjoyment. 
Down the stream you glide, oars, sails, and helm in proper 
trim, and you set out on your pleasure excursion. Sudden- 
ly some one cries out from the bank," Young men, ahoy /" 

"What is it?" 

"The rapids are below you /" 

"Ha! ha! we have heard of the rapids, but we are not 
such fools as to get there. If we go too fast, then we shall 
up with the helm and steer to the shore ; we will set the 
mast in the socket, hoist the sail, and speed to the land. 
Then on, boys ! don't be alarmed ; there is no danger." 

" Young men, ahoy there /" 

"What is it?" 

" The rapids are below you /" 

" Ha ! ha ! we will laugh and quaff; all things delight us. 



374 'manual of reading. 

What care we for the future ! No man ever saw it. Suffi- 
cient for the day is the evil thereof. We will enjoy life 
while we may — will catch pleasure as it flies. This is en- 
joyment ; time enough to steer out of danger when we are 
sailing swiftly with the current." 

" Young men, ahoy !" 

"What is it?" 

" Beware ! beware ! The rapids are below you !" 

" Now you see the water foaming all around. See how 
fast you pass that point ! Up with the helm ! Now turn ! 
Pull hard ! Quick ! quick ! quick ! pull for your lives ! pull 
till the blood starts from your nostrils, and the veins stand 
like whip-cords upon your brow ! Set the mast in the sock- 
et ! Hoist the sail ! Ah ! ah ! it is too late ! Shrieking, 
howling, blaspheming, over they go." 

Thousands go over the rapids of intemperance every year, 
through the poioer of habit, crying all the while, " When I 
find out that it is injuring me, I will give it up/" 



CHRYSOSTOM'S ELOQUENCE. 

The following burst of eloquence from Chrysostom, when 
he was sentenced to banishment, is a good specimen of the 
style of this " silver-tongued" preacher : 

" What can I fear ? Will it be death ? But you know 
that Christ is my life, and that I shall gain by death. Will 
it be exile ? But the earth and all its fullness is the Lord's. 
Will it be the loss of wealth? But we brought nothing 
into the world, and can carry nothing out. Thus all the 
terrors of the world are contemptible in my eyes, and I 
smile at all its good things. Poverty I do not fear. Riches 
I do not sigh for. Death I do not shrink from, and life I do 
not desire, save only for the progress of your souls. But 
you know, my friends, the true cause of my fall. It is that 
I have not lined my house with rich tapestry. It is that I 
have not clothed me in robes of silk. It is that I have not 
flattered the effeminacy and sensuality of certain men, nor 
laid gold and silver at their feet. But why need I say more ? 
Jezebel is raising her persecution, and Elijah must fly. He- 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 375 

roclias is taking her pleasure, and John must be bound in 
chains. The Egyptian wife tells her lie, and Joseph must 
be thrust into prison. And so, if they banish me, I shall be 
like Elias ; if they throw me into the mire, like Jeremiah ; 
if they plunge me into the sea, like the prophet Jonah ; if 
into the pit, like Daniel ; if they stone me, it is Stephen that 
I shall resemble; John, the forerunner, if they cut off my 
head ; Paul, if they beat me with stripes ; Isaiah, if they 
saw me asunder." 



PSALM XXIV.— A Psalm of David. 

The earth is the Lord's, and the fullness thereof; the world, 
and they that dwell therein. 

For he hath founded it upon the seas, and established it 
upon the floods. 

Who shall ascend into the hill of the Lord? or who shall 
stand in his holy place ? 

He that hath clean hands and a pure heart ; who hath not 
lifted up his soul unto vanity, nor sworn deceitfully. 

He shall receive the blessing from the Lord, and right- 
eousness from the God of his salvation. 

This is the generation of them that seek him — that seek 
thy face, O Jacob. Selah. 

Lift up your heads, O ye gates, and be ye lifted up, ye ev- 
erlasting doors, and the King of glory shall come in. 

Who is this King of glory ? The Lord strong and mighty, 
the Lord mighty in battle. 

Lift up your heads, O ye gates — even lift them up, ye ev- 
erlasting doors, and the King of glory shall come in. 

Who is this King of glory ? The Lord of hosts, he is 
the King of glory. Selah. 



DANTE AND MILTON. 

Macaulat. 
Milton was, like Dante, a statesman and a lover, and, like 
Dante, he had been unfortunate in ambition and in love. 
He had survived his health and his sight, and the comforts 
of his home and the prosperity of his party. Of the great 
men by whom he had been distinguished on his entrance 



376 MANUAL OF READING. 

into life, some had been taken away from the evil to come, 
some had carried into foreign climates their unconquerable 
hatred to oppression, some were pining .in dungeons, and 
some had poured forth their blood on scaffolds. That hate- 
ful proscription facetiously termed the Act of Indemnity and 
Oblivion had set a mark on the poor, blind, deserted poet, 
and held him up by name to the hatred of a profligate court 
and an inconstant people. Venal and licentious scribblers, 
with just sufficient talent to clothe the thoughts of a pan- 
der in the style of a bellman, were now the favorite writers 
of the sovereign and the public. It was a loathsome herd, 
which could be compared to nothing so fitly as to the rab- 
ble of Comus — grotesque monsters, half bestial, half human, 
dropping with wine, bloated with gluttony, and reeling in 
obscene dances. Amid these his muse was placed, like the 
chaste lady of the mask, lofty, spotless, and serene, to be 
chatted at, and pointed at, and grinned at by the whole 
tribe of satyrs and goblins. 

If ever despondency could be excused in any man, it 
might have been excused in Milton. But the strength of 
his mind overcame every calamity. Neither blindness, nor 
gout, nor penury, nor age, nor domestic afflictions, nor polit- 
ical disappointments, nor abuse, nor proscription, nor neg- 
lect had power to disturb his sedate and majestic patience. 
His spirits do not seem to have been high, but they were 
singularly equable. His temper was serious, perhaps stern, 
but it was a temper which no suffering could render sullen 
or fretful. Such as it was when, on the eve of great events, 
he returned from his travels, in the prime of health and 
manly beauty, such it continued to be when, after having 
experienced every calamity which is incident to our nature 
— old, poor, sightless, and disgraced — he retired to his hovel 
to die ! 



GABRIEL GRUB. 

Charles Dickens. 
In an old abbey-town down in this part of the country, a 
long, long while ago, there officiated as sexton and grave- 
digger one Gabriel Grub. 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 377 

A little before twilight one Christmas eve, Gabriel shoul- 
dered his spade, lighted his lantern, and betook himself to- 
wards the old church-yard, for he had got a grave to finish 
by next morning, and, feeling very low, he thought it might 
raise his spirits, perhaps, if he went on with his work at once. 
As he wended his way up the ancient street, he saw the 
cheerful light of the blazing fires gleam through the old 
casements, and heard the loud laugh and the cheerful shouts 
of those who were assembled around them ; he marked the 
bustling preparations for next day's good cheer, and smelt 
the numerous savory odors consequent thereupon, as they 
steamed up from the kitchen windows in clouds. All this 
was gall and wormwood to the heart of Gabriel Grub ; and 
as groups of children bounded out of the houses, tripped 
across the road, and were met, before they could knock at 
the opposite door, by half a dozen curly-headed little rascals, 
who crowded round them as they flocked up stairs to spend 
the evening in their Christmas games, Gabriel smiled grimly, 
and clutched the handle of his spade with a firmer grasp as 
he thought of measles, scarlet fever, thrush, whooping-cough, 
and a good many other sources of consolation beside. 

In this happy frame of mind Gabriel strode along, return- 
ing a short, sullen growl to the good-humored greetings of 
such of his neighbors as now and then passed him, until he 
turned into the dark lane which led to the church-yard. Now 
he had been looking forward to reaching the dark lane, be- 
cause it was, generally speaking, a nice, gloomy, mournful 
place, and he was not a little indignant to hear a young ur- 
chin roaring out some jolly song about a merry Christmas 
in this very sanctuary. So Gabriel waited till the boy came 
up, and then dodged him into a corner, and rapped him over 
the head with his lantern five or six times, just to teach him 
to modulate his voice. And as the boy hurried away with 
his hand to his head, singing quite a different sort of tune, 
Gabriel Grub chuckled very heartily to himself, and entered 
the church-yard, locking the door behind him. 

He took off his coat, set down his lantern, and, getting 
into the unfinished grave, worked at it for an hour or so 
with right good will. But the earth was hardened with the 



378 MANUAL OF HEADING. 

frost, and it was no very easy matter to break it up and 
shovel it out ; and, although there was a moon, it was a very 
young one, and shed little light upon the grave, which was 
in the shadow of the church. At any other time these ob- 
stacles would have made Gabriel Grub very moody and 
miserable ; but he was so well pleased with having stopped 
the small boy's singing that he took little heed of the scanty 
progress he had made, and looked down into the grave, when 
he had finished work for the night, with grim satisfaction, 
murmuring, as he gathered up his things, 

" Brave lodgings for one, brave lodgings for one, 
A few feet of cold earth when life is done. " 

" Ho ! ho !" laughed Gabriel Grub, as he sat himself down 
on a flat tomb-stone, which was a favorite resting-place of 
his, and drew forth his wicker bottle ; " a coffin at Christ- 
mas — a Christmas-box. Ho ! ho ! ho !" 

" Ho ! ho ! ho !" repeated a voice, which sounded close be- 
hind him. 

Gabriel paused in some alarm, in the act of raising the 
wicker bottle to his lips, and looked round. The bottom of 
the oldest grave about him was not more still and quiet 
than the church-yard in the pale moonlight. The frost glis- 
tened on the tomb-stones, and sparkled like- rows of gems 
among the stone carvings of the old church. Not the faint- 
est rustle broke the profound tranquillity of the solemn 
scene. Sound itself appeared to be frozen up — all was so 
cold and still. 

" It was the echoes," said Gabriel Grub, raising the bottle 
to his lips again. 

" It was not" said a deep voice. 

Gabriel started up, and stood rooted to the spot with as- 
tonishment and terror, for his eyes rested on a form which 
made his blood run cold. 

Seated on an upright tomb-stone, close to him, was a 
strange, unearthly figure, whom Gabriel felt at once was no 
being of this world. His long, fantastic legs, which might 
have reached the ground, were cocked up, and crossed after 
a quaint, fantastic fashion ; his sinewy arms were bare, and 
his hands rested on his knees. On his short, round body he 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 379 

wore a close covering, ornamented with small slashes, and 
a short cloak dangled on his back ; the collar was cut into 
curious peaks, which served the goblin in lieu of ruff or neck- 
erchief; and his shoes curled up at the toes into long points. 
On his head he wore a broad-brimmed sugar-loaf hat, gar- 
nished with a single feather. The hat was covered with 
the white frost, and the goblin looked as if he had sat on 
the same tomb-stone very comfortably for two or three hun- 
dred years. He was sitting perfectly still ; his tongue was 
put out, as if in derision ; and he was grinning at Gabriel 
Grub with such a grin as only a goblin could call up. 

" It was not the echoes," said the goblin. 

Gabriel Grub was paralyzed, and could make no reply. 

" What do you do here on Christmas eve ?" said the gob- 
lin, sternly. 

" I came to dig a grave, sir," stammered Gabriel Grub. 

" What man wanders among graves and church-yards on 
such a night as this ?" said the goblin. 

" Gabriel Grub ! Gabriel Grub !" screamed a wild chorus 
of voices that seemed to fill the church-yard. Gabriel look- 
ed fearfully round — nothing was to be seen. 

" What have you got in that bottle ?" said the goblin. 

" Hollands, sir," replied the sexton, trembling more than 
ever ; for he had bought it of the smugglers, and he thought 
that perhaps his questioner might be in the excise depart- 
ment of the goblins. 

" Who drinks Hollands in a church-yard on such a night 
as this ?" said the goblin. 

" Gabriel Grub ! Gabriel Grub !" exclaimed the wild voices 
again. 

The goblin leered maliciously at the terrified sexton, and 
then, raising his voice, exclaimed, 

"And who, then, is our fair and lawful prize ?" 

To this inquiry the invisible chorus replied, in a strain 
that sounded like the voices of many choristers singing to 
the mighty swell of the old . church organ — a strain that 
seemed borne to the sexton's ears upon a gentle wind, and 
to die away as its soft breath passed onward ; but the bur- 
den of the reply was still the same — " Gabriel Grub ! Ga- 
briel Grub !" 



380 MANUAL OF READING. 

The goblin grinned a broader grin than before as he said, 
" Well, Gabriel, what do you say to this ?" 

The sexton gasped for breath. 

"It's — it's — very curious, sir, very curious, and very 
pretty ; but I think I'll go back and finish my work, sir, if 
you please." 

" Work !" said the goblin ; " what work ?" 

" The grave, sir — making the grave," stammered the sex- 
ton. 

" Oh, the grave, eh ?" said the goblin ; " who makes graves 
at a time when all other men are merry, and takes a pleas- 
ure in it ?" 

Again the mysterious voices replied, " Gabriel Grub ! Ga- 
briel Grub !" 

" I'm afraid my friends want you, Gabriel — I'm afraid my 
friends want you." 

" Under favor, sir, I don't think they can, sir ; they don't 
know me, sir ; I don't think the gentlemen have ever seen 
me, sir." 

"Oh, yes they have." "We know the man with the 
sulky face and the grim scowl, that came down the street 
to-night, throwing his evil looks at the children, and grasp- 
ing his burying-spade the tighter. We know the man that 
struck the boy, in the envious malice of his heart, because 4 
the boy could be merry and he could not. We know him 
— we know him." 

" I— I — am afraid I must leave you, sir." 

" Leave us ! Gabriel Grub going to leave us ! Ho ! ho ! 
ho!" 

As the goblin laughed, the sexton observed for one in- 
stant a brilliant illumination within the windows of the 
church, as if the whole building were lighted up ; it disap- 
peared, the organ pealed forth a lively air, and whole troops 
of goblins, the very counterpart of the first one, poured into 
the church-yard, and began playing at leap-frog with the 
tomb-stones, never stopping for an instant to take breath, but 
overing the highest among them, one after the other, with 
the most marvelous dexterity. The first goblin was a most 
astonishing leaper, and none of the others could come near 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 381 

him. Even in the extremity of his terror, the sexton could 
not help observing that, while his friends were content to 
leap over the common-sized grave-stones, the first one took 
the family vaults, iron railings and all, with as much ease as 
if they had been so many street-posts. 

At last the game reached to a most exciting pitch ; the 
organ played quicker and quicker, and the goblins leaped 
faster and faster, coiling themselves up, rolling head over 
heels upon the ground, and bounding over the tomb-stones 
like foot-balls. The sexton's brain whirled round with the 
rapidity of the motion he beheld, and his legs reeled beneath 
him as the spirits flew before his eyes, when the goblin-king 
suddenly darted towards him, laid his hand upon his collar, 
and sank with him through the earth. 

When Gabriel Grub had had time to fetch his breath, 
which the rapidity of his descent had for the moment taken 
away, he found himself in what appeared to be a large cav- 
ern, surrounded on all sides by crowds of goblins, ugly and 
grim. In the centre of the room, on an elevated seat, was 
stationed his friend of the church-yard, and close beside 
him stood Gabriel Grub himself, without the power of mo- 
tion. 

" Cold to-night," said the king of the goblins — " very cold. 
A glass of something warm, here." 

At this command, half a dozen officious goblins, with a 
perpetual smile upon their faces, whom Gabriel Grub imag- 
ined to be courtiers on that account, hastily disappeared, 
and presently returned with a goblet of liquid fire, which 
they presented to the king. 

" Ah !" said the goblin, whose cheeks and throat were 
quite transparent as he tossed down the flame, " this warms 
one indeed ; bring a bumper of the same for Mr. Grub." 

It was in vain for the unfortunate sexton to protest that 
he was not in the habit of taking any thing warm at night; 
for one of the goblins held him, while another poured the 
blazing liquid down his throat; and the whole assembly 
screeched with laughter as he coughed, and choked, and 
wiped away the tears which gushed plentifully from his 
eyes after swallowing the burning draught. 



382 MANUAL OF READING. 

" And now," said the king, fantastically poking the taper 
corner of his sugar-loaf hat into the sexton's eye, and there- 
by occasioning him the most exquisite- pain — " and now 
show the man of misery and gloom a few of the pictures 
from our own great store-house." 

As the goblin said this, a thick cloud, which obscured the 
farther end of the cavern, rolled gradually away, and dis- 
closed, apparently at a great distance, a small and scantily- 
furnished, but neat and clean apartment. A crowd of little 
children were gathered round a bright fire, clinging to their 
mother's gown, and gamboling round her chair. The moth- 
er occasionally rose, and drew aside the window-curtain, as 
if to look for some expected object. A frugal meal was 
ready spread upon the table, and an elbow-chair was placed 
near the fire. A knock was heard at the door ; the mother 
opened it, and the children crowded round her, and clapped 
their hands for joy as their father entered. He was wet and 
weary, and shook the snow from his garments as the chil- 
dren crowded round him, and, seizing his cloak, hat, stick, 
and gloves with busy zeal, ran with them from the room. 
Then, as he sat down to his meal before the fire, the children 
climbed about his knee, and the mother sat by his side, and 
all seemed happiness and comfort. 

But a change came upon the view almost imperceptibly. 
The scene was altered to a small bedroom, where the fairest 
and youngest child lay dying ; the roses had fled from his 
cheek, and the light from his eye ; and, even as the sexton 
looked upon him, with an interest he had never felt or known 
before, he died. His young brothers and sisters crowded 
round his little bed, and seized his tiny hand, so cold and 
heavy; but they shrank back from its touch, and looked with 
awe on his infant face ; for, calm and tranquil as it was, and 
sleeping in rest and peace, as the beautiful child seemed to 
be, they saw that he was dead, and they knew that he was 
an angel looking down upon them and blessing them from 
a bright and happy heaven. 

Again the light cloud passed across the picture, and again 
the subject changed. The father and mother were old and 
helpless now, and the number of those about them was di- 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 383 

minished more than half; but content and cheerfulness sat 
on every face, and beamed in every eye, as they crowded 
round the fireside, and told and listened to old stories of ear- 
lier and by-gone days. Slowly and peacefully the father 
sank into the grave, and, soon after, the sharer of all his 
cares and troubles followed him to a place of rest and peace. 
The few who yet survived them knelt by their tomb, and 
watered the green turf which covered it with their tears ; 
then rose, and turned away sadly and mournfully, but not 
with bitter cries or despairing lamentations, for they knew 
that they should one day meet again ; and once more they 
mixed with the busy world, and their content and cheerful- 
ness were restored. The cloud settled upon the picture, and 
concealed it from the sexton's view. 

" What do you think of that ?" said the goblin, turning 
his large face toward Gabriel Grub. 

Gabriel murmured out something about its being very 
pretty, and looked somewhat ashamed as the goblin bent 
his fiery eyes upon him. 

" You a miserable man !" said the goblin, in a tone of ex- 
cessive contempt. " You /" He appeared disposed to add 
more, but indignation choked his utterance ; so he lifted up 
one of his very pliable legs, and, flourishing it above his 
head a little, to insure his aim, administered a good sound 
kick to Gabriel Grub; immediately after which, all the 
goblins-in-waiting crowded round the wretched sexton, and 
kicked him without mercy, according to the established and 
invariable custom of courtiers upon earth, who kick whom 
royalty kicks, and hug whom royalty hugs. 

" Show him some more," said the king of the goblins. 

At these words the cloud was again dispelled, and a rich 
and beautiful landscape was disclosed to view. The sun 
shone from out the clear blue sky, the water sparkled be- 
neath his rays, and the trees looked greener, and the flowers 
more gay, beneath his cheerful influence. The water rippled 
oh with a pleasant sound, the trees rustled in the light wind 
that murmured among their leaves, the birds sang upon the 
boughs, and the lark caroled on high her welcome to the 
morning. Yes, it was morning, the bright, balmy morning 



384 MANUAL OF READING. 

of summer ; the minutest leaf, the smallest blade of grass, 
was instinct with life. Man walked forth, elated with the 
scene, and all was brightness and splendor. 

" You a miserable man !" said the king of the goblins, in 
a more contemptuous tone than before. And again the 
king of the goblins gave his leg a flourish ; again it de- 
scended on the shoulders of the sexton; and again the at- 
tendant goblins imitated the example of their chief. 

Many a time the cloud went and came, and many a les- 
son it taught to Gabriel Grub, who, although his shoulders 
smarted with pain from the frequent applications of the 
goblins' feet thereunto, looked on with an interest which 
nothing could diminish. He saw that men who worked 
hard, and earned their scanty bread with lives of labor, were 
cheerful and happy, and that to the most ignorant^ the 
sweet face of nature was a never-failing source of cheerful- 
ness and joy. Above all, he saw that men like himself, who 
snarled at the mirth and cheerfulness of others, were the 
foulest weeds on the fair surface of the earth; and, setting 
all the good of the world against the evil, he came to the 
conclusion that it was a very decent and respectable sort of 
a world after all. No sooner had he formed it than the 
cloud which had closed over the last picture seemed to set- 
tle on his senses, and lull him to repose. One by one the 
goblins faded from his sight, and as the last one disappear- 
ed he sank to sleep. 

The day had broken when Gabriel Grub awoke, and found 
himself lying at full length on the flat grave-stone in the 
church-yard, with the wicker bottle lying empty by his side, 
and his coat, spade, and lantern, well whitened by the last 
night's frost, scattered on the ground. The stone on which 
he had first seen the goblin seated stood bolt upright before 
him, and the grave at which he had worked the night be- 
fore was not far off. At first he began to doubt the reality 
of his adventures; but the acute pain in his shoulders, when 
he attempted to rise, assured him that the kicking of the 
goblins was certainly not ideal. He was staggered again 
by observing no traces of footsteps in the snow on which 
the goblins had played at leap-frog with the grave-stones ; 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 385 

but he speedily accounted for this circumstance when he 
remembered that, being spirits, they would leave no visible 
impression behind them. So Gabriel Grub got on his feet 
as well as he could for the pain in his back, and, brushing 
the frost off his coat, put it on, and turned his face toward 
the town. 

But he was an altered man, and he could not bear the 
thought of returning to a place where his repentance would 
be scoffed at, and his reformation disbelieved. He hesitated 
for a few moments, and then turned away to wander where 
he might, and seek his bread elsewhere. 

The lantern, the spade, and the wicker bottle w T ere found 
that day in the church-yard. There were a great many 
speculations about the sexton's fate at first, but it was 
speedily determined that he had been carried away by the 
goblins ; and there were not wanting some very credible 
witnesses who had distinctly seen him whisked through the 
air on the back of a chestnut horse blind of one eye, with 
the hind quarters of a lion, and the tail of a bear. At length 
all this was devoutly believed ; and the new sexton used to 
exhibit to the curious, for a trifling emolument, a good-sized 
piece of the church weathercock which had been accident- 
ally kicked off by the aforesaid horse in his aerial flight, and 
picked up by himself in the church-yard a year or two after- 
ward. 

Unfortunately, these stories were somewhat disturbed by 
the unlooked-for reappearance of Gabriel Grub himself some 
ten years afterward, a ragged, contented, rheumatic old 
man. He told his story to the clergyman,. and also to the 
mayor, and in course of time it began to be received as a 
matter of history, in which form it has continued down to 
this very day. The believers in the weathercock tale, hav- 
ing misplaced their confidence once, were not easily pre- 
vailed upon to part with it again, so they looked as wise as 
they could, shrugged their shoulders, touched their fore- 
heads, and murmured something about Gabriel Grub's hav- 
ing drunk all the Hollands, and then fallen asleep on the flat 
tomb-stone ; and they affected to explain what he supposed 
he had witnessed in the goblins' cavern by saying he had 

R 



386 MANUAL OF READING. 

seen the world and grown wiser. But this opinion, which 
was by no means a popular one at any time, gradually died 
off; and, be the matter how it may, as Gabriel Grub was 
afflicted with rheumatism to the end of his days, this story 
has at least one moral, if it teach no better one — and that 
is, that if a man turns sulky and drinks at Christmas time, 
he may make up his mind to be not a bit the better for it, 
let the spirits be ever so good, or let them be even as many 
degrees beyond proof as those which Gabriel Grub saw in 



PATRICK O'ROURKE AND THE FROGS.— A Cold-water Story. 

George W. Bungay. 

Saint Patrick did a vast deal of good in his day : he not 
only drove the snakes out of Ireland, but he also drove away 
the frogs ; at least I judge so from the fact that Patrick 
O'Rourke was unfamiliar with the voices of these noisy hy- 
dropaths. Pat had been visiting at the house of a friend, 
and he had, unfortunately, imbibed more whisky than ordi- 
nary mortals can absorb with safety to their persons. On 
his home return the road was too narrow, and he performed 
wonderful feats in his endeavors to maintain the centre of 
gravity. Now he seemed to exert his best efforts to walk 
on both sides of the road at the same time ; then he would 
fall, and feel upward for the ground ; then he would slowly 
pick himself up, and the ground would rise and hit him 
square in the face. By the time he reached the meadow- 
lands, located about half way between his home and the 
shanty of his friend, he was somewhat sobered by the ups 
and downs he had experienced on the way. 

Hearing strange voices, he stopped suddenly to ascertain, 
if possible, the purport of their language. Judge his aston- 
ishment when he heard his own name distinctly called — 
" Patrick O'Rourke— Patrick O'Rourke." 

" Faith, that's my name, sure." 

" Patrick O'Rourke — Patrick — O'Rourke — Rourke — 
Rourke." 

" What do ye want o' the likes o' me ?" he inquired. 

" When did ye come over — come over — come — over ?" 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 387 

" It is jist tree months ago to the minute ; and a bad 
time we had, sure, for we were all say-sick, and the passage 
lasted six long wakes." 

" What will ye do— do— do ? What will ye do— do— do ?" 

" I have nothing to do at all at all, but then I can do any 
thing ; I can dig, I can tind mason, and I can hould office if 
I can git it." 

" You are drunk — you are drunk — drunk — drunk — drunk 
— drunk." 

" By my sowl, that's a lie." 

"You are drunk — dead drunk — drunk — drunk." 

" Repate that same, if ye dare, and I will take me shillaly 
to ye." 

"You are drunk — dead drunk — drunk — drunk." 

" Jist come out here, now, and stip on the tail o' me coat, 
like a man," exclaimed Pat, in high dudgeon, pulling off his 
coat and trailing it upon the ground. 

" Strike him — strike him — strike — strike — strike." 

" Come on wid ye ! I'm a broth of a boy ; come on." 

"Knock him down — down — down." 

"I will take any one in the crowd; and, if Mike Mulligan 
was here, we wud take all of yees at onct." 

"Kill him— kill him— kill him." 

" Och, murther ! sure ye wud not be after murtherin' me ; 
I was not oncivil to ye. Go back to Pate Dogan's wid me 
now, and I will trate ivery one o' yees." 

" We don't drink rum — rum — rum." 

"And are ye all Father Mathew men?" 

" We are all cold-water men — water men." 

" Take me advice, now, and put a little whasky in the wa- 
ther, darlings ; it will kape the cowld out whin yees git wet, 
and so it will." 

"Moderation — moderation — moderation." 

" Yis, that's the talk. But ye are a set o' fut-pads and 
highwaymen, hidin' behind the rocks and the traas. Whin 
I onct git to Watertown I will sind Father Fairbanks after 
ye, and he will chuck ye into the pond, as he did that thafe 
who stole the public money, and he will howld ye there un- 
til ye confess, or he will take yees to the perleese." 



388 MANUAL OF READING. 

"Come on, boys — chase him — chase him." 

" Faith and I won't run, but I will jist walk right along ; 
for if any o' me frinds should find me here in sich company, 
at this hour o' the night, they wud think I was thryin' for 
to stale somethin'. Take me advice, boys, and go home, for 
it's goin' for to rain, and ye will git wet to the skin if ye 
kape sich late hours." 

" Catch him — catch him — catch him." 

" Sure ye'd betther not, for I haven't got a cint wid me, 
or I'd lave it in yer jackets. What's the use o' stalin' all a 
man has whin he has jist nothin' at all at all. Bad luck to 
ye for botherin' me so." 

About this time the frog-concert was in full tune, and the 
hoarse chorus so alarmed Pat that he took to his heels, for 
he was now sober enough to run. 



A CAMP-MEETING IN TEXAS. 
In September, 1836, the following notice might have been 
seen upon the doors of every public house and grocery, at- 
tached to the largest trees near the cross-roads and princi- 
pal trails, and even in the remote dells of the mountains of 
Texas, miles away from a human habitation : 

"Barbecue Camp-meeting. 

"There will be a camp-meeting, to commence the last 
Monday of this month, at the Double-spring Grove, near Pe- 
ter Brinton's, in the county of Shelby. 

" The exercises will open with a splendid barbecue. 

" The preparations are being made to suit all tastes : 
there will be a good barbecue, better liquor, and the best 
of Gospel. (Signed) Paul Denton, Missionary, M. E. C." 

The day came, and, as he had anticipated, the meat and 
drink brought a crowd — a motley crowd of hunters and 
herdsmen, gamblers and refugees, forgers, thieves, robbers, 
and murderers — the very ears he wished to reach. A so- 
cial pandemonium, unprincipled, without courts, or prisons, 
or churches, or school-houses, or even the shadow of civil 
authority or subordination. 

Hence all prudent evangelists soon learned to shun the 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 389 

left bank of the Sabine as if it had been infested by a cohort 
of demons. 

The tumult was deafening — a tornado of babbling tongues 
talking, shouting, quarreling, betting, and cursing for amuse- 
ment. Suddenly a cry arose: " Colonel Watt. Foeman — 
hurrah for Colonel Watt. Foeman /" and the crowd parted 
right and left to let the lion lyncher pass. The loadstar 
advanced with a satanic countenance, ferocious — murderous. 
He was a tall, athletic, powerful man ; his train, a dozen arm- 
ed desperadoes. He ordered the dinner served, and it was 
spread before him. When prepared to commence the sump- 
tuous repast, a voice pealed from the pulpit loud as the blast 
of a trumpet in battle, "Stay, gentlemen and ladies, till the 
giver of the barbecue asks God's blessing /" 

Every ear started, every eye was directed to the speaker, 
and a whisperless silence ensued, for all alike were struck by 
his remarkable appearance. He was a giant in stature, 
though scarcely twenty years of age ; his hair, dark as the 
raven's wing, flowed down his immense shoulders in masses 
of natural ringlets more beautiful than any ever wreathed 
around the jeweled brow of a queen by the labored achieve- 
ments of human art ; his eyes, black as midnight, beamed 
like stars over a face as pale as Parian marble — calm, pas- 
sionless, spiritual. The heterogeneous mass gazed in mute 
astonishment. The missionary prayed, but it sounded like no 
other prayer ever addressed to the throne of the Almighty. 
It contained no encomiums on the splendors of the divine 
attributes — no petitions in the tones of command — no ori- 
sons for distant places, times, or objects ; it related exclu- 
sively to the present people and the present hour : it was 
the cry of the naked soul, and that soul a beggar for the 
bread and water of eternal life. "JYbw, my friends," he said, 
"partake of God's gifts at the table, and then come and sit 
down, and listen to his Gospel." 

One heart, however humbled the rest, was maddened by 
the preacher's wonderful powers. Colonel Watt. Foeman 
exclaimed, in a sneering voice, " Mr. Paul Denton, your rev- 
erence has lied. You promised us not only a good barbe- 
cue, but better liquor ; where is your liquor ?" 



390 MANUAL OF READING. 

"There !" answered the missionary, in tones of thunder, 
and pointing his motionless finger at the double spring 
gushing up in two strong columns, with a sound like a 
shout of joy, from the bosom of the earth. "There!" he 
repeated, with a look terrible as lightning, while his enemy 
actually trembled at his feet; "there is the liquor which 
God, the Eternal, brews for all his children ! Not in the 
simmering still, over smoking fires, choked with poisonous 
gases, and surrounded with the stench of sickening odors 
and rank corruption, doth your Father in heaven prepare 
the precious essence of life, pure cold water. But in the 
green glade and grassy dell, where the red deer wanders 
and the child loves to play, there God himself brews it ; 
and down, low down in the deepest valleys, where the foun- 
tains murmur and the rills sing — and high upon the moun- 
tain-tops, where the naked granite glitters like gold in the 
sun, where the storm-cloud broods and the thunder-storms 
crash — and away, far away out on the wide, wide sea, where 
the hurricane howls music, and big waves roar the chorus, 
* sweeping the march of God' — there he brews it, that bever- 
age of life, health-giving water ! 

"And every where it is a thing of beauty. Gleaming in 
the dew-drop, singing in the summer rain, shining in the ice- 
gem till the trees seem turned to living jewels, spreading a 
golden veil over the setting sun, or a white gauze around 
the midnight moon ; sporting in the cataract, sleeping in the 
glacier, dancing in the hail-shower, folding bright snow-cur- 
tains softly above the wintry world, and weaving the many- 
colored iris, that seraph's zone of the sky, whose warp is the 
rain of earth, whose woof is the sunbeam of heaven, all 
checkered over with celestial-flowers by the mystic hand of 
rarefaction — still always it is beautiful, that blessed cold wa- 
ter ! No poison bubbles on its brink — its foam brings not 
madness and murder — no blood stains its liquid glass — pale 
widows and starving orphans weep not burning tears in its 
clear depths — no drunkard's shrieking ghost from the grave 
curses it in words of despair ! Speak out, my friends ; would 
you exchange it for the demon's drink — alcohol ?" 

A shout like the roar of the tempest answered " No ! no !" 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 391 



AN IRISH LETTER. 

Tullymucclescrag, Parish of Ballyraggett, near ) 
Ballyslughgathey, Sunday (God bless us), 1864.^ 
My dear Nephew, — I haven't sent ye a letther since the 
last time I wrote to ye, bekase we have moved from our 
former place of livin', and I didn't know where a letther 
would find ye ; but I now with pleasure take up me pin to 
inform ye of the death of yer own livin' uncle, Ned Fitzpat- 
rick, who died very suddenly last week afther a lingerin' 
illness of six months. The poor fellow was in violent con- 
vulsions the whole time of his sickness, lyin' perfectly quiet, 
speechless, all the while talkin' incoherently, and cryin' for 
wather. I had no opportunity of informin' ye of his death 
sooner, except I wrote to ye by the last post, which same 
went off two days before he died ; and then ye would have 
postage to pay. I'm at a loss to tell what his death was 
occasioned by, but I fear it was by his last sickness, for he 
was niver well ten days togither durin' the whole of his 
confinement, and I believe his death was brought about by 
his aitin' too much of rabbit stuffed with pais and gravy, or 
pais and gravy stuffed with rabbit ; but, be that as it may, 
when he brathed his last, the docther gave up all hope of 
his recovery. I needn't tell ye any thing about his age, for 
ye well know that in March next he would have been just 
seventy-five years old lackin' ten months, and, had he lived 
till that time, would have been just six months dead. His 
property now devolves to his next of kin, which all died 
some time ago, so that I expect it will be divided between 
us ; and ye 'know his property, which was very large, was 
sold to pay his debts, and the remainder he lost at a horse- 
race ; but it was the opinion of ivery body at the time. that 
he would have won the race if the baste he run aginst hadn't 
been too fast for him. 

I niver saw a man in all my life, and the docthers all said 
so, that observed directions or took medicine betther than 
he did. He said he would as leve dhrink bitter as sweet if 
it had only the same taste, and ipecakana as whisky-punch 
if it would only put him in the same humor for fightin'. 



392 MANUAL OF READING. 

But, poor sowl ! he will niver ate or dhrink any more, and 
ye haven't a livin' relation in the world except meself and 
yer two cousins who were kilt in the last war. I can not 
dwell on the mournful subject any longer, and shall sale me 
letther with black salin'-wax, and put in it yer uncle's coat- 
of-arms. So I beg ye not to brake the sale when ye open 
the letther, and don't open it until two or three days afther 
ye resave this, and by that time ye will be well prepared 
for the sorrowful tidings. Yer old sweetheart sinds her 
love unknownst to ye. When Jary McGhee arrives in 
America, ax him for this letther, and if he don't brung it 
from amongst the rest, tell him it's the one that spakes 
about yer uncle's death, and saled in black. 

I remain yer affectionate ould grandmother, 

Beidget O'Hoolegoin. 

P.S. — Don't write till ye resave this. 

N.B. — When yez come to this place, stop, and don't rade 
any more until my next. 

Direct to Larry O'Hoolegoin, late of the Town of Tully- 
mucclescrag, Parish of Bally raggett, near Bally slughgathey, 
County of Kilkenny, Ireland. 



SCENE EEOM EICHAED III.* 

Shakspeare. 

King Richard, starting out of his dream. 

(h.) (ff.) Rich. Give me another horse — bind up my wounds — 

Have mercy, Jesu ! (p.) Soft; I did but dream. 
(tr.) Oh coward conscience, how dost thou afflict me ! 

The lights burn blue. It is now dead midnight. 

Cold, fearful drops stand on my trembling flesh. 

What do I fear ? Myself? There's none else by : 

Richard loves Richard ; that is, Jam I. 

Is there a murderer here ? !N"o — yes ; I am. 

Then fly. What, from myself? Great reason ! Why ? 

Lest I revenge. What ? Myself on myself? 

* Eichard HE was born in 1452. By successive murders he reached the 
throne. In this extract he appears just after waking from a fearful dream, 
wherein the ghosts of his victims appear to him. 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 393 

I love myself. Wherefore? For any good 

That I myself have done unto myself? 

Oh no ; alas ! I rather hate myself 

For hateful deeds committed by myself. 

I am a villain ; yet I lie — I am not. 

Fool, of thyself speak well — fool, do not flatter. 

My conscience hath a thousand several tongues, 
(<) And every tongue brings in a several tale, 
(<) And every tale condemns me for a villain, 
{ff.) Perjury, perjury in the high'st degree, 

Murder, stern murder, in the dir'st degree, 

All several sins, all used in each degree, 

Throng to the bar, crying all, (h.) (ff.) Guilty ! guilty ! 
(1.) I shall despair. There is no creature loves me ; 

And, if I die, no soul will pity me : 

Nay, wherefore should they ? since that I myself 

Find in myself no pity to myself. 

Methought the souls of all that I had murdered 

Came to my tent ; and every one did threat 

To-morrow's vengeance on the head of Richard. 



SCENE FROM THE SIEGE OF VALENCIA. 

Mrs. Hemans. 
[Alvar Gonzalez is the Governor of Valencia ; Elmina, his wife. Their 
two sons, Alphonso and Carlos, are held by Abdallah, the chief of 
the besieging army, as hostages of war, the price of whose ransom is 
treason — the yielding of the city of Valencia. Gonzalez enters, having 
on his trappings of war. Elmina addresses him as he enters.] 

Elmina. My noble lord, 

"Welcome from this day's toil ! It is the hour 
Whose shadows, as they deepen, bring repose 
Unto all weary men ; and wilt not thou 
Free thy mailed bosom from the corslet's weight, 
To rest at fall of eve ? 

Gonzalez. There may be rest 

For the tired peasant, when the vesper bell 
Doth send him to his cabin, there to sit 
Watching his children's sports ; but unto me, 
Who speaks of rest ? 

R 2 



394 MANUAL OF READING. 

Elm. Oh why is this ? How my heart sinks. 

G071Z. It must not fail thee yet, 
Daughter of heroes ! Thine inheritance 
Is strength to meet all conflicts. Thou canst number 
In thy long line of glorious ancestry 
Those whom the earth call martyrs ; 

While heaven but claimed their blood, their lives, and not 
The things which grew as tendrils round their hearts — 
No, not their children ! 

Elm. Mean'st thou ? Know'st thou aught ? 
I can not utter it — my sons ! my sons ! 
Is it of them ? Oh, would'st thou speak of them ? 

Gonz. A mother's heart divineth but too well. 

Elm. Speak, I conjure thee ! I can bear it all. 
Where are my children ? 

Gonz. In the Moorish camp ! 

Elm. Say they live ! 

Gonz. They live, but there is asked a ransom far too high. 

Elm. What ! have we wealth 
Which might redeem a monarch, and our sons 
The while wear fetters ? Take thou all for them. 
Thou knowest not how serenely I could take 
The peasant's lot upon me, so my heart 
Amidst its deep affections undisturbed 
May dwell in silence. 

Gonz. Canst thou bear disgrace f 

Elm. We were not born for this. 

Gonz. No, thou say'st well. 
Hold to that lofty faith. But he for whom 
Freedom and life may but be won with shame, 
Hath naught to do save fearlessly to fix 
His steadfast look on* the majestic heavens, 
And proudly die. 

Elm. Gonzalez, who must die ? 

Gonz. They on whose lives a fearful price is set, 
But to be paid by treason. 
Our sons must die unless I yield the city. 

Elm. Is there no hope ? Tell me there is some hope. 



Gonz. Hope but in Sim 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 395 

Who bade the patriarch lay his fair young son 
Bound on the shrine of sacrifice, and when 
The bright steel quivered in the father's hand, 
Just raised to strike, sent forth His awful voice 
Commanding to withhold ! Earth has no hope ; 
It rests with Him. 

Elm. Tliou canst not tell me this — 

Thou, father of my sons, within whose hands 
Doth lie my children's fate ! 

Gonz. Hast thou cause, 

Wife of my youth, to deem it lies within 
The bounds of possible things, that I should link 
My name with that word — traitor f They that sleep 
On their proud battle-fields, thy sires and mine, 
Died not for this. 

Elm. Then their doom is sealed. 

Thou wilt not save thy children ? 

Gonz. Think'st thou Zfeel no pangs ? 
He that hath given me sons doth know the heart 
Whose treasure he recalls. Of this no more ; - 
'Tis vain I tell thee that the inviolate Cross 
Still from our ancient temples must look up 
Through the blue heavens of Spain, though at its foot 
I perish, with my race. 

Elm. Scorn me not 

In mine extreme of misery. Thou art strong ; 
Thy heart is not as mine. My brain grows wild — 
I know not what I ask. And yet 'twere but 
Anticipating fate, since it must fall — 
That Cross must fall. There is no power, 
No hope within this city of the grave, 
To keep its place on high. 

Gonz. We have but to bow the head in silence 
When heaven's voice calls back things we love. 

Elm. Love ! love ! there is none 
In all this cold and hollow world — no fount 
Of deep, strong, deathless love, save that within 
The mother's heart. It is but pride wherewith 
To his fair son the father's eye doth turn, 



396 MANUAL OF BEADING. 

Watching his growth. Ay, on the boy he looks, 

The bright, glad creature springing in his path, 

But as the heir of his great name, the young 

And stately tree whose rising strength ere long 

Shall bear his trophies well. And this is love ! 

This is mail's love ! What marvel ? You ne'er made 

Your breast the pillow of his infancy ; 

You ne'er kept watch 

Beside him till the last pale star had set, 

And morn all dazzling, as in triumph, broke 

On your dim, weary eye. Not yours the face 

Which, early faded through fond care for him, 

Hung o'er his sleep, and, duly as heaven's light, 

Was there to greet his wakening. You ne'er smoothed 

His couch, ne'er sang him to his rosy rest, 

Caught his least whisper, when his voice from yours 

Had learned soft utterance, pressed your lip to his 

When fever parched it, hushed his wayward cries 

With patient, vigilant, never-wearied love ! 

No ; these are woman's tasks. In these her youth, 

And bloom of cheek, and buoyancy of heart 

Steal from her all unmarked. My boys ! my boys ! 

Hath vain affection borne with all for this ? 

Gonz. Is there strength in man 

Thus to endure ? That thou couldst read, through all 
Its depth of silent agony, the heart 
Thy voice of woe doth rend ! 

Elm. Thy heart ! thy heart ! Away ! it feels not now / 
But an hour comes to tame the mighty man 
Unto the infant's weakness ; nor shall Heaven 
Spare you that bitter chastening. May you live 
To be alone when loneliness doth seem 
Most heavy to sustain ! For me, my voice 
Of prayer and fruitless weeping shall be soon 
With all forgotten sounds; my quiet place 
Low with my lovely ones ; and we shall sleep — 
Though kings lead armies o'er us, we shall sleep, 
Wrapped in earth's covering mantle. You the while 
Shall sit within your vast forsaken halls, 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 397 

And hear the wild and melancholy winds 

Moan through their drooping banners, nevermore 

To wave above your race. Ay, then call up 

Shadows, dim phantoms from ancestral tombs, 

To people that cold void. And when the strength 

From your right arm hath melted, when the blast 

Of the shrill clarion gives your heart no more 

A fiery wakening, if at last you pine 

For the glad voices and the bounding steps 

Once through your home re-echoing, and the clasp 

Of twining arms, and all the joyous light 

Of eyes that laughed with y # outh, and made your board 

A place of sunshine — when those days are come, 

Then, in your utter desolation, turn 

To the cold world — the smiling, faithless world, 

Which hath swept past you long — and bid it quench 

Your soul's deep thirst with fame — immortal fame. 

Fame to the sick of heart ! A gorgeous robe — 

A crown of victory unto him that dies 

I' the burning waste for water ! 

Gonz. This from thee ! 
Now the last drop of bitterness is poured. 
Elmina, I forgive thee. 

Aid me, Heaven, 
From whom alone is power. Oh, thou hast set 
Duties so stern of aspect in my path 
They almost to my startled gaze assume 
The hue of things less hallowed. Men have sunk 
Unblamed beneath such trials. Doth not He 
Who made us know the limits of our strength ? 
My wife ! my sons ! Away ! I must not pause 
To give my heart one moment's mastery thus ! 



SCENE FROM THE MERCHANT OF VENICE. 
Belmont. A Room in Portia's Souse. 
Portia. By my troth, Nerissa, my little body is aweary of 
this great world. 

Nerissa. You would be, sweet madam, if your miseries 



398 MANUAL OF HEADING. 

were in the same abundance as your good fortunes are ; and 
yet, for aught I see, they are as sick that surfeit with too 
much as they that starve with nothing. It is no mean hap- 
piness, therefore, to be seated in the mean ; superfluity comes 
sooner by white hairs, but competency lives longer. 

Por. Good sentences and well pronounced. 

JVer. They would be better if well followed. 

Por. If to do were as easy as to know what were good to 
do, chapels had been churches, and poor men's cottages 
princes' palaces. It is a good divine that follows his own 
instructions. I can easier teach twenty what were good to 
be done, than be one of the twenty to follow mine own teach- 
ing. The brain may devise laws for the blood, but a hot 
temper leaps over a cold decree ; such a hare is madness, the 
youth, to skip o'er the meshes of good counsel, the cripple. 
But this reasoning is not in the fashion to choose me a hus- 
band. Oh me ! the word choose ! I may neither choose 
whom I would, nor refuse whom I dislike ; so is the will of 
a living daughter curbed by the will of a dead father. Is it 
not hard, Nerissa, that I can not choose one, nor refuse none? 

JVer. Your father was ever virtuous, and holy men at 
their death have good inspirations; therefore the lottery 
that he hath devised in these three chests of gold, silver, 
and lead (whereof who chooses his meaning, chooses you), 
will, no doubt, never be chosen by any rightly, but one 
whom you shall rightly love. But what warmth is there in 
your affection toward any of these princely suitors that are 
already come ? 

Por. I pray thee overname them; and, as thou namest 
them, I will describe them ; and, according to my descrip- 
tion, level at my affection. 

JVer. First, there is the Neapolitan prince. 

Por. Ay, that's a colt, indeed, for he doth nothing but 
talk of his horse ; and he makes it a great appropriation to 
his own good parts that he can shoe him himself. 

JVer. Then there is the County Palatine. 

Por. He doth nothing but frown, as who should say, 
" And you will not have me choose ;" he hears merry tales 
and smiles not ; I fear he will prove the weeping philoso- 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 399 

plier when he grows old, being so full of unmannerly sad- 
ness in his youth. I had rather be married to a death's- 
head with a bone in his mouth than to either of these. God 
defend me from these two ! 

JVer. How say you by the French lord, Monsieur Le Bon ? 

Por. God made him, and therefore let him pass for a man. 
In truth, I know it is a sin to be a mocker ; but he ! why, he 
hath a horse better than the Neapolitan's ; a better bad hab- 
it of frowning than the Count Palatine. He is every man 
in no man ; if a throstle sing he falls straight a capering ; he 
will fence with his own shadow. If I should marry him I 
should marry twenty husbands. If he would despise me, I 
would forgive him ; for if he love me to madness, I should 
never requite him. 

JVer. What say you, then, to Faulconbridge, the young 
baron of England ? 

Por. You know I say nothing to him, for he understands 
not me, nor I him ; he hath neither Latin, French, nor Ital- 
ian ; and you will come into the court and swear that I have 
a poor pennyworth in the English. He, is a proper man's 
picture ; but, alas ! who can converse with a dumb show ? 
How oddly he is suited ; I think he bought his doublet in 
Italy, his round-hose in France, his bonnet in Germany, and 
his behavior every where. 

JVer. What think you of the Scottish lord, his neighbor ? 

Por. That he hath neighborly charity in him, for he bor- 
rowed a box of the ear of the Englishman, and swore he 
would pay him again when he was able. I think the French- 
man became his surety, and sealed under for another. 

JVer. How like you the young German, the Duke of Sax- 
ony's nephew. 

Por. Very vilely in the morning, when he is sober, and 
most vilely in the afternoon, when he is drunk ; when he is 
best, he is a little worse than a man, and when he is worst, 
he is little better than a beast ; and the worst fall that ever 
fell, I hope I shall make shift to go without him. 

JVer. If he should make offer to choose, and choose the 
right casket, you would refuse to perform your father's will 
if you should refuse to accept him. 



400 MANUAL OF READING. 

JPor. Therefore, for fear of the worst, I pray thee set a 
deep glass of Rhenish wine on the contrary casket ; for, if 
the devil be within, and that temptation without, I know he 
will choose it. I will do any thing, Nerissa, ere I will be 
married to a sponge. 

JVer. You need not fear, lady, the having any of these 
lords ; they have acquainted me with their determinations, 
which is, indeed, to return to their home, and to trouble you 
with no more suit, unless you may be won by some other 
sort than your father's imposition, depending on the caskets. 

For. If I live to be as old as Sibylla, I will die as chaste 
as Diana, unless I be obtained by the manner of my father's 
will. I am glad this parcel of wooers are so reasonable, for 
there is not one among them but I dote on his very absence, 
and I pray God grant them a fair departure. 

JVer. Do you not remember, lady, in your father's time, a 
Venetian, a scholar and a soldier, that came hither in com- 
pany of the Marquis of Montferrat ? 

JPor. Yes, yes; it was Bassanio; as I think, so he was 
called. 

JVer. True, madam ; he, of all the men that ever my fool- 
ish eyes looked upon, was the best deserving a fair lady. 

JPor. I remember him well, and I remember him worthy 
of thy praise. 

Miter a Servant. 
How now ! what news ? 

jServ. The four strangers seek for you, madam, to take 
their leave ; and there is a forerunner come from a fifth, the 
Prince of Morocco, who brings word the prince, his master, 
will be here to-night. 

Por. If I could bid the fifth welcome with so good heart 
as I can bid the other four farewell, I should be glad of his 
approach; if he have the condition of a saint, and the com- 
plexion of a devil, I had rather he should shrive me than 
wive me. 

Come, Nerissa. Sirrah, go before. 

While we shut the door upon one wooer, another knocks 
at the door. [Exeunt. 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 401 



SCENE FROM THE RIVALS. 

Richard Brinsley Sheridan.* 
ACT II. Scene 1. 

Enter Sir Anthony. 

Sir, I am delighted to see you here, and looking so well ; 
your sudden arrival at Bath made me apprehensive for your 
health. 

Sir Anthony. Very apprehensive,!" dare say, Jack. What! 
you are recruiting here, hey ? 

Copt. Absolute. Yes, sir, I am on duty. 

Sir A. Well, Jack, I am glad to see you, though I did not 
expect it ; for I was going to write to you on a little matter 
of business. Jack, I have been considering that I grow old 
and infirm, and shall probably not trouble you long. 

Capt. A. Pardon me, sir, I never saw you look more 
strong and hearty, and I pray fervently that you may con- 
tinue so. 

Sir A. I hope your prayers may be heard, with all my 
heart. Well, then, Jack, I have been considering that I am 
so strong and hearty, I may continue to plague you a long 
time. Now, Jack, I am sensible that the income of your 
commission, and what I have hitherto allowed you, is but a 
small pittance for a lad of your spirit. 

Capt. A. Sir, you are very good. 

Sir A. And it is my wish, while yet I live, to have my 
boy make some figure in the world. I have resolved, there- 
fore, to fix you at once in a noble independence. 

Capt. A. Sir, your kindness overpowers me. Yet, sir, I 
presume you would not wish me to quit the army ? 

Sir A. Oh ! that shall be as your wife chooses. 

Capt. A. My wife, sir ! 

Sir A. Ay, ay, settle that between you — settle that be- 
tween you. 

* The scene of the comedy is laid in Bath. Sir Anthony is a high-spirit- 
ed, kind-hearted old gentleman, and Captain Absolute is his nephew, whom 
he pets and scolds. The lady that Sir Anthony proposes for his nephew is 
really the lady that the captain loves, but he, in ignorance of that fact, re- 
jects the proposition with determination. 



402 MANUAL OF READING. 

Capt. A. A wife, sir, did you say ? 

Sir A. Ay, a wife — why, did not I mention her before ? 

Capt. A. Not a word of her, sir. 

Sir A. Odds so ! I mustn't forget her, though. Yes, Jack, 
the independence I was talking of is by a marriage — the 
fortune is saddled with a wife ; but I suppose that makes no 
difference. 

Capt. A. Sir ! sir ! you amaze me ! 

Sir A. "Why, what the deuce is the matter with the fool ? 
Just now you were all gratitude and duty. 

Capt. A. I was, sir ; you talked to me of independence 
and a fortune, but not a word of a wife. 

Sir A. Why — what difference does that make ? Odds 
life, sir, if you have the estate, you must take it with the 
live-stock on it, as it stands. 

Capt. A. Pray, sir, who is the lady ? 

Sir A. What's that to you, sir ? Come, give me your 
promise to love and marry her directly. 

Capt. A. Sure, sir, this is not very reasonable, to summon 
my affections for a lady I know nothing of. 

Sir A. I am sure, sir, 'tis more unreasonable in you to ob- 
ject to a lady you know nothing of. 

Capt. A. You must excuse me, sir, if I tell you, once for 
all, that in this point I can not obey you. 

Sir A. Hark ye, Jack ! I have heard you for some time 
with patience ; I have been cool — quite cool ; but take care ; 
you know I am compliance itself — when I am not thwarted ; 
no one more easily led — when I have my own way; but 
don't put me in a frenzy. 

Capt. A. " Sir, I must repeat it ; in this I can not obey you. 

Sir A. Now, hang me if ever I call you Jack again while 
I live ! 

Capt. A. Nay, sir, but hear me. 

Sir A. Sir, I won't hear a word — not a word — not one 
word ; so give me your promise by a nod. And I'll tell you 
what, Jack — I mean you dog — if you don't, by — 

Capt. A. What, sir, promise to link myself to some mass 
of ugliness ? 

Sir A. Zounds ! sirrah, the lady shall be as ugly as I 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 403 

choose : she shall have a hump on each shoulder ; she shall 
be as crooked as the Crescent ; she shall have a skin like a 
mummy, and the beard of a Jew — she shall be all this, sir- 
rah ! yet I'll make you ogle her ail day, and sit up all night 
to write sonnets on her beauty. 

Capt. A. This is reason and moderation indeed ! 

Sir A. None of your sneering, puppy ! no grinning, jack- 
anapes ! 

Capt. A. Indeed, sir, I never was in a worse humor for 
mirth in my life. 

Sir A. 'Tis false, sir ; I know you are laughing in your 
sleeve ; I know you'll grin when I am gone, sirrah ! 

Capt. A. Sir, I hope I know my duty better. 

Sir A. None of your passion, sir — none of your violence, 
if you please. It won't do with me, I promise you. 

Capt. A. Indeed, sir, I never was cooler in my life. 

Sir A. 'Tis a confounded lie ! I know you are in a pas- 
sion in your heart ; I know you are, you hypocritical young 
dog ; but it won't do. 

Capt. A. Nay, sir, upon my word — 

Sir A. So, you will fly out ! Can't you be cool, like 
me ? What good can passion do ? Passion is of no serv- 
ice, you impudent, insolent, overbearing reprobate ! There, 
you sneer again ! Don't provoke me ! But you rely upon 
the mildness of my temper — you do, you dog ! you play 
upon the meekness of my disposition ! Yet take care ; the 
patience of a saint may be overcome at last. But, mark ! I 
give you six hours and a half to consider of this: if you 
then agree, without any condition, to do every thing on 
earth that I choose, why — confound you, I may in time for- 
give you; if not, zounds ! don't enter the same hemisphere 
with me; don't dare to breathe the same air, or use the 
same light with me, but get an atmosphere and a sun of 
your own. I'll strip you of your commission ; I'll lodge a 
iive-and-threepence in the hands of trustees, and you shall 
live on the interest. I'll disown you, I'll disinherit you, and 
hang me if ever I call you Jack again. \Exit. 

Capt. A. Mild,gentle, considerate father,! kiss your hands. 



404 MANUAL OF READING. 



QUAKREL SCENE BETWEEN BRUTUS AND CASSIUS. 

Shakspeare. 

Cassius. That you have wronged me doth appear in this 
You have condemned and noted Lucius Pella 
For taking bribes here of the Sardians; 
Wherein my letters, praying on his side, 
Because I knew the man,- were slighted off. 

Brutus. You wronged yourself to write in such a case. 

Cas. In such a time as this, it is not meet 
That every nice offense should bear his comment. 

Bru. Let me tell you, Cassius, you yourself 
Are much condemned to have an itching palm ; 
To sell and mart your offices for gold 
To undeservers. 

Cas. I an itching palm ? 

You know that you are Brutus that speak this, 
Or, by the gods, this speech were else your last. 

Bru. The name of Cassius honors this corruption, 
And chastisement doth therefore hide his head. 

Gas. Chastisement ! 

Bru. Remember March, the ides of March remember. 
Did not great Julius bleed for justice' sake? 
What villain touched his body, that did stab, 
And not for justice ? What, shall one of us, 
That struck the foremost man of all this world 
But for supporting robbers — shall we now 
Contaminate our fingers with base bribes, 
And Sell the mighty space of our large honors 
For so much trash as may be grasped thus ? 
I had rather be a dog, and bay the moon, 
Than such a Roman. 

Cas. Brutus, bay not me ; 

I'll not endure it : you forget yourself 
To hedge me in ; I am a soldier — I, 
Older in practice, abler than yourself 
To make conditions. 

Bru. Go to ; you're not, Cassius. 

Cas. I am. 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 405 

Bru. I say you are not. 

Cas. Urge me no more ; I shall forget myself; 
Have mind upon your health ; tempt me no further. 

Bru. Away, slight man ! 

Cas. Is't possible ? 

Bru. Hear me, for I will speak. 
Must I give way and room to your rash choler ? 
Shall I be frighted when a madman stares ? 

Cas. Oh ye gods ! ye gods ! must I endure all this ? 

Bru. All this ? ay, more : Fret till your proud heart 
breaks ; 
Go show your slaves how choleric you are, 
And make your bondmen tremble. Must I budge ? 
Must I observe you ? Must I stand and crouch 
Under your testy humor ? By the gods, 
You shall digest the venom of your spleen, 
Though it do split you ; for, from this day forth, 
I'll use you for my mirth, yea, for my laughter, 
When you are waspish. 

Cas. Is it come to this ? 

Bru. You say you are a better soldier : 
Let it appear so ; make your vaunting true, 
And it shall please me well : for mine own part, 
I shall be glad to learn of noble men. 

Cas. You wrong me every way ; you wrong me, Brutus ; 
I said an elder soldier, not a better: 
Did I say better ? 

Bru. If you did, I care not. 

Cas. When Caesar lived, he durst not thus have moved 
me. 

Bru. Peace, peace ; you durst not so have tempted him. 

Cas. I durst not ? 

Bru. No. 

Cas. What ? durst not tempt him ? 

Bru. For your life you durst not. 

Cas. Do not presume too much upon my love ; 
I may do that I shall be sorry for. 

Bru. You have done that you should be sorry for. 
There is no terror, Cassius, in your threats ; 



406 MANUAL OF READING. 

For I am armed so strong in honesty, 

That they pass by me as the idle wind, 

Which I respect not. I did send to you 

For certain sums of gold, which you denied me — 

For I can raise no money by vile means : 

By Heaven, I had rather coin my heart, 

And drop my blood for drachmas, than to wring 

From the hard hands of peasants their vile trash 

By any indirection. I did send 

To you for gold to pay my legions, 

Which you denied me : was that done like Cassius ? 

Should I have answered Caius Cassius so ? 

When Marcus Brutus grows so covetous, 

To lock such rascal counters from his friends, 

Be ready, gods, with all your thunderbolts — 

Dash him to pieces ! 

Cas. I denied you not. 

JBru. You did. 

Cas. I did not : he was but a fool 

That brought my answer back. Brutus hath rived my 

heart ; 
A friend should bear his friend's infirmities ; 
But Brutus makes mine greater than they are. 

Bru. I do not, till you practice them on me. 

Cas. You love me not. 

JBru. I do not like your faults. 

Cas. A friendly eye could never see such faults. 

Bru. A flatterer's would not, though they do appear 
As huge as high Olympus. 

Cas. Come, Antony, and young Octavius, come, 
Revenge yourselves alone on Cassius ; 
For Cassius is aweary of the world : 
Hated by one he loves; braved by his brother; 
Checked like a bondman ; all his faults observed, 
Set in a note-book, learned and conned by rote, 
To cast into my teeth. Oh, I could weep 
My spirit from mine eyes ! There is my dagger, 
And here my naked breast ; within, a heart 
Dearer than Plutus' mine, richer than gold : 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 407 

If that thou be'st a Roman, take it forth ; 

I, that denied thee gold, will give my heart : 

Strike, as thou didst at Csssar ; for I know, 

When thou didst hate him worst, thou lovedst him better 

Than ever thou lovedst Cassius. 

Bru. Sheathe your dagger : 

Be angry when you will, it shall have scope ; 
Do what you will, dishonor shall be humor. 
Oh Cassias, you are yoked with a lamb 
That carries anger as the flint bears fire ; 
Who, much enforced, shows a hasty spark, 
And straight is cold as:ain ! 

Gas. Hath Cassius lived 

To be but mirth and laughter to his Brutus, 
When grief, and blood ill-tempered vexeth him? 

Brit. When I spoke that, I was ill-tempered too. 

Gas. Do you confess so much ? Give me your hand. 

Bru. And my heart. too. 

Gas. Oh Brutus ! 

Bru. What's the matter ? 

Cas. Have you not love enough to bear with me 
When that rash humor, which my mother gave me, 
Makes me forgetful ? 

Bru. Yes, Cassius ; and, henceforth, 

When you are over-earnest with your Brutus, 
He'll think your mother chides, and leave you so. 



FROM "SCHOOL FOR SCANDAL." 

Rl CHARD BRINSLEY SHERIDAN. 

ACT I. Scene 2. Sir Peter's House. 

Miter Sir Peter. 
Sir P. When an old bachelor marries a young wife, what 
is he to expect? 'Tis now six months since Lady Teazle 
made me the happiest of men, and I have been the most 
miserable dog ever since ! We tiffed a little going to 
church, and came to a quarrel before the bells had done 
ringing. I was more than once nearly choked with gall 
during the honeymoon, and had lost all comfort in life be- 



408 MANUAL OF HEADING. 

fore my friends had done wishing me joy. Yet I chose 
with caution — a girl bred wholly in the country, who never, 
knew luxury beyond one silk gown, nor dissipation above 
the annual gala of a race-ball. Yet now she plays her part 
in all the extravagant fopperies of the fashion and the town 
with as ready a grace as if she had never seen a bush or a 
grass-plot out of Grosvenor Square ! I am sneered at by 
all my acquaintance, and paragraphed in the newspapers. 
She dissipates my fortune, and contradicts all my humors ; 
yet the worst of it is, I doubt I love her, or I should never 
bear all this. However, I'll never be weak enough to own it. 

Enter Lady Teazle. 

Sir P. Lady Teazle, Lady Teazle, I'll not bear it. 

Lady T. Sir Peter, Sir Peter, you may bear it or not, as 
you please; but I ought to have my own way in every 
thing, and, what's more, I will too. What ! though I was 
educated in the country, I know very well that women of 
fashion in London are accountable to nobody after they are 
married. 

Sir P. Very well, ma'am, very well ; so a husband is to 
have no influence — no authority ? 

Lady T. Authority ! No, to be sure. If you wanted au- 
thority over me you should have adopted me, and not mar- 
ried me : I am sure you were old enough. 

Sir P. Old enough ! ay — there it is. Well, well, Lady 
Teazle, though my life may be made unhappy by your tem- 
per, I'll not be ruined by your extravagance. 

Lady T. My extravagance ! I am sure I am not more 
extravagant than a woman ought to be. 

Sir P. No, no, madam, you shall throw away no more 
sums upon such unmeaning luxury. 'Slife ! to spend as 
much to furnish your dressing-room with flowers in winter 
as would suffice to turn the Pantheon into a green-house, 
and give a fete ehampetre at Christmas. 

Lady T. Sir Peter, am I to blame because flowers are dear 
in cold weather ? You should find fault with the climate, and 
not with me. For my part, I'm sure, I wish it were spring 
all the year round, and that roses grew under our feet. 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 409 

Sir P. Zounds ! madam, if you had been born to this, I 
should not wonder at your talking thus ; but you forget 
what your situation was when I married you. 

Lady T. No, no, I don't ; 'twas a very disagreeable one, 
or I should never have married you. 

Sir P. Yes, yes, madam ; you were then in a somewhat 
humbler style — the daughter of a plain country squire. 
Recollect, Lady Teazle, when I saw you first sitting at your 
tambour, in a pretty-figured linen gown, with a bunch of 
keys at your side — your hair combed smooth over a roll, 
and your apartment hung round with fruits in worsted of 
your own working. 

Lady T. Oh yes, I remember it very well ; and a curious 
life I led. My daily occupation, to inspect the dairy, super- 
intend the poultry, make extracts from the family recipe- 
book, and comb my Aunt Deborah's laj>dog. 

Sir P. Yes, yes, ma'am, 'twas so indeed. 

Lady T. And then, you know, my evening amusements — 
to draw patterns for ruffles which I had not materials to 
make up, to play Pope Joan with the curate, to read a novel 
to my aunt, or to be stuck down to an old spinet to strum 
my father to sleep after a fox-chase. 

Sir P. I am glad you have so good a memory. Yes, 
madam, these were the recreations I took you from ; but 
now you must have your coach — vis-d-vis — and three pow- 
dered footmen before your chair, and, in the summer, a pair 
of white cats to draw you to Kensington Gardens. No rec- 
ollection, I suppose, when you were content to ride double, 
behind the butler, on a docked coach-horse ! 

Lady T. No, I swear I never did that ; I deny the butler 
and the coach-horse. 

Sir P. This, madam, was your situation, and what have I 
done for you ? I have made you a woman of fashion, of 
fortune, of rank ; in short, I have made you my wife. 

Lady T. Well, then — and there is but one thing more you 
can make me add to the obligation, and that is — " 

Sir P. My widow, I suppose ? 

Lady T. Hem ! hem ! 

Sir P. I thank you, madam ; but don't flatter yourself; 

S 



410 MANUAL OF READING. 

for, though your ill-conduct may disturb my peace of mind, 
it shall never break my heart, I promise you. However, I 
am equally obliged to you for the hint. 

Lady T. Then why will you endeavor to make yourself 
so disagreeable to me, and thwart me in every little elegant 
expense ? 

Sir P. 'Slife ! madam, I say, had you any of these little 
elegant expenses when you married me ? 

Lady T. Lud ! Sir Peter, would you have me be out of 
the fashion ? 

Sir P. The fashion, indeed ! What had you to do with 
the fashion before you married me ? 

Lady T< For my part, I should think you would like to 
have your wife thought a woman of taste. 

Sir P. Ay — there again — taste ! Zounds ! madam, you 
had no taste w r hen you married me ! 

Lady T. That's very true, indeed, Sir Peter ; and, after 
having married you, I should never pretend to taste again, 
I allow. [Laughs.~\ But now, Sir Peter, since we have fin- 
ished our daily jangle, I presume I may go to my engage- 
ment at Lady Sneerwell's. 

Sir P. Ay, there's another precious circumstance — a 
charming set of acquaintance you have made there. 

Lady T. Nay, Sir Peter, they are all people of rank and 
fortune, and remarkably tenacious of reputation. 

Sir P. Yes, egad, they are tenacious of reputation with 
a vengeance, for they don't choose any body should have 
a character but themselves. Such a crew ! Ah ! many a 
wretch has rid on a hurdle who has done less mischief than 
these utterers of forged tales, coiners of scandal, and clip- 
pers of reputation. 

Lady T. What ! would you restrain the freedom of speech ? 

Sir P. Ah ! they have made you just as bad as any one 
of the society. 

Lady T. Why, I believe I do bear a part with a tolerable 
grace. 

Sir P. Grace, indeed ! 

Lady T. But I vow I bear no malice against the people I 
abuse. When I say an ill-natured thing, 'tis out of pure 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 411 

good humor, and I take it for granted they deal exactly in 
the same manner with me. But, Sir Peter, you know you 
promised to come to^Lady Sneerwell's too. 

Sir P. Well, well, I'll call in just to look after my own 
character. 

Lady T. Then, indeed, you must make haste after me, or 
you'll be too late. So good-by to ye. [Exit. 

Sir P. So — I have gained much by my intended expostu- 
lation ; yet with what a charming air she contradicts every 
thing I say, and how pleasingly she shows her contempt for 
my authority ! Well, though I can't make her love me, 
there is great satisfaction in quarreling with her ; and I 
think she never appears to such advantage as when she is 
doing every thing in her power to plague me. [Exit. 

ACT II. Scene 1. 

Miter Lady Teazle. 

Sir P. I mean shortly to surprise you ; but shall we al- 
ways live thus, hey ? 

Lady T. If you please. I'm sure I don't care how soon 
we leave off quarreling, provided you'll own you're tired first. 

Sir P. Well, then, let our future contest be who shall be 
most obliging. 

Lady T. I assure you, Sir Peter, good nature becomes 
you. You look now as you did before we were married, 
when you used to walk with me under the elms, and tell me 
stories of what a gallant you were in your youth, and chuck 
me under the chin, you would, and ask me if I thought I 
could love an old fellow who would deny me nothing ; 
didn't you ? 

Sir P. Yes, yes ; and you were kind and attentive — 

Lady T. Ay, so I was, and would always take your part 
when my acquaintances would abuse you and turn you into 
ridicule. 

Sir P. Indeed ! 

Lady T. Ay ; and when my cousin Sophy has called you 
a stiff, peevish old bachelor, and laughed at me for thinking 
of marrying one who might be my father, I have always de- 
fended you, and said I didn't think you ugly by any means. 



412 MANUAL OF BEADING. 

Sir P. Thank yon. 

Lady T. And I dared say you would make a very good 
sort of husband. 

Sir P. And you prophesied right ; and we shall now be 
the happiest couple — 

Lady T. And never differ again ? 

Sir P. No, never — though at the same time, indeed, my 
dear Lady Teazle, you must watch your temper very seri- 
ously, for in all our little quarrels, my dear, if you recollect, 
my love, you always begin first. 

Lady T. I beg your pardon, my dear Sir Peter ; indeed 
you always gave the provocation. 

Sir P. Now see, my angel, take care ; contradicting isn't 
the way to keep friends. 

Lady T. Then don't you begin it, my love. 

Sir P. There, now ! you — you — are going on. You don't 
perceive, my life, that you are just doing the very thing 
which, you know, always makes me angry. 

Lady T. Nay, you know, if you will be angry without any 
reason, my dear — 

Sir P. There, now, you want to quarrel again. 

Lady T. No, I'm sure I don't ; but if you will be so pee- 
vish — 

Sir P. There, now ; who begins first ? 

Lady T. Why, you, to be sure. I said nothing. But 
there's no bearing your temper. 

Sir P. No, no, madam, the fault's in your own temper. 

Lady T. You are just what my cousin Sophy said you 
would be. 

Sir P. Your cousin Sophy is a forward, impertinent gipsy. 

Lady T. You are a great bear, I'm sure, to abuse my rela- 
tions. 

Sir P. Now may all the plagues of marriage be doubled 
on me if ever I make friends with you any more ! 

Lady T. So much the better. 

Sir P. No, no, madam ; 'tis evident you never cared a fig 
for me, and I was a madman to marry you — a pert rural co- 
quette, that had refused half the honest squires in the neigh- 
borhood. 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 413 

Lady T. And I was a fool to marry you, an old dangling- 
bachelor, who was single at fifty only because no one would 
have him. 

Sir P. Ay, ay, madam, but you were pleased enough to 
listen to me. You never had such an offer before. 

Lady T. ~No ! didn't I refuse Sir Tivy Terrier, who every 
body said would have been a better match ? for his estate 
is just as good as yours, and he has broke his neck since we 
were married. 

Sir P. I have done with you, madam ! You are an un- 
feeling, ungrateful — but there's an end of every thing. I 
believe you capable of every thing that is bad. 

Lady T. Take care, Sir Peter, you had better not insinu- 
ate ! 

Sir P. Very well, madam, very well ! A separate main- 
tenance as soon as you please. Yes, madam, or a divorce ! 
I'll make an example of myself for the benefit of all old 
bachelors. 

Lady T. Agreed ! agreed ! And now, my dear Sir Peter, 
we are of a mind once more, we may be the happiest couple 
— and never differ again, you know — ha! ha! ha! Well, 
you are going to be in a passion, I see, and I shall only in- 
terrupt you, so by-by. [Pfoit. 

Sir P. Plagues and tortures ! Can't I make her angry 
either ? Oh, I am the most miserable fellow ! But I'll not 
bear her presuming to keep, her temper; no ! she may break 
my heart, but she sha'n't keep her temper. 



COUKTSHIP UNDEE DIFFICULTIES. 
Snobbleton sola. 
Snobbleton. Yes, there is that fellow Jones again. I de- 
clare, the man is ubiquitous. Wherever I go with my cous- 
in Prudence we stumble across him, or he follows her like 
her shadow. Do we take a boating ? So does Jones. Do 
we wander on the beach? So does Jones. Go where we 
will, that fellow follows or moves before. Now that was a 
cruel practical joke which Jones once played upon me at 
college. I have never forgiven him. But I would gladly 



414 MANUAL OF READING. 

make a pretense of doing so if I could have rny revenge. 
Let me see. Can't I manage it ? He is head over ears in 
love with Prudence, but too bashful to speak. I half be- 
lieve she is not indifferent to him, though altogether unac- 
quainted. It may prove a match if I can not spoil it. Let 
me think. Ha ! I have it. A brilliant idea ! Jones, be- 
ware ! But here he comes. 

Enter Jones. 

Jones. (Not seeing Snobbleto?i, and delightedly contempla- 
ting a flower which he holds in his hand.) Oh, rapture ! 
what a prize ! It was in her hair ; I saw it fall from her 
queenly head. {Kisses it every now and then.) How warm 
are its tender leaves from having touched her neck ! How 
doubly sweet is its perfume — fresh from the fragrance of 
her glorious locks ! How beautiful ! how — Bless me, here 
is Snobbleton, and we are enemies ! 

Snob. Good morning, Jones — that is, if you will shake 
hands. 

Jones. What ! you — you forgive ! You really — 

Snob. Yes, yes, old fellow ! All is forgotten. You play- 
ed me a rough trick; but let bygones be bygones. Will 
you not bury the hatchet ? 

Jones. With all my heart, my dear fellow ! 

Snob. What is the matter with you, Jones ? You look 
quite grumpy — not by any means the same cheerful, dash- 
ing, rollicking fellow you were. 

Jones. Bless me, you don't say so ! (Aside.) Confound 
the man ! Here have I been endeavoring to appear roman- 
tic for the last month — and now to be called grumpy — it is 
unbearable ! 

Snob. But never mind. Cheer up, old fellow ! I see it 
all. I know what it is to be in — 

Jones. Ah! you can then sympathize with me. You know 
what it is to be in — 

Snob. Of course I do ! Heaven preserve me from the toils ! 
And then the letters — the interminable letters ! 

Jones. Oh yes, the letters ! the billet-doux ! 

Snob. And the bills — the endless bills ! 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 415 

Jones. The bills ! 

S?iob. Yes; and the bailiffs, the lawyers, the judge, and 
the jury. 

Jones. Why, man, what are you talking about? I thought 
you said you knew what it was to be in — 

Snob. In debt. To be sure I did. 

Jones. Bless me ! I'm not in debt — never borrowed a dol- 
lar in my life. Ah me ! it's worse than that. 

Snob. Worse than that ! Come, now, Jones, there is only 
one thing worse. You're surely not in love ? 

Jones. Yes I am. Oh, Snobby, help me, help me ! Let 
me confide in you. 

Snob. Confide in me ! Certainly, my dear fellow. See ! 
I do not shrink — I stand firm. 

Jones. Snobby, I — I love her. 

Snob. Whom? 

Jones. Your cousin Prudence. 

Snob. Ha ! Prudence Angelina Winter ? 

Jones. Now don't be angry, Snobby*; I don't mean any 
harm, you know. I — I — you know how it is. 

Snob. Harm ! my dear fellow. Not a bit of it. Angry ! 
Not at all. You have my consent, old fellow. Take her. 
She is yours. Heaven bless you both. 

Jones. You are very kind, Snobby, but I haven't got her 
consent yet. 

Snob. Well, that is something, to be sure. But leave it 
all to me. She may be a little coy, you know ; but, consid- 
ering your generous overlooking of her unfortunate defect — 

Jones. Defect ! You surprise me. 

Snob. What ! and you did not know of it ? 

Jones. Not at all. I am astonished ! Nothing serious, I 
hope. 

Snob. Oh no ; only a little — {He taps his ear with his 
finger knowingly.) I see you understand it. 

Jones. Merciful heaven! can it be? But, really, is it se- 
rious ? 

Snob. I should think it was. 

Jones. What ! But is she ever dangerous ? 

Snob. Dangerous ! Why should she be ? 



416 MANUAL OF EEADIXG. 

Jones. Oh, I perceive. A mere airiness of brain — a gen- 
tle aberration — scorning the dull world — a mild — 

Snob. Zounds ! man, she's not crazy ! 

Jones. My dear Snobby, you relieve me. What then ? 

S?iob. Slightly deaf— that's all. 

Jones. Deaf! 

Snob. As a lamp-post. That is, you must elevate your 
voice to a considerable pitch in speakiug to her. 

Jones. Is it possible ? However, I think I can manage. 
As, for instance, if it was my intention to make her a floral 
offering, and I should say {elevating his voice considerably), 
" Miss, will you make me happy by accepting these flow- 
ers ?" I suppose she could hear me, eh ? How would that 
do? 

Snob. Pshaw ! Do you call that elevated? 

Jones. Well, how would this do ? (Speaks very loudly.) 
" Miss, will you make me happy — " 

Snob. Louder, shriller, man ! 

Jones. " Miss, will you — " 

Snob. Louder, louder, or she will only see your lips move. 

Jones. (Almost screaming). "Miss, will you oblige me by 
accepting these flowers?" 

Snob. There, that may do. Still, you want practice. I 
perceive the lady herself is approaching. Suppose you re- 
tire for a short time, and I will prepare her for the intro- 
duction. 

Jones. Very good. Meantime I will go down to the beach, 
and endeavor to acquire the proper pitch. Let me see : 
" Miss, will you oblige me — " [Exit Jones. 

Enter Prudence. 

Prudence. Good morning, cousin. Who was that speak- 
ing so loudly? 

S?iob. Only Jones. Poor fellow, he is so deaf that I sup- 
pose he fancies his own voice to be a mere whisper. 

JPni. Why, I was not aware of this. Is he very deaf? 

Snob. Deaf as a stone fence. To be sure, he does not use 
an ear-trumpet any more, but one must speak excessively 
high. Unfortunate, too, for I believe he's in love. 



MISCELLANEOUS SELECTIONS. 417 

Pru. In love ! with whom ? 

Snob. Can't you guess ? 

Pru. Oh no; T haven't the slightest idea. 

Snob. With yourself! He has been begging me to ob- 
tain him an introduction. 

Pru. Well, I have always thought him a nice-looking 
young man. I suppose he would hear me if I should say 
(speaks loudly) " Good morning, Mr. Jones ?" 

Snob. Do you think he would hear that? 

Pru. Well, then, how would (speaks very loudly) " Good 
morning, Mr. Jones ?" How would that do ? 

Snob. Tush ! he would think you were speaking under 
your breath. 

Pru. (Almost screaming?) " Good morning !" 

Snob. A mere whisper, my dear cousin. But here he 
comes. Now do try and make yourself audible. 

Enter Jones. 

Snob. (Speaking hi a high voice.) Mr. Jones, cousin. 
Miss Winter, Jones. You will please excuse me for a short 
time. (He retires, but remains where he can vieio the speak- 
ers?) 

Jones. (Speaking in a loud orotund voice.) Miss, will you 
accept these flowers? I plucked them from their slumber 
on the hill. 

Pru. (In a high falsetto voice.) Really, sir, I — I — 

Jones. (Aside.) She hesitates. It must be that she does 
not hear me. (Increasing his tone.) Miss, will you accept 
these flowers — flowees ? I plucked them sleeping on the 
hill — HILL. 

Pru. (Also increasing her tone?) Certainly, Mr. Jones. 
They are beautiful — beau-tt-tiful. 

Jones. (Aside.) How she screams in my ear. (Aloud.) 
Yes, I plucked them from their slumber — sltjmbee, on the 
hill — HILL. 

Pru. (Aside.) Poor man, what an effort it seems for him 
to speak. (Aloud.) I perceive you are poetical. Are you 
fond of poetry ? (Aside.) He hesitates. I must speak loud- 
er. (In a scream.) Poetry— Poetry— POETRY ! 

S2 



418 MANUAL OF READING. 

Jones. (Aside.) Bless me, the woman would wake the 
dead ! (Aloud.) Yes, miss, I ad-o-r-e it. 

Siiob. Glorious ! glorious ! I wonder how loud they can 
scream. Oh, vengeance, thou art sweet ! 

Pru. Can you repeat some poetry — poetry ? 

Jones. I only know one poem. It is this : 

You'd scarce expect one of my age— Age, 
To speak in public on the stage — Stage. 

Pru. Bravo ! bravo ! 

Jones. Thank you ! Thank — 

Pru. Mercy on us ! Do you think I'm deaf, sir ? 

Jones. And do you fancy me deaf, miss? (Natural tone?) 

Pru. Are you not, sir ? You surprise me ! 

Jones. "No, miss. I was led to believe that you were 
deaf. Snobbleton told me so. 

Pru. Snobbleton ! Why, he told me that you were deaf. 

Jones. Confound the fellow ! he has been making game 
of us. 




RAGE. 




FEAR. 





LAUGHTER. 



MELANCHOLY. 




Supine. 




Prone. 



Vertical. 




Clasped. 




Applied. 




Folded. 



j£cr~~~^ 




Crossed. 




Enumerating. 




Touching. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



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